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113-590: According to the oral history of the Mississippi Chippewa, they were primarily of the southern branch of Ojibwe who spread from the "Fifth Stopping Place" of Baawiting ( Sault Ste. Marie region) along Lake Superior 's southern shores until arriving at the "Sixth Stopping Place" of the Saint Louis River . They continued westward across the Savanna Portage , and spread both northward and southward along

226-461: A Scots-Irish immigrant from Belfast , was considered the first European settler in 1790. He married a high-ranking Ojibwe woman named Ozhaguscodaywayquay , the daughter of a prominent chief, Waubojeeg . She also became known as Susan Johnston. Their marriage was one of many alliances in the northern areas between high-ranking European traders and Ojibwe. The family was prominent among Native Americans, First Nations, and Europeans from both Canada and

339-534: A carriage driven by his trusted cousin and bodyguard Ojibwe. They were several miles from his home and were on the way to Washington, D.C. , where the Chief intended to renegotiate the terms of the treaty regarding the Ojibwe migration to the new White Earth Indian Reservation . In the meantime, Hole-in-the-Day had issued orders that no Ojibwe were to move to White Earth until the U.S. Government actually built everything on

452-706: A "princess" when she first made the news for being the daughter of a Rice Lake, Wisconsin Chief affiliated to the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians . 1863 Late February 22 Chiefs waited in Chicago for Hole-in-the-Day and the Indian Commissioner to go with them to see Lincoln. In April 1863 President Lincoln summoned the Mille Lacs and other Mississippi bands to Washington. He repeated what

565-667: A Chippewa having killed a Sioux. Little Crow told Hole-in-the-Day that the Sioux wanted their due. Also in June, a Sioux-Chippewa skirmish took place near Pembina with losses on both sides. However, one of Chief Red Bear's sons was killed by the Sioux. The attack on the Lower Sioux Agency would bring war and mounted patrols to Minnesota and the Department of the Northwest until June 1866. In

678-691: A Jesuit mission at this site. Sault Ste. Marie developed as one of oldest European cities in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains , and the oldest permanent European settlement in Michigan. On June 4, 1671, Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson , a colonial agent, was dispatched from Quebec to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of St. Mary between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Trader Nicolas Perrot helped attract

791-525: A Mille Lacs band Chief went to St Cloud with the same offer that also made the papers. The post Commander at Fort Ripley was informed and he extended State hospitality to the Chief until a response was received. On 6 September the speculation of Chief Hole in the Day joining Little Crow prompted Shaw-Bosh-Kung, head chief of the Mille Lacs band of Chippewa to send 700-750 warriors to Fort Ripley to volunteer to fight

904-659: A Minnesota unit not reporting to them. Pope complained about the politics and the Senators. At the same time Ohio senator Benjamin Wade sent a letter to Secretary Stanton suggesting that he make Senator Rice a Major General and use him to replace Gen. Pope "as the Chippewa had complete confidence in Senator Rice" . President Lincoln endorsed the letter and made E.A.C Hatch a Major in the USV. Pope

1017-461: A burial mound [46] . One example of preserving a sacred mound is Grand Mound Historic Site located near International Falls, MN. [47] This site is one of 25 national Historic Landmarks in Minnesota. Kent Whitworth, MNHS director and CEO states, “The historical importance of this site cannot be understated, but we must protect it and provide education while also ensuring that Native people can care for

1130-702: A dream in which the guardian spirit was seen through an opening in the clouds. It also refers to the Anishinaabek name for the constellation of the same name, also known as the Pleiades . In 1847 Hole-in-the-Day succeeded his father, Hole in the Day (senior), as head chief of the Mississippi Band of the Ojibwe in central Minnesota. His father was a member of the Noka(bear) clan and that passed to him. Like his father, Hole-in-the-Day participated in skirmishes against

1243-563: A group of mobbed up Métis businessmen, fur traders , and illegal whiskey peddlers led by Allan Morrison and Clement Hudon Beaulieu , the Democratic Party 's political boss of the region of Minnesota where Crow Wing was located. While negotiating with a previous group of hired gunmen, Beaulieu had said that Hole-in-the-Day was "like a great big log" and, if he was not killed, it would be impossible for Beaulieu and his confederates to get past him. According to Anton Treuer , all of

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1356-687: A rumor that the Union Army was drafting Ojibwe men to fight in the ongoing Civil War . Largely in reaction to this rumor and war mongering, a group of Leech Lake Pillager band burned the Indian Agency in Walker, Minnesota , took prisoners , and went to Crow Wing. Hole-in-the-Day had his own major grievances with the Government , but they were not enough for him to actually join the Santee Dakota. Like

1469-399: A secret location near the town of White Earth . Hole-in-the-Day's murder was national news, and theories about its cause were many: personal jealousy, retribution for his decades-long claim to be head chief of all the Ojibwe, retaliation for the attacks he fomented in 1862, or retribution for his recent vows to "use the butcher knife" to keep certain mixed-blood Ojibwes, or Métis , off of

1582-626: Is Cadillac satellite station WCMV . None of these stations are seen on cable in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, as Shaw Cable chooses to largely air Detroit affiliates for over the air channels, while WUHF in Rochester, New York , WPIX in New York City, New York , and WSBK-TV in Boston, Massachusetts , provide the closest Fox, CW, and MNTV affiliates carried by Shaw in the market. Other stations serving

1695-537: Is a relic of the Middle French Period . Latin salta successively became Old French salte ( c.  800  – c.  1340 ), Middle French sault , and Modern French saut , as in the verb sauter , to jump.) Whereas the modern saut means simply "(a) jump", sault in the 17th century was also applied to cataracts, waterfalls and rapids. This resulted in such place names as Grand Falls/Grand-Sault , and Sault-au-Récollet on

1808-726: Is joined to its Canadian counterpart by the International Bridge , which connects I-75 in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Huron Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Commercial airline service is provided to the city by the Chippewa County International Airport in Kinross , about 20 miles (32 km) south of the city. Smaller general aviation aircraft also use the Sault Ste. Marie Municipal Airport about one 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of downtown. Sault Ste. Marie

1921-588: Is often claimed to be the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage passing through it. The largest ships are 1,000 feet (300 m) long by 105 feet (32 m) wide. These are domestic carriers (called lakers ). Smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal . The lakers, being too large to transit the Welland Canal that bypasses Niagara Falls , are therefore land-locked. Foreign ships (termed salties ) are smaller and can exit

2034-533: Is still owned by the city. The city is located at 46°49'N 84°35'W. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 20.16 square miles (52.21 km ), of which 14.77 square miles (38.25 km ) is land and 5.39 square miles (13.96 km ) is water. The city's downtown is on an island, formed by the Sault Ste. Marie Power Canal to the south and the St. Mary's River and Soo Locks to

2147-502: Is the Blue Devil. "Sault High" houses a variety of successful varsity sports teams, such as hockey, wrestling, baseball, and basketball. Altogether, the school provides 24 competitive sports teams for both boys and girls at all levels. The school district also operates Malcolm High School as an alternative high school. Sault Ste. Marie has two middle schools, one in the Sault Ste. Marie School System known as Sault Area Middle School. Before

2260-556: Is the cloudiest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, having over 200 cloudy days a year. Temperatures in Sault Ste. Marie have varied between a record low of −36 °F (−38 °C) and a record high of 98 °F (37 °C). Monthly average temperatures range from 13 °F (−11 °C) in January to 64 °F (18 °C) in July. On average, only two out of every five years reaches 90 °F (32 °C), while there are 85.5 days annually where

2373-471: The Government , but they were not enough for him to join the Santee Sioux. Like the other leaders of the Chippewa he offered to fight the Sioux. The Chippewa were experiencing that same fraud as the Sioux and the timing of their annuity payments were coincidently close so the media linked their dis-satisfactions in an anti- Native American narrative. At the same time the media published story after story of

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2486-695: The Island of Montreal in Canada; and Sault-Saint-Remy and Sault-Brénaz in France. In contemporary French, the word for "rapids" is rapides . Sault Sainte-Marie in French means "the Rapids of Saint Mary" (for a more detailed discussion, refer to the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario page). The Saint Mary's River runs from Lake Superior to Lake Huron , between what are now the twin border cities on either side. No hyphens are used in

2599-822: The Leech Lake River and its confluence with the Crow Wing River —known in the Ojibwe language as Gichi-ziibi (Big River)—and including the Brainerd Lakes Area . In 1825, with the First Treaty of Prairie du Chien , the United States drew the Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin Line to separate the Ojibwe from the Dakota , believing the two were still at war with each other. The Ojibwe and

2712-604: The Mississippi River and its major tributaries. Before entering the treaty process with the United States , the Mississippi Chippewa consisted of the following sub-bands: and many villages associated with these sub-bands. Together, they controlled the main north–south trade corridor of the Mississippi River headwaters. Their traditional use area included the stretch of the Mississippi River between its confluence with

2825-541: The Santee Dakota , and was prominent in negotiations with the Santee Dakota and with the U.S. Government. Hole-in-the-Day strove to be considered the head chief of all Minnesota Ojibwe. Many government officials actually did consider him to be head chief in Minnesota. This was due to his endeavoring to be involved in most, if not all, important negotiations and dealings between the Minnesota Ojibwe/Chippewa and

2938-619: The 1000 Chippewa "auxiliaries". Gen. Pope in particular objected to the Chippewa Auxiliaries. Major Hatch meet with Chief Hole-in-the-Day in July when the Chief offered warriors to join Hatch. Some newspapers reported that Hole in the Day's offer to fight the Dakota had been accepted. Papers also stated that Chippewa warrior vs. Dakota warrior was " diamond on diamond" as combatants . Papers also felt Hole-in-the-Day could do more against

3051-469: The 1000 Chippewa "auxiliaries". Gen. Pope in particular objected to the Chippewa Auxiliaries. Major Hatch meet with Chief Hole-in-the-Day in July when the Chief offered warriors to join Hatch. The battalion was to report directly to the War Department and had a "roving commission" to act on its own discretion. This freedom of tactical operation was a first. Both Gen. Pope and Gen. Sibley had objected to

3164-551: The 2020 census. Sault Ste. Marie was settled by mostly French colonists in 1668, making it the oldest city in Michigan. Sault Ste. Marie is located along the St. Marys River , which flows from Lake Superior to Lake Huron and forms part of the United States–Canada border . Across the river is the larger city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario ; the two cities are connected by the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge . Between

3277-418: The 6th grade annex was added in the late 1980s, the school was referred to as Sault Area Junior High School. The Second Middle School is a part of Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting School , a Native American-affiliated Public School Academy. There are two elementary schools in Sault Ste. Marie, Lincoln Elementary and Washington Elementary. There is also a Public School Academy, Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting School, and

3390-461: The Chief. In 1957 a local resident illegally dug up the grave looking for valuable artifacts and discovered that there was no body. According to Ojibwe author and historian Anton Treuer , the oral tradition passed down among Hole-in-the-Day's extended family is that the Chief's non-Catholic relatives objected to Ignatius' choice of burial, secretly dug up and removed the Chief's body, and reburied him according to traditional Ojibwe rites at

3503-694: The Chiefs that Lincoln was busy with the civil war, but if they were needed they would be informed. This Chippewa effort made the news in many cities. The next day the Mdewakanton surrendered at Camp Release. St Paul's two photo studios made images of many of Chippewa leaders that came to the Capitol in 1862, including Hole-in-the-Day's, that are now in the Minnesota Historical Society archives. In late February 1863, 22 Chiefs waited in Chicago for Hole in

Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians - Misplaced Pages Continue

3616-605: The Chippewa support of the Government vs. the Sioux. Company D of the 5th Minnesota Infantry Regiment , was garrisoned at Fort Abercrombie , on the Red River of the North 150 miles due west of Gull Lake. They would be augmented by G Co. 9th Minnesota which had a large component of bi-racial White Earth Chippewa. One of whom was killed and buried with military honors at St Cloud, Minnesota . When G Company arrived at Fort Abercrombie

3729-647: The Dakota had ended their war for nearly a generation by that time and had only infrequent skirmishes. In 1830 the Indian Removal Act was signed by Andrew Jackson. [42] This act of Congress gave the president power to force Indian tribes to move to land west of the Mississippi River. The Mississippi Chippewa, along with the Red Lake, Pillager and the Lake Superior bands, entered into the Treaty of St. Peters in 1837 with

3842-473: The Dakota with 100 warriors that the "whites" could do with 1000 soldiers. Despite his efforts the Red lake band held a low opinion Hole in the Day and made it known at their September 1863 treaty signing. In 1865 newspapers reported that Hole-in-the-Day regretted not having been able to raise the Chippewa battalion for Major Hatch add fight the south. On June 27, 1868, Hole-in-the-Day left his house at Gull Lake in

3955-646: The Day for the Ojibwe joining forces with Little Crow prompted Shaw-Bosh-Kung, head chief of the Mille Lacs band of Chippewa to take 700-750 warriors to Fort Ripley to volunteer to fight the Dakota and defend the garrison against Hole in the Day, along with the Sandy Lake band. William P. Dole , the Indian agent was at Fort Ripley, asked that they return to their reservation. He told them they would be informed if they were needed. However, war Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee (Iron-Walker) and 200 Mille Lacs warriors remained to protect

4068-622: The Day and the Indian Commissioner to go with them to see Lincoln. In April 1863 President Lincoln summoned the Mille Lacs and other Mississippi bands to Washington. He repeated what the Indian agent had told them at Fort Ripley, that the Mille Lacs Band could stay on their reservation for 1,000 years for their actions in support of the Government. At that time the Mille Lacs Bands and Sandy Lake Bands that participated were designated "non-removable" from their reservations. The boundaries of

4181-579: The Day's camp at great personal risk and convinced the Chief to call off the attempted uprising, to go with him to Crow Wing, and sign a peace agreement with the United States Federal Government . On 15 September 1862, a council was held at the Crow Wing agency where 10 Chiefs of the Mississippi and Pillager Bands "offered their services, and if necessary their lives to punish the enemies of

4294-665: The Elder and Hole-in-the-Day II or the Younger, there were at least two other prominent Minnesota Ojibwe of the 1800s named Hole-in-the-Day. One Hole-in-the-Day from Red Lake was involved in the Nelson Act of 1889. Another Hole-in-the-Day from Leech Lake played a leading role in 1898 in the nation's last Indian battle, the Battle of Sugar Point . Hole-in-the-Day II had two sons that used his name, Ignatius Hole-in-the Day and Joseph Hole-in-the-Day. Joseph

4407-694: The English spelling, which is otherwise identical to the French, but the pronunciations differ. Anglophones say / ˌ s uː s eɪ n t m ə ˈ r iː / and Francophones say [so sɛ̃t maʁi] . In French, the name can be written Sault-Sainte-Marie . On both sides of the border, the towns and the general vicinity are called The Sault (usually pronounced / s uː / ), or The Soo . [REDACTED] Anishinaabe 1668–1671 [REDACTED] Kingdom of France 1671–1763 [REDACTED] British Empire 1763–1783 [REDACTED]   United States 1783–present For centuries, Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ ( Dakota , Lakota , Nakoda ), or Sioux, people lived in

4520-426: The Fort was under attack. They went into action to break the siege. G Company joined the garrison and immediately endured the Sioux siege that followed. On 2 September 1862 two Wisconsin Fond Du Lac Chiefs sent President Abraham Lincoln a letter offering to fight the Sioux so Minnesotans could go fight the south . The St Paul Pioneer and Democrat published that letter front page on 11 September 1862. Over

4633-496: The Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean. Hole in the Day Hole-in-the-Day (c. 1825–1868) was a prominent chief of the Mississippi band of Ojibwe/Chippewa in Minnesota . The native pronunciation has been written with different spellings due different speakers variance in their enunciation, such as Bagone-giizhig, Bagwunagijik, Bug-o-nay-ki-shig, Pugonakeshig or Puk-O-Nay-Keshig. Hole-in-the-Day has also been called Hole-in-the-Sky . The name refers to

Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians - Misplaced Pages Continue

4746-429: The Indian agent had told them at Fort Ripley, that the Mille Lacs Band could stay on their reservation for 1,000 years for their actions in support of the Government. From that the Mille Lacs band created the "non-removable" label for those that participated at Fort Ripley. Both Chippewa treaties of 1863 and 1864 identify the Mille Lacs band as being "non-removable" in Article 12. "owing to the heretofore good conduct of

4859-432: The Lakers, LSSU's hockey program is celebrating its 59th season of intercollegiate competition. The team plays its home contests at Taffy Abel Arena (4,000 seats) on LSSU's campus and is one of the most decorated programs in NCAA hockey history. The squad claimed two NAIA titles in the early 1970s (1972, 1974), before a run of three NCAA Division I championships ( 1988 , 1992 , 1994 ) and one finalist appearance ( 1993 ) in

4972-477: The Mille Lac Indians, they shall not be compelled to remove ...." 12  Stat.   1249 Article 12 makes the Milles Band unique. In June, Hole-in-the-Day offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors for his expedition into Dakota Territory that Sibley turned down. Not dissuaded, in July he offered his warriors to Major Hatch. Hatch's Battalion or the Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers was initially proposed to consist of 1000 Chippewa. The Chippewa offers to fight

5085-448: The Mille Lacs Reservation were made permanent. In June 1863, Hole-in-the-Day offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors for his expedition into Dakota Territory that Sibley turned down. Not dissuaded, in July Hole-in-the-Day offered his warriors to Major Hatch. Hatch's Battalion or the Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers was initially proposed to consist of 1000 Chippewa. Numerous papers published that Hole-in-the-Day thought Major Hatch

5198-399: The Minnesota State Capitol at the invitation of Gov. Ramsey thinking that their offer to fight the Sioux had been accepted. General Pope would not accept their service as a matter of "public policy". Nearly all of Minnesota's Chippewa wanted to help. Gov. Ramsey told the Chiefs that Lincoln was busy with the civil war, but if they were needed they would be informed. This Chippewa effort made

5311-486: The Mississippi Chippewa are: Burial mounds of Indigenous people, including the Mississippi Band of Chippewa Indians have been a long tradition in their culture. Burial mounds are a sacred cemetery where their ancestors are buried. It is a place of respect, remembrance, and prayer. The article by Timothy Pauketat, “Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. 28 Mar. 2022.” Encyclopedia.com explains how some Indian burial mounds have been discovered and accredited to being

5424-432: The Reservation that had been promised in the previous Treaty. Near the Crow Wing Agency, the Chief found the road obstructed by a group of twelve armed men from the Pillager Band . Standing up, the Chief called out in his native tongue , "You find me at a bad time! I am unarmed!" In response, he was shot with a double barrel shotgun . He fell to the ground where another attacker repeatedly stabbed him to make sure that he

5537-540: The Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, market: The city's main daily paper is The Sault News , formerly the Sault Evening News . Spectator sports in Sault Ste. Marie include Lake Superior State University Athletics and the Soo Eagles of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL). The Lakers participate in NCAA Division I Ice Hockey and Division II Women's and Men's Basketball, Women's and Men's Golf, Women's Volleyball, Women's and Men's Track and Field, Women's and Men's Tennis and Women's and Men's Cross Country. Nicknamed

5650-428: The Sault. However, the city hosts tugs, a tourist passenger ferry service, and a Coast Guard station along the shoreline on the lower (east) side of the Soo Locks. The United States Postal Service operates a "Marine Post Office", situated within the locks, to service ships as they pass through. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the rapids in the St. Marys River via the American Soo Locks . Locally, it

5763-442: The Sioux and support the garrison along with the Sandy Lake band. William P. Dole , the Indian agent was at Fort Ribley, asked that they return to their reservation. He told them they would be informed if they were needed. However, war Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee (Iron-Walker) and 200 Mille Lacs warriors remained at the fort as did 100 from the Sandy Lake band. Both the Sandy Lake and Mille Lacs bands gained "non-removal" designations from

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5876-421: The Sioux had the interest and support of Gov. Ramsey as well as both US Senators Rice and Wilkinson . With Generals Pope and Sibley opposed, the Senators went higher to Secretary of War Stanton of the Department of War . In July, 1863 the Senators, united in their dislike for Pope, requested that Secretary of War Stanton authorize an independent mounted Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers consisting of

5989-485: The St. Mary's Catholic School. Jefferson Elementary, McKinley Elementary, Bruce Township Elementary, and Soo Township Elementary (converted into an Alternative High School) have closed because of declining enrollment in the school system. St. Mary's Catholic School serves students in grades K–8. It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette . There is a Bureau of Indian Education -affiliated tribal school, Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School . It

6102-403: The U.S. and Canada. The race, which was inspired by the Indianapolis 500 , originated in 1969 and has been growing ever since. The city is home to the northern terminus of Interstate 75 (I-75), which connects with the Mackinac Bridge at St. Ignace approximately 50 miles (80 km) to the south, and continues south to near Miami . M-129 also has its northern terminus in the city. M-129

6215-489: The U.S. government, and that he presented himself in an articulate and amiable manner. However, many Chippewa leaders in Minnesota did not recognize him as their head chief. Hole-in-the-Day had several wives. Some accounts number them as many as eight Other sources number his wives as a total of five. What is agreed on though is that one of his wives was a Roman Catholic Irish-American "white" woman named Ellen McCarthy. They began cohabitating after meeting on his journey to

6328-408: The U.S. state of Michigan . It is the county seat of Chippewa County and is the only city within the county. With a population of 13,337 at the 2020 census , it is the second-most populated city in the Upper Peninsula , behind Marquette . It is the primary city of the Sault Ste. Marie, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Chippewa County and had a population of 36,785 at

6441-515: The US. They ceded to the United States what is now part of northern Wisconsin and east-central Minnesota . In 1850, the US government changed the annuity distribution point from La Pointe, Wisconsin to Sandy Lake , in an effort to move the tribes further west. Four thousand Ojibwe of various bands showed up in early October at the designated site, but no government agents or supplies were there. After waiting for two months in deteriorating weather, 170 Ojibwe died. The government finally brought

6554-455: The United States Federal Government to keep its promises to the Chippewa, but also of the Chief's ability to keep Clement Beaulieu and his confederates in check. Anton Treuer has described the Chief's assassination as a watershed moment in the history of the Ojibwe people and argues that the aftermath of the Chief's murder was a major factor in the continuing language loss and the ongoing collapse of Ojibwe culture . Besides Hole-in-the-Day

6667-524: The United States as a result. Commissioner Dole gave the Mille Lacs band a document stating they could remain on their reservation for 1000 years for their actions. On 15 September a council was held at the Crow Wing agency where 22 Chiefs of the Mississippi and Pillager Bands "offered their services, and if necessary their life's to punish the enemies of the white people, the Sioux..." Notable Chippewa there were Chiefs Hole-in-the-Day, Buffalo, and Flat-mouth. On 22 September 40-50 Chippewa leaders arrived at

6780-449: The United States promised three reservations for the Pillagers and six reservations for the Mississippi Chippewa. In addition, as in other treaties, the tribes retained the right for traditional harvest of off-reservation resources, such as fish and game. (This right faded from general knowledge as living conditions changed, until it was revived in the late 20th century as tribes worked to exercise traditional practices and rights; one example

6893-405: The United States. They had eight children who learned fluent Ojibwe, English and French. The Johnstons entertained a variety of trappers, explorers, traders, and government officials, especially during the years before the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. For more than 140 years, the settlement was a single community under French colonial, and later, British colonial rule. After

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7006-525: The War of 1812, a US–UK Joint Boundary Commission finally fixed the border in 1817 between the Michigan Territory of the US and the British Province of Upper Canada to follow the river in this area. Whereas traders had formerly moved freely through the whole area, the United States forbade Canadian traders from operating in the United States, which reduced their trade and disrupted the area's economy. The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste. Marie were each incorporated as independent municipalities toward

7119-423: The White Earth Reservation and to have them dropped from the Federal annuity rolls. For decades, the reasons for the Chief's murder remained a mystery. The names of the assassins were known, however no one was ever charged with the murder. In 1911, the surviving assassins testified and confirmed longstanding suspicions that the 1868 murder of Chief Hole-in-the-Day had been a contract killing : they had been hired by

7232-424: The Yankee culture of the Northern Tier. Their numbers overwhelmed the cosmopolitan culture of the earlier settlers. They practiced more discrimination against Native Americans and Métis. The falls proved a choke point for shipping between the Great Lakes. Early ships traveling to and from Lake Superior were portaged around the rapids in a lengthy process (much like moving a house) that could take weeks. Later, only

7345-525: The area surrounding the Leech Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish reservations. Due to strife between the removed Mississippi, Leech Lake Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish bands, the Mississippi Chippewa negotiated with the United States for resettlement. The Pokegama Lake Band, together with the Removable Sandy Lake Band, negotiated to remain eventually forming the White Oak Point Band on the White Oak Point Reservation. In 1934 they merged with Cass Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish and Leech Lake Indian reservations to form

7458-486: The area. Around the 1300s, the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe ) began to move in from the East Coast, gradually pushing the Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ westward. They called the area Baawitigong ("at the cascading rapids"), after the rapids of St. Marys River . French colonists renamed the region Saulteaux ("rapids" in French). The Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ came to call the Anishinaabe "Ḣaḣaṭuƞwaƞ", or "Dwellers of the Falls". In 1668, French missionaries Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette founded

7571-413: The assassins had come by 1911 to regret their actions. Beaulieu and his confederates had kept none of the promises of lavish payment made to the assassins. Furthermore, Beaulieu, the other co-conspirators, and their families had then taken control of the Government, law enforcement, and business community of the White Earth Indian Reservation . Similarly to both the rackrenting Anglo-Irish landlords of

7684-450: The campus was originally Fort Brady . LSSU is home to the LSSU Lakers (D1 Hockey ( CCHA ), D2 all other sports ( GLIAC ). LSSU has around 1500 students, making it Michigan's smallest public university. The area school district is Sault Ste. Marie Area Schools . The Sault's primary public high school is Sault Area High School (SAHS). "Sault High" is one of the few high schools in the state with attached career center. The school's mascot

7797-428: The cargoes were unloaded, hauled around the rapids, and then loaded onto other ships waiting below the rapids. The first American lock, the State Lock, was built in 1855; it was instrumental in improving shipping. The lock has been expanded and improved over the years. In 1900, Northwestern Leather Company opened a tannery in Sault Ste. Marie. The tannery was founded to process leather for the upper parts of shoes, which

7910-440: The central part of the state became the "Non-removable".In 1867 a treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi tribe and the United States government was signed. This treaty regulates the farming and logging land that the Indians received. [43] The author of this article Charles J. Kappler played a prominent role in the passing of this treaty along with bringing Indian law cases before the United States supreme court. [44] Late in

8023-523: The cessions made by the said Mississippi, Pillager, and Lake Winnibigoshish bands of Chippewa Indians, in the first article of this agreement, the United States hereby agree and stipulate to pay, expend, and make provision for, the said bands of Indians, as follows, viz: For the Mississippi bands". Though the Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians no longer exists legally, the majority of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and White Earth Band of Chippewa still identify as Mississippi Chippewa. Successors apparent of

8136-473: The city proper experienced a far greater level of snowfall than the farmlands past the canal and riverfront due to lake-effect snow. This caused the 1437th MRBC National Guard local armory to be mobilized for disaster relief in order to remove hundreds of tons of snow which effectively blockaded people within their own homes. Precipitation measured as equivalent rainfall, Sault Ste. Marie receives an annual average of 34.46 inches (875 mm). Its immediate region

8249-513: The city was 68.9% White , 17.8% Native American , 1.0% Black or African American , 0.9% Asian , 0.8% from other races , and 10.7% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race. Tourism is a major industry in the area. The Soo Locks and nearby Kewadin Casino, Hotel and Convention Center —which is owned by the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians —are

8362-532: The contemporary White Earth Band of Chippewa . Under pressure from the lumbermen and farm settlers who wanted native lands, the US government believed the White Earth Reservation was the answer to the "Chippewa Problem" and strongly pressured the Mille Lacs and the remaining Sandy Lake bands to relocate there. Many did, becoming the "Removable" peoples, while those who remained in their traditional territories in

8475-478: The eastern United States, where she worked as a hotel maid and may also have worked as a journalist . She is described as "Irish" but whether this means she was born in Ireland , or only that this was where her ancestors came from is unclear. Some sources give his name as Joseph Hole-in-the-Day. He was considering becoming a Catholic at the time of his death, but had not been baptized . At the time of his assassination he

8588-462: The end of the 19th century. As a result of the fur trade, the settlement attracted Ojibwe and Ottawa , Métis , and ethnic Europeans of various nationalities. It was a two-tiered society, with fur traders (who had capital) and their families and upper-class Ojibwe in the upper echelon. In the aftermath of the War of 1812, however, the community's society changed markedly. The U.S. built Fort Brady near

8701-488: The existing Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe and its reservation. 1865 The media reported that Hole-in-the-Day still was regretting that the Chippewa battalion had not been organized as intended. With the signing of the 1867 Treaty of Washington, the remaining Mississippi Chippewa about Leech Lake agreed to resettlement to the west, creating the White Earth Reservation. In the 20th century, the bands combined to form

8814-438: The fall of 1885 ex- Secretary of War and ex-Minnesota governor Ramsey escorted the son of Chippewa Chief Hole in the Day to Washington D.C. as Minnesota's candidate to West Point . Because of the “Treaty with the Chippewa, 1855” [45] Indians from the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and White Earth Band of Chippewa still receive proportions today. Article 3 of the treaty states; “In consideration of, and in full compensation for,

8927-510: The fort as did 100 from the Sandy Lake band. Both the Sandy Lake and Mille Lacs bands gained "non-removal" designations from the United States Federal Government as a result. Commissioner Dole gave the Mille Lacs band a document stating they could remain on their reservation for 1000 years for their actions. When no one else could reach him, Roman Catholic priest and missionary Father Francis Xavier Pierz entered Hole in

9040-556: The high remains at or below freezing and 26.5 nights with a low of 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder. Average monthly precipitation is lowest in February, and highest in September and October. This autumn maximum in precipitation, unusual for humid continental climates, owes to this area's Great Lakes location. From May through July (usually the year's wettest months in most of the upper Midwestern United States, away from large bodies of water),

9153-635: The lake waters surrounding Sault Ste. Marie are cooler than nearby land areas. This tends to stabilize the atmosphere, suppressing precipitation (especially showers and thunderstorms) somewhat, in May, June and July. In autumn, the lakes are releasing their stored heat from the summer, making them warmer than the surrounding land, and increasingly frequent and strong polar and Arctic air outbreaks pick up warmth and moisture during their over-water passage, resulting in clouds and instability showers. In Sault Ste. Marie, this phenomenon peaks in September and October, making these

9266-715: The late 1980s and early 1990s. In total, the Lakers have made 11 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament appearances. The Lakers compete in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ). The rest of the athletic teams play in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ). The basketball programs at LSSU have seen their share of success. The Men's program won overall GLIAC regular season titles in 2014–15, 2013–14, 1995-1996 (Tournament Champion) and also claimed

9379-564: The major draws, as well as the forests, inland lakes, and Lake Superior shoreline. Sault Ste. Marie is also a gateway to Lake Superior's scenic north shore through its twin city Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario . The two cities are connected by the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge , a steel truss arch bridge with suspended deck passing over the St. Marys River. Sault Ste. Marie is home to Lake Superior State University (LSSU), founded in 1946 as an extension campus of Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now Michigan Technological University );

9492-496: The news in many cities. The next day the Mdewakanton surrendered at Camp Release. St Paul's two photo studios made images of many of those Chippewa leaders in 1862 that are in the Minnesota Historical Society archives. Hanging Cloud , the Chippewa Bear Clan " princess " was part of a war party from Wisconsin that came to Minnesota during the war. The war party was involved in a two-day engagement. The press had labeled her

9605-469: The next week it was reprinted or referenced by multiple newspapers across the country: Chicago Tribune , Chicago Times New York Times , New York Herald Washington D.C Evening Star , The Portland Daily Press ,Portland Maine Wheeling Daily Intelligencer W. VA, Cleveland Morning, Vermont Chronicle, The Weekly North Iowa Times, Mankato Semi Weekly and republished in St Paul on the 19th. On 3 September

9718-686: The north division crown in 2008–09. LSSU's women's program won GLIAC gold from 2001 to 2002 through 2004–05. They also captured GLIAC tournament titles in 2002–03 and 2003–04. Both Men's and Women's squads play their home games in the Bud Cooper Gymnasium within the Norris Center. Sault Ste. Marie is the home of the International 500 Snowmobile Race (commonly called the I-500), which takes place annually and draws participants and spectators from all over

9831-579: The north, several unfortified stagecoach stations along the Red River Trails were attacked despite being on Chippewa land. When Judge Cooper arrived at Hole-in-the-Day's village , during the first week of the war, he learned the Sioux had attacked the Chippewa at Otter tail lakes . He also informed Governor Alexander Ramsey that the Gull Lake warriors were dancing around Sioux scalps when he arrived. Hole-in-the-Day had his own major grievances with

9944-592: The north. Under the Köppen climate classification , Sault Ste. Marie has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with cold, snowy winters and warm summers. Sault Ste. Marie is one of the snowiest places in Michigan, receiving an average of 120 inches (3.0 m) of snow per winter season, with a record year when 209 inches (5.3 m) fell. 62 inches (1.6 m) of snow fell in one five-day snowstorm, including 28 inches (71 cm) in 24 hours, in December 1995. During this time,

10057-488: The offenders. Even so, a journey was made by Federal Indian Agent Joel Bassett and a posse of twenty-two United States Army soldiers from Fort Ripley to Leech Lake, where Chief Flat Mouth of the Pillager Band refused to permit the arrest of Chief Hole in the Day's assassins. Chief Flat Mouth's grounds were that, if he surrendered them, only the assassins would be prosecuted while whomever had hired them would go free. At

10170-512: The other leaders of the Chippewa he offered to fight the Santee Dakota. At a time of cronyism and the spoils system , the Chippewa and the Dakota people were both being victimized by the same rampant political corruption , extortion , and fraud tactics within the Department of Indian Affairs and the timing of their annuity payments were coincidentally close so the media linked their dis-satisfactions in an anti- Native American narrative. At

10283-526: The place where their ancestors lie.” Because of the significance of their importance to Native American people states have found it necessary to preserve them. The Effigy Mounds National Monument located in Iowa is an example of that [48] . Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Sault Ste. Marie ( / ˌ s uː s eɪ n t m ə ˈ r iː / SOO -saynt-mə- REE ) is a city in the Upper Peninsula of

10396-574: The principal chiefs, and representatives of 14 Indigenous nations were invited for the elaborate ceremony. The French officials proclaimed France's appropriation of the immense territory surrounding Lake Superior in the name of King Louis XIV . In the 18th century, the settlement became an important center of the fur trade , when it was a post for the British-owned North West Company , based in Montreal. The fur trader John Johnston ,

10509-458: The rail lines and the bridge in the Sault Ste. Marie area that were part of the Soo Line. The Sugar Island Ferry provides automobile and passenger access between Sault Ste. Marie and Sugar Island , formerly a center of maple sugaring. The short route that the ferry travels crosses the shipping channel. Despite the high volume of freighter traffic through the locks, freighters typically do not dock in

10622-497: The request of his son Ignatius Hole-in-the-Day, Chief Hole-in-the-Day was buried by Fr. Francis Xavier Pierz , without a Requiem Mass , in the unconsecrated section of the Roman Catholic cemetery at Old Crow Wing. In an interview on White Earth during the 1920s, an elderly Catholic Ojibwe recalled that the men who had secretly hired the Pillager Band assassins pretended at the time to be very scandalized by Fr. Pierz's burial of

10735-438: The same era and the many other robber barons like them during America's Gilded Age , Beaulieu and the other conspirators then abused the power of their positions to enrich themselves and their families, while systematically defrauding and impoverishing everyone else on White Earth. In 1911, the surviving assassins testified about their involvement because they had grown aware not only of Chief Hole-in-the-Day's ability to force

10848-525: The same time the media published story after story of the Chippewa support of the Government vs. the Dakota. Also at that time Crow Wing, Minnesota citizens used alcohol to get the bi-racial Chippewa intoxicated and sign papers as substitutes to fight in the Civil War. Hole-in the Day was furious when he learned of the subterfuge. Those men were bi-racial White Earth Chippewa. They formed a large portion of Co. G 9th Minnesota . On 6 September, calls by Hole in

10961-582: The settlement, introducing new troops and settlers, mostly Anglo-American. The UK and the US settled on a new northern boundary in 1817, dividing the US and Canada along St. Mary's River. The US prohibited British fur traders from operating in the United States. After completion of the Erie Canal in New York State in 1825 (expanded in 1832), the number of settlers migrating to Ohio and Michigan increased dramatically from New York and New England, bringing with them

11074-572: The supplies and annuities but, because of harsh weather at that time of year, another 230 Ojibwe died on their returns to their lands. This became known as the Sandy Lake tragedy . In 1855, because of the tragedy at Sandy Lake , the Mississippi Chippewa, along with the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians , agreed upon the Treaty of Washington for the land cession of most of northern Minnesota . In exchange,

11187-797: The three years. It was created solely for the execution of the Indian War and promoted as sweeping the Sioux from the north. 1864 saw the White-earth men of G Company 9th Minn gain recognition as the State's best skirmishers . They along with the 59th Colored Troops fought the rear guard action for the North at the Battle of Brices Crossroads . Their sharpshooting enabled some of the 59th to escape entrapment at one bridge crossing. Capture for those troops would have meant summary executions for being " black ". All Minnesota bands of Mississippi Chippewa were ordered to move from their existing reservations to

11300-546: The two cities are the Soo Locks , a set of locks allowing ship travel between Lake Superior and the Lower Great Lakes . Sault Ste. Marie is home to Lake Superior State University . The city name was derived from the French term for the nearby rapids, which were called Les Saults de Sainte Marie. Sainte Marie (Saint Mary) was the name of the river and Saults referred to the rapids. (The archaic spelling Sault

11413-405: The wettest months of the year. Also noteworthy is that in Sault Ste. Marie, the year's third wettest month, on average, is November, and not any summer month. As of the census of 2020 , the population was 13,337. The population density was 903.8 inhabitants per square mile (349.0/km ). There were 6,234 housing units at an average density of 422.4 per square mile (163.1/km ). The racial makeup of

11526-585: The white people, the Sioux..." Notable Chippewa leaders there were Chiefs Hole-in-the-Day, the Buffalo, and Flat-mouth. On 22 September 40-50 Chippewa leaders of 22 bands arrived at the Minnesota State Capitol at the invitation of Gov. Ramsey thinking that their offer to fight the Dakota had been accepted. Major General Pope would not accept their service as a matter of "public policy". Nearly all of Minnesota's Chippewa wanted to help. Gov. Ramsey told

11639-461: Was able to get the entire plan changed. At Pembina 37 Metis, of Chippewa heritage, joined Hatch. When Little Crow talked to the Governor at Fort Garry he inquired if the rumors were true about the formation of a Battalion to hunt him. The Battalion was mustered-in during August–September 1863, for a period of three years or the end of the Indian War. It was mustered out in June 1866 just months short of

11752-455: Was at one time a part of the Dixie Highway system, which was intended to connect the northern industrial states with the southern agricultural states. Until 1984 the city was the eastern terminus of the western segment of US 2 . County Highway H-63 (or Mackinac Trail ) also has its northern terminus in the city and extends south to St. Ignace and follows a route very similar to I-75. The city

11865-709: Was consulted, and the issue of where the reservation was to be located was never resolved. It appeared the Rice Lake Indian Reservation was located in the following areas: The Rice Lake Band claimed these representations were all incorrect, and the proper location of the agreed Rice Lake Indian Reservation was much farther south. On 18 August when the Mdewakanton attacked the Indian Agency on their reservation Chippewa-Sioux relations were already strained. In June 1862 Chief Bagone-giizhig (Hole-in-the-Day, Gull Lake Band) and Little Crow exchanged letters over

11978-531: Was dead. After which the assassins went to Hole-in-the-Day's house and looted it. Only Ojibwe's warning of the dangers of kidnapping a "White woman" prevented the Pillagers from abducting Ellen McCarthy; the youngest of the Chief's wives . The murder of Hole-in-the-Day was an Indian on Indian crime on Indian land, and the United States Department of Justice had no authority to arrest or prosecute

12091-547: Was established in 1994 and received its current name in 1998. All stations listed here are rebroadcasters of television stations based in Traverse City and Cadillac . NBC and ABC are also served by WTOM channel 4 from Cheboygan , which repeats WPBN-TV and WGTU. The market can also receive select over the air channels from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, including Global Toronto on channel 12.1 at CIII-DT-12 , and CTV Northern Ontario on analog channel 2 at CHBX . Channel 8.3

12204-550: Was finer than that for soles. After the factory closed in 1958, the property was sold to Filborn Limestone, a subsidiary of Algoma Steel Corporation. In March 1938 during the Great Depression , Sophia Nolte Pullar bequeathed $ 70,000 for construction of the Pullar Community Building, which opened in 1939. This building held an indoor ice rink composed of artificial ice, then a revolutionary concept. The ice rink

12317-549: Was previously the science fiction network Comet until being replaced by Charge!, which is also operated by the Sinclair Broadcast Group . The area has no local PBS , The CW , or MyNetworkTV service over-the-air. The Spectrum cable system offers all three in their regional packages through Marquette 's PBS affiliate WNMU-TV , Cadillac's CW affiliate WFQX-CW , and joint MyNetworkTV/ Cozi TV affiliate WXII-LD out of Cedar . The next closest PBS station after WNMU

12430-608: Was reported to be the wealthiest man in Minnesota at being worth $ 2million. Late in the fall of 1885, the ex- Secretary of War and ex-governor, Ramsey escorted the son of Hole in the Day and Ellen to Washington D.C. as Minnesota's candidate to West Point . Very early in the Dakota War of 1862 , Hole-in-the-Day spoke out in favor of joining forces with the Mdewakanton to drive European settlers from Minnesota. His threats to attack Fort Ripley were taken as serious. To encourage other Chippewa to join him, Hole-in-the-Day spread

12543-471: Was the Wisconsin Walleye War of the late 1980s.) The six reservations were the following: Due to confusing records kept by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management , the Rice Lake Indian Reservation was never established. Confusion arose because several different lakes around Sandy Lake had names which, translated into English, all seemed to mean "Rice Lake." This led to confusion related to which map

12656-488: Was the correct man for Command. The Chippewa offers to fight the Dakota had the interest and support of Gov. Ramsey as well as both US Senators Rice and Wilkinson . With Generals Pope and Sibley opposed, the Senators went higher to Secretary of War Stanton of the Department of War . In July, 1863 the Senators, united in their dislike for Pope, requested that Secretary of War Stanton authorize an independent mounted Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers consisting of

12769-686: Was the namesake of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway , now the Soo Line Railroad , the U.S. arm of the Canadian Pacific Railway . This railroad had a bridge parallel to the International Bridge crossing the St. Marys River. The Soo Line has since, through a series of acquisitions and mergers of portions of the system, been split between Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railway (CN). Canadian National operates

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