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98-741: The Minnesota Zoo is a state agency. This differs from other zoos in Minnesota and most others in the United States, which are run by municipalities or private organizations. The Minnesota Zoo charges admission and sells annual memberships. The zoo is also home to a high school, the School of Environmental Studies . Exhibits are arrayed in six themed areas, including three themed walking trails ranging from one mile (1.6 kilometers) to two miles (3.2 kilometers) in length: The Medtronic Minnesota Trail features animals native to Minnesota. The trail, which had been nearly

196-581: A bottlenose dolphin at approximately 54 years, 38 years, 42 years, and 35 years respectively. On May 14, 2012, the zoo announced that the dolphin exhibit would come to a permanent end come fall. The Minnesota Legislature had recently granted the zoo $ 4 million towards the renovation of the Discovery Bay dolphin tanks, which were in need of repairs. The zoo had originally intended to temporarily transport its two remaining bottlenose dolphins, Semo and Allie, to other zoos or parks until renovations were complete, but

294-585: A cause (e.g., aortic stenosis ) or as a consequence (e.g., mitral regurgitation ) of heart failure. Reverse insufficiency of the left ventricle causes congestion in the blood vessels of the lungs so that symptoms are predominantly respiratory. Reverse insufficiency can be divided into the failure of the left atrium, the left ventricle, or both within the left circuit. Patients will experience shortness of breath (dyspnea) on exertion and, in severe cases, dyspnea at rest. Increasing breathlessness while lying down, called orthopnea , also occurs. It can be measured by

392-490: A class schedule closer to that of most colleges. Career Courses, such as Animal Care and Music Production, are also offered at school. These are a step above elective classes, and are designed for upperclassmen who are searching for a career to look into. House is a daily three-hour-long class where students learn about real topics relating to the environment. For the seniors, it is grounded in literature and composition, human geography, and environmental science, and for juniors,

490-465: A decrease in intracardiac pressures or in ejection during systole , reducing cardiac output to the rest of the body. The filling failure and high intracardiac pressure can lead to fluid accumulation in ventricles of the heart. This manifests as water retention and swelling due to fluid accumulation ( edema ) called congestion . Impaired ejection can lead to inadequate blood flow to the body tissues, resulting in ischemia . Congestive heart failure

588-401: A female by the name of Anana (nicknamed "Little Girl"). In later years, a bone infection was found within "Big Mouth's" jawbone (resulting from a collision with one of the tank fixtures) and forced immediate transfer of both whales to SeaWorld San Diego in the hopes of obtaining a more sophisticated means of veterinary treatment. In April 1987, a crowd of nearly 30,000 people filled the gates of

686-507: A large, flexible-use room (nearly half of one floor) with tables and partitions that can be arranged to accommodate small or large group work. Architecturally, the "heart" of SES is a forum spanning two floors at the center of the building. Each of the school's four houses faces it and/or the adjacent library. Another example of flexible-use space, the forum serves as cafeteria, display center, gathering place, and auditorium, depending on how tables, chairs, and partitions are configured. Much of

784-678: A myocardial infarction is suspected, various cardiac markers may be used. Blood tests routinely performed include electrolytes ( sodium , potassium ), measures of kidney function , liver function tests , thyroid function tests , a complete blood count , and often C-reactive protein if infection is suspected. Hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration) is common in heart failure. Vasopressin levels are usually increased, along with renin, angiotensin II, and catecholamines to compensate for reduced circulating volume due to inadequate cardiac output. This leads to increased fluid and sodium retention in

882-587: A normal ECG virtually excludes left ventricular systolic dysfunction. N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) is the favored biomarker for the diagnosis of heart failure, according to guidelines published 2018 by NICE in the UK . Brain natriuretic peptide 32 (BNP) is another biomarker commonly tested for heart failure. An elevated NT-proBNP or BNP is a specific test indicative of heart failure. Additionally, NT-proBNP or BNP can be used to differentiate between causes of dyspnea due to heart failure from other causes of dyspnea. If

980-419: A person with a failure of one ventricle lives long enough, it will tend to progress to failure of both ventricles. For example, left ventricular failure allows pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension to occur, which increases stress on the right ventricle. Though still harmful, right ventricular failure is not as deleterious to the left side. Since heart failure is a syndrome and not a disease, establishing

1078-485: A person with heart failure may have a reduced force of contraction due to overloading of the ventricle . In a normal heart, increased filling of the ventricle results in increased contraction force by the Frank–Starling law of the heart , and thus a rise in cardiac output . In heart failure, this mechanism fails, as the ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart muscle contraction becomes less efficient. This

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1176-401: A public, 400-student, 11th and 12th grade "high school of choice". Students from Independent School District 196's high schools, Eastview High School , Apple Valley High School , Rosemount High School and Eagan High School , can all elect to attend SES. In addition, under Minnesota's open-enrollment option students from the greater Minneapolis-St. Paul area are able to fill available slots on

1274-423: A result of a blocked coronary artery . Cardiomyopathy refers specifically to problems within the heart muscle, and these problems can result in heart failure. Ischemic cardiomyopathy implies that the cause of muscle damage is coronary artery disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy implies that the muscle damage has resulted in enlargement of the heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and thickening of

1372-501: A result, coronary catheterization may be used to identify possibilities for revascularisation through percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery . Heart failure is commonly stratified by the degree of functional impairment conferred by the severity of the heart failure, as reflected in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification . The NYHA functional classes (I–IV) begin with class I, which

1470-406: A room that caters to animal education, and a room that contains a professional recording studio. The school is unique from other high schools in the district in that it offers a different range of classes. The core classes of English, social studies/Human Geography, and environmental science offered at SES are wrapped together in an interdisciplinary learning block of 180 minutes called house. During

1568-410: A total of 19 dolphins have been housed at the zoo over the years: Semo, Flipper, April, Rio, Vince, Mindy, Chinook, Allie, Shadow, DJ, Ayla, Mindy's 1997 stillborn, Spree, Harley, Tapeko, Noelani, Allison, Allie's 2009 stillborn, and Taijah. As of 2022, Tapeko, Chinook, Allie, Shadow, Spree, Noelani, and Allison were still alive. Semo, Flipper, April, and Rio all surpassed the average expected lifespan of

1666-507: A variety of Minnesota landscapes, ranging from views into a beaver pond, a walk alongside a northern forest glade and a bird-watching perch in the treetops. The Minnesota Zoo received the Association of Zoos and Aquarium's (AZA) 2008 Significant Achievement Award for this trail. Animals in this area include: The 3/4 mile (1.21 kilometer) Northern Trail features animals found north of the 45th parallel. The Northern Trail could also be seen from

1764-431: A year-by-year basis. The school is the product of a collaboration between the state ( Minnesota Zoo ), the community (City of Apple Valley ) and a public school district ( ISD 196 ). Originally named the "Zoo Environmental Learning Center (ZELC)" the design and implementation reflects the work of a diverse group of educators. Teachers, administrators, environmental educators, architects and researchers all contributed to

1862-429: Is a pathophysiological condition in which the heart's output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and lungs. The term "congestive heart failure" is often used because one of the most common symptoms is congestion or fluid accumulation in the tissues and veins of the lungs or other parts of a person's body. Congestion manifests itself particularly in the form of fluid accumulation and swelling (edema) , in

1960-812: Is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart 's ability to fill with and pump blood . Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath , excessive fatigue , and bilateral leg swelling . The severity of the heart failure is mainly decided based on ejection fraction and also measured by the severity of symptoms. Other conditions that have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver disease , anemia , and thyroid disease . Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , heart attack , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excessive alcohol consumption , infection , and cardiomyopathy . These cause heart failure by altering

2058-420: Is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition, and is the leading cause of hospitalization and readmission in older adults. Heart failure often leads to more drastic health impairments than the failure of other, similarly complex organs such as the kidneys or liver. In 2015, it affected about 40 million people worldwide. Overall, heart failure affects about 2% of adults, and more than 10% of those over

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2156-702: Is a worsening of chronic heart failure symptoms, which can result in acute respiratory distress . High-output heart failure can occur when there is increased cardiac demand that results in increased left ventricular diastolic pressure which can develop into pulmonary congestion (pulmonary edema). Several terms are closely related to heart failure and may be the cause of heart failure, but should not be confused with it. Cardiac arrest and asystole refer to situations in which no cardiac output occurs at all. Without urgent treatment, these events result in sudden death. Myocardial infarction ("Heart attack") refers to heart muscle damage due to insufficient blood supply, usually as

2254-451: Is an indoor trail that gives the impression of being in a tropical rainforest . Animals in this area include: Discovery Bay contains several aquariums with a combined 1,100,000 US gallons (4,200,000 L) of water. Guests have an opportunity to touch sharks, rays, sea stars and sea anemones in the interactive estuary and tide pool. At the entrance to the Tropics building, visitors can see

2352-565: Is an optional two-year high school in Apple Valley, Minnesota , United States. Also known as the "Zoo School" because of its active partnership with the Minnesota Zoo and its 10-acre (48,000 m ) site on zoo property, the school embraces project-based learning with an environmental theme. The School of Environmental Studies opened during 1996 in the Twin Cities suburb of Apple Valley as

2450-471: Is by the side of the heart involved (left heart failure versus right heart failure). Right heart failure was thought to compromise blood flow to the lungs compared to left heart failure compromising blood flow to the aorta and consequently to the brain and the remainder of the body's systemic circulation. However, mixed presentations are common, and left heart failure is a common cause of right heart failure. A more accurate classification of heart failure type

2548-421: Is caused by any condition that reduces the efficiency of the heart muscle, through damage or overloading . Over time, these increases in workload, which are mediated by long-term activation of neurohormonal systems such as the renin–angiotensin system and the sympathoadrenal system, lead to fibrosis , dilation, and structural changes in the shape of the left ventricle from elliptical to spherical. The heart of

2646-410: Is consistent with an international 2021 report termed "Universal Definition of Heart Failure". Score-based algorithms have been developed to help in the diagnosis of HFpEF , which can be challenging for physicians to diagnose. The AHA / ACC / HFSA defines heart failure as symptoms and signs consistent with heart failure in combination with shown "structural and functional alterations of the heart as

2744-432: Is defined as a person who experiences no limitation in any activities and has no symptoms from ordinary activities. People with NYHA class II heart failure have slight, mild limitations with everyday activities; the person is comfortable at rest or with mild exertion. With NYHA class III heart failure, a marked limitation occurs with any activity; the person is comfortable only at rest. A person with NYHA class IV heart failure

2842-483: Is due to the reduced ability to cross-link actin and myosin myofilaments in over-stretched heart muscle. No diagnostic criteria have been agreed on as the gold standard for heart failure, especially heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In the UK , the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends measuring N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) followed by an ultrasound of

2940-605: Is exposure to certain toxins such as lead and cobalt . Additionally, infiltrative disorders such as amyloidosis and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus have similar consequences. Obstructive sleep apnea (a condition of sleep wherein disordered breathing overlaps with obesity, hypertension, and/or diabetes) is regarded as an independent cause of heart failure. Recent reports from clinical trials have also linked variation in blood pressure to heart failure and cardiac changes that may give rise to heart failure. High-output heart failure happens when

3038-422: Is made by measuring ejection fraction , or the proportion of blood pumped out of the heart during a single contraction. Ejection fraction is given as a percentage with the normal range being between 50 and 75%. The types are: Heart failure may also be classified as acute or chronic. Chronic heart failure is a long-term condition, usually kept stable by the treatment of symptoms. Acute decompensated heart failure

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3136-499: Is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus around 1550 BCE. When the heart functions poorly as a pump and does not circulate blood adequately via the circulatory system to meet the demands of the body the term cardiovascular insufficiency is sometimes used. This generally leads to the syndrome of heart failure, a combination of signs and symptoms It develops when the heart fails to properly fill with blood during diastole , resulting in

3234-883: Is not the same as cardiac arrest , in which blood flow stops completely due to the failure of the heart to pump. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical findings, and echocardiography . Blood tests , and a chest x-ray may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on severity and case. For people with chronic, stable, or mild heart failure, treatment usually consists of lifestyle changes, such as not smoking , physical exercise , and dietary changes, as well as medications. In heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors , angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors , along with beta blockers , mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended. Diuretics may also be prescribed to prevent fluid retention and

3332-613: Is symptomatic at rest and becomes quite uncomfortable with any physical activity. This score documents the severity of symptoms and can be used to assess response to treatment. While its use is widespread, the NYHA score is not very reproducible and does not reliably predict walking distance or exercise tolerance on formal testing. In its 2001 guidelines, the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association working group introduced four stages of heart failure: The ACC staging system

3430-471: Is the X-ray imaging of blood vessels , which is done by injecting contrast agents into the bloodstream through a thin plastic tube ( catheter ), which is placed directly in the blood vessel. X-ray images are called angiograms. Heart failure may be the result of coronary artery disease, and its prognosis depends in part on the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium (heart muscle). As

3528-494: Is the precipitating cause, and may manifest as regional wall motion abnormalities on echo. Chest X-rays are frequently used to aid in the diagnosis of CHF. In a person who is compensated, this may show cardiomegaly (visible enlargement of the heart), quantified as the cardiothoracic ratio (proportion of the heart size to the chest). In left ventricular failure, evidence may exist of vascular redistribution (upper lobe blood diversion or cephalization), Kerley lines , cuffing of

3626-491: Is useful since stage A encompasses "pre-heart failure" – a stage where intervention with treatment can presumably prevent progression to overt symptoms. ACC stage A does not have a corresponding NYHA class. ACC stage B would correspond to NYHA class I. ACC stage C corresponds to NYHA class II and III, while ACC stage D overlaps with NYHA class IV. Histopathology can diagnose heart failure in autopsies . The presence of siderophages indicates chronic left-sided heart failure, but

3724-668: The Brookfield Zoo arrived at the Discovery Bay habitat while their home stadium, the Seven Seas Dolphinarium, was being renovated. The three dolphins, Tapeko, and her daughters Noelani and Allison, remained in Minnesota for roughly six months until the tank in Brookfield was completed in the spring of 2010. This eventually brought the Minnesota Zoo's dolphin population up to 7. On April 15, 2010, Tapeko, Noelani, and Allison, made

3822-536: The Brookfield Zoo ; one or the other were planned to be shipped to one of these locations. Semo's transfer was dubbed a "retirement". At nearly 50 years old, he was one of the oldest surviving male dolphins in human care. On October 3, 2012, Semo and Allie were transferred out of the zoo. Semo was moved to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California, while Allie was sent back to the Brookfield Zoo just outside Chicago. Semo died on May 1, 2018, at Discovery Kingdom. He

3920-505: The Russian Far East . The 10,116-square-meter (2.5-acre), $ 23 million facility was the most expensive project to date at the zoo, and opened in June, 2008. On July 9, 2011, the zoo premiered a new exhibit with African penguins . Close to the entrance is an exhibit for Japanese macaques . There is also an outdoor amphitheater that is used for bird shows during summer zoo hours. After hours,

4018-554: The Wyland mural titled "Our Ocean Family", dedicated on September 8, 1997. Animals in this area include: The Wells Fargo Family Farm , which opened in May 2000, allows guests to touch and interact with domestic animals. The Farm exhibit showcases goats , sheep , pigs , cows , chickens , and horses in a beautiful farm landscape. The Farm, a seasonal exhibit, is open every day beginning in April;

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4116-613: The shortening fraction is the preferred measure of systolic function. Normally, the EF should be between 50 and 70%; in systolic heart failure, it drops below 40%. Echocardiography can also identify valvular heart disease and assess the state of the pericardium (the connective tissue sac surrounding the heart). Echocardiography may also aid in deciding specific treatments, such as medication, insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator , or cardiac resynchronization therapy . Echocardiography can also help determine if acute myocardial ischemia

4214-474: The City of Eagan Parks department, and the City of Apple Valley. The school's two-year program culminates with a series of senior capstone activities. As a rite of passage this program requires the students to initiate sustainable service experiences, proclaim their evolving environmental ethic, and present an environment issue of choice at a forum attended by the general public, family, and significant individuals in

4312-429: The Minnesota Zoo to bid their final farewells to the two whales, who were transferred out of the zoo shortly thereafter. Little Girl died of heart failure on June 13, 1989, at the age of fourteen. Big Mouth, whose bone infection eventually proved to be fatal, was euthanized on July 16, 1990, at the age of seventeen. Dolphins were exhibited at the zoo since its opening in 1978 until 2012. Hawaiian monk seals now reside in

4410-540: The Minnesota Zoo. One of Rio's calves, 7 month-old Harley, died earlier in January 2006 in a freak accident. He had been learning to swim between the pools when he jumped out of the water and hit his head on the deck between the pools. Another dolphin, "Ayla", who suffered from Scoliosis or curvature of the spine, was euthanized at age 14 in December 2006. She had stopped eating and stopped responding to her medication. At that time

4508-549: The Northern Trek Monorail. However, an incident occurred on May 31, 1980, where an electrical malfunction caused the monorail train to stall, its engine to spark, and produce a lot of smoke. After the incident the monorail would close for two weeks until it reopened. On October 1, 1985, the monorail closed down. The reason for its closing was because of decline in ridership in the fall and winter months. The ride later officially reopened on May 11, 1986. A second incident on

4606-549: The Treetop Trail which was converted from the zoo's old monorail track. Animals in this area include: Muskoxen were featured on the Northern Trail from the zoo's opening until 2021. The zoo ended their breeding program around 2011 due to the warming climate of the state taking a toll on the health of the animals in the summer, with the last two members of the aging herd being euthanized in late April 2021. The Tropics Trail

4704-567: The Winter Expedition, The American Outback, and the Spring BWCAW, focus on personal growth and wilderness settings. Others examine environments in distant parts of the world such as Alaska , Iceland , Glacier National Park , Scotland , Costa Rica , Belize , France , Spain , Southern California and others. Another type partners with Wilderness Inquiry to provide a more blended experience: New Zealand , Australia , South Africa . Near

4802-519: The age of 70. Rates are predicted to increase. The risk of death in the first year after diagnosis is about 35%, while the risk of death in the second year is less than 10% in those still alive. The risk of death is comparable to that of some cancers. In the United Kingdom, the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times in Egypt ; it

4900-453: The amount of blood pumped out is more than typical and the heart cannot keep up. This can occur in overload situations such as blood or serum infusions, kidney diseases, chronic severe anemia , beriberi (vitamin B 1 / thiamine deficiency), hyperthyroidism , cirrhosis , Paget's disease , multiple myeloma , arteriovenous fistulae , or arteriovenous malformations . Chronic stable heart failure may easily decompensate (fail to meet

4998-474: The amphitheater is used for a popular "Music in the Zoo" series. The Minnesota zoo has a conservation carousel. The ride consist 56 animals from around the world. In order to ride the conservation carousel, zoo admission is required. One of the first and perhaps most popular exhibits at the zoo was the beluga whale exhibit. The exhibit was home to two belugas , a male by the name of Anookalik (nicknamed "Big Mouth"), and

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5096-418: The areas around the bronchi , and interstitial edema. Ultrasound of the lung may also detect Kerley lines. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) may be used to identify arrhythmias , ischemic heart disease , right and left ventricular hypertrophy , and presence of conduction delay or abnormalities (e.g. left bundle branch block ). Although these findings are not specific to the diagnosis of heart failure,

5194-418: The balance of the day the school offers elective classes such as art, chemistry, physics, and mentorship. SES offers math classes from Algebra II to Advanced Placement Calculus. SES also has a language program, currently teaching Spanish. SES has a rotating block schedule in that there are two schedules that alternate day to day: Sky and Earth days. This allows students to take four electives, and also experience

5292-407: The blood , is a late sign of extremely severe pulmonary edema. Other signs of left ventricular failure include a laterally displaced apex beat (which occurs when the heart is enlarged) and a gallop rhythm (additional heart sounds), which may be heard as a sign of increased blood flow or increased intracardiac pressure. Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease, either as

5390-604: The body first, causing foot and ankle swelling in people who are standing up and sacral edema in people who are predominantly lying down. Nocturia (frequent night-time urination) may occur when fluid from the legs is returned to the bloodstream while lying down at night. In progressively severe cases, ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity causing swelling) and liver enlargement may develop. Significant liver congestion may result in impaired liver function ( congestive hepatopathy ), jaundice, and coagulopathy (problems of decreased or increased blood clotting). Dullness of

5488-457: The body's metabolic needs). This most commonly results from a concurrent illness (such as myocardial infarction (a heart attack) or pneumonia ), abnormal heart rhythms , uncontrolled hypertension , or a person's failure to maintain a fluid restriction, diet, or medication. Other factors that may worsen CHF include: anemia, hyperthyroidism, excessive fluid or salt intake, and medication such as NSAIDs and thiazolidinediones . NSAIDs increase

5586-412: The body; the rate of fluid retention is higher than the rate of sodium retention in the body, this phenomenon causes hypervolemic hyponatremia (low sodium concentration due to high body fluid retention). This phenomenon is more common in older women with low body mass. Severe hyponatremia can result in accumulation of fluid in the brain, causing cerebral edema and intracranial hemorrhage . Angiography

5684-478: The brain. Right-sided heart failure is often caused by pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale), which is typically caused by issues with pulmonary circulation such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis . Physical examination may reveal pitting peripheral edema, ascites, liver enlargement , and spleen enlargement . Jugular venous pressure is frequently assessed as a marker of fluid status, which can be accentuated by testing hepatojugular reflux . If

5782-400: The building's architecture is transparent and serves as a teaching tool. As an example, the exposed ductwork and air distribution systems allows students to construct a better understanding of issues of indoor air quality. Seniors examine the building's airflow during their investigations related to environmental health. Due to the school's offering of career courses, the building also features

5880-721: The decision was made to end the dolphin exhibit once Semo and Allie were shipped out. It was unclear at the time where Semo and Allie would be shipped. It was assumed that because the Minnesota Zoo was part of the Dolphin Consortium (essentially a program that ensures genetic diversity among captive bottlenose dolphins), which consists of The Seas with Nemo & Friends at Epcot , the National Aquarium in Baltimore , Indianapolis Zoo , Dolphin Connection , Texas State Aquarium , and

5978-471: The dolphin tank. Director Lee Ehmke mentioned that in the future, perhaps a slim chance will come along that will allow the return of dolphins to the Minnesota Zoo. In 1992, Rio gave birth to the zoo's first successful captive-born dolphin, a male named "Shadow" sired by Semo. In March 2006, Rio died at 35. She came to the Minnesota Zoo from the New York Aquarium in 1980. Rio gave birth to four calves at

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6076-602: The effects of diuretic medications. Gossypol can increase the effects of diuretics, leading to toxicity. Gynura can cause low blood pressure. Licorice can worsen heart failure by increasing blood pressure and promoting fluid retention. Lily of the Valley can cause abnormally slow heart rates with mechanisms similar to those of digoxin. Tetrandrine can lower blood pressure by inhibiting L-type calcium channels . Yohimbine can exacerbate heart failure by increasing blood pressure through alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonism. Heart failure

6174-412: The end of April 2022 and was completed in the summer of 2023. The Great Clips IMAX Theatre was located on zoo grounds. At seven stories tall, it was once the largest IMAX theatre in Minnesota. It underwent a transition from analog to digital during the summer of 2014. In an email sent from the Minnesota Zoo to zoo members on January 18, 2019, it was announced that IMAX corporate will permanently close

6272-713: The end of each student's tenure at SES, seniors design a project that combines an aspect of the environment that they are passionate about with the community. Examples of senior projects in the past are a Peace Pole planted in the SES garden adorned with writing from languages spoken by citizens of countries SES students have visited. Another example is the wind turbine on SES property that gauges electricity levels and environmental factors. 44°46′20″N 93°11′27″W  /  44.77222°N 93.19083°W  / 44.77222; -93.19083 Heart failure Heart failure ( HF ), also known as congestive heart failure ( CHF ),

6370-482: The facility on January 27, 2019. No reason was given. The zoo and IMAX had a partnership in which the zoo would show nature documentaries and IMAX would show mainstream movies. In 1987, the zoo served as the filming location for All About Animals , a title in the Little Schoolhouse series of educational children's videos. School of Environmental Studies, Minnesota The School of Environmental Studies

6468-523: The force with which the heart ejects blood , thus are not recommended in people with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Breast cancer patients are at high risk of heart failure due to several factors. After analyzing data from 26 studies (836,301 patients), the recent meta-analysis found that breast cancer survivors demonstrated a higher risk heart failure within first ten years after diagnosis (hazard ratio = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.33). The pooled incidence of heart failure in breast cancer survivors

6566-509: The form of peripheral edema (causing swollen limbs and feet) and pulmonary edema (causing difficulty breathing) and ascites (swollen abdomen). Pulse pressure , which is the difference between the systolic ("top number") and diastolic ("bottom number") blood pressures, is often low/narrow (i.e. 25% or less of the level of the systolic) in people with heart failure, and this can be an early warning sign. Symptoms of heart failure are traditionally divided into left-sided and right-sided because

6664-673: The formation of prostaglandins , NSAIDs may exacerbate heart failure through several mechanisms, including promotion of fluid retention, increasing blood pressure , and decreasing a person's response to diuretic medications. Similarly, the ACC/AHA recommends against using COX-2 inhibitor medications in people with heart failure. Thiazolidinediones have been strongly linked to new cases of heart failure and worsening of pre-existing congestive heart failure due to their association with weight gain and fluid retention. Certain calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem and verapamil , are known to decrease

6762-665: The heart if positive. In Europe , the European Society of Cardiology , and in the United States, the AHA / ACC / HFSA , recommend measuring NT-proBNP or BNP followed by an ultrasound of the heart if positive. This is recommended in those with symptoms consistent with heart failure such as shortness of breath . The European Society of Cardiology defines the diagnosis of heart failure as symptoms and signs consistent with heart failure in combination with "objective evidence of cardiac structural or functional abnormalities". This definition

6860-529: The heart muscle. An echocardiogram ( ultrasound of the heart) is commonly used to support a clinical diagnosis of heart failure. This can determine the stroke volume (SV, the amount of blood in the heart that exits the ventricles with each beat), the end-diastolic volume (EDV, the total amount of blood at the end of diastole), and the SV in proportion to the EDV, a value known as the ejection fraction (EF). In pediatrics,

6958-599: The heart's myocardial tissue (termed myocarditis ) can similarly contribute to the development of heart failure. Genetic predisposition plays an important role. If more than one cause is present, progression is more likely and prognosis is worse. Heart damage can predispose a person to develop heart failure later in life and has many causes including systemic viral infections (e.g., HIV ), chemotherapeutic agents such as daunorubicin , cyclophosphamide , trastuzumab and substance use disorders of substances such as alcohol , cocaine , and methamphetamine . An uncommon cause

7056-514: The initial discussions and final design of the school. Since it is located on the grounds of the Minnesota Zoo, a number of students work with zookeepers and scientific staff in studying animal behavior, keeping animals active and challenged, and promoting public transit to the zoo. Other partners who work actively with students to bring real-world experiences to the academic content include the Minnesota DNR, Dakota County GIS and Parks departments,

7154-430: The left and right ventricles supply different parts of the circulation. In biventricular heart failure, both sides of the heart are affected. Left-sided heart failure is the more common. The left side of the heart takes oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the circulatory system in the body (except for the pulmonary circulation ). Failure of the left side of the heart causes blood to back up into

7252-441: The lung fields when percussed and reduced breath sounds at the base of the lungs may suggest the development of a pleural effusion (fluid collection between the lung and the chest wall ). Though it can occur in isolated left- or right-sided heart failure, it is more common in biventricular failure because pleural veins drain into both the systemic and pulmonary venous systems. When unilateral, effusions are often right-sided. If

7350-446: The lungs, causing breathing difficulties and fatigue due to an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood. Common respiratory signs include increased respiratory rate and labored breathing (nonspecific signs of shortness of breath). Rales or crackles are heard initially in the lung bases and when severe in all lung fields indicate the development of pulmonary edema (fluid in the alveoli ). Cyanosis , indicates deficiency of oxygen in

7448-420: The more high-energetic behaviors usually performed by the younger members of the group. On February 15, 2011, April died and a necropsy was pending to determine cause of death. April was around 42 years old, making her one of the older bottlenose dolphins known in human care. On February 6, 2012, Semo and Allie's 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -year-old calf Tajiah died suddenly of complications from a stomach ulcer. In all,

7546-575: The number of pillows required to lie comfortably, with extreme cases of orthopnea forcing the patient to sleep sitting up. Another symptom of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea : a sudden nocturnal attack of severe shortness of breath, usually occurring several hours after falling asleep. There may be " cardiac asthma " or wheezing . Impaired left ventricular forward function can lead to symptoms of poor systemic perfusion such as dizziness , confusion , and cool extremities at rest. Loss of consciousness may also occur due to loss of blood supply to

7644-417: The per-pupil costs to build and operate the school could not exceed those of other high schools in the district. The result: a 68,000 square foot (6,300 m²) building, completed for $ 5,420,000, or $ 80 per square foot ($ 860/m²). The central building block of Jilk's design is the student workstation (desk with bulletin board and storage area). This feature simultaneously meets two objectives: that students take on

7742-406: The popular "Farm Babies" event marks the beginning each year. The Farm closes each fall for the season. The farm also gives a chance for visitors to watch the staff milk the cows. Russia's Grizzly Coast gives visitors a chance to see animals that live around Russia's Pacific coast, including sea otters , brown bears , Amur leopards , and wild boars in environments reminiscent of their homes in

7840-608: The remaining dolphins at the zoo were "Spree," "Chinook" and "Semo." In 2007, the zoo shipped Chinook, a 24-year-old male, to the National Aquarium in Baltimore . Chinook was moved because the aquarium had seven adult females and no adult males. Chinook fathered a calf and then moved to the Brookfield Zoo in 2010. Two females, Allie and her mother, April, were additions to the Minnesota Zoo's bottlenose dolphin family in 2008. Both arrived on January 14, 2008, from Dolphin Connection in Florida. In September 2009, three bottlenose dolphins from

7938-503: The resulting shortness of breath. Depending on the case, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator may sometimes be recommended. In some moderate or more severe cases, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or cardiac contractility modulation may be beneficial. In severe disease that persists despite all other measures, a cardiac assist device ventricular assist device , or, occasionally, heart transplantation may be recommended. Heart failure

8036-488: The return trip back to the Brookfield Zoo. Spree too was sent to Brookfield after it was decided she would have a better chance at acclimating herself to their social structure as she was generally outcast by Semo, April and Allie. Semo had impregnated Allie in mid 2008. However, Allie suffered a stillbirth on March 26, 2009, much to the disappointment of zoo staff. In November 2009, it was confirmed by ultrasound that Allie

8134-497: The ride occurred in August 1992, where 10 passengers had to be removed by ladder from a smoke-filled monorail car after an electrical fire broke out in a motor. Another incident occurred in June 2000 when two monorail trains (one containing 80 people and the other containing 70 people) crashed. A fourth incident occurred in March 2011 when a monorail train stalled on the elevated track, people on

8232-403: The right ventricular pressure is increased, a parasternal heave which causes the compensatory increase in contraction strength may be present. Backward failure of the right ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries. This generates excess fluid accumulation in the body. This causes swelling under the skin ( peripheral edema or anasarca ) and usually affects the dependent parts of

8330-626: The risk twofold. A number of medications may cause or worsen the disease. This includes NSAIDs , COX-2 inhibitors , a number of anesthetic agents such as ketamine , thiazolidinediones, some cancer medications , several antiarrhythmic medications , pregabalin , alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists , minoxidil , itraconazole , cilostazol , anagrelide , stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate ), tricyclic antidepressants , lithium , antipsychotics , dopamine agonists , TNF inhibitors , calcium channel blockers (especially verapamil and diltiazem ), salbutamol , and tamsulosin . By inhibiting

8428-412: The role of workers (the workstation resembles an office cubicle) and that the learning environment promote a sense of identity (students can decorate workstations to reflect personal tastes). Individual workstations are clustered in groups of 10, forming a "pod." Ten pods form a "house." The term "house" refers not only to the grouping of 100 students with three teachers but also to their common workspace:

8526-510: The same since it opened in 1978, was reopened in 2007 after a year-long renovation. The trail now features a "north woods" look and includes exhibits for raccoons, coyotes, and gray wolves together with long-time residents like beaver, otter, puma, and lynx. Smaller Minnesota animals, like turtles, frogs and salamanders are featured in the exhibit's "trailhead", which is styled after a lodge. The quarter-mile (400-meter) trail takes guests through more than fifteen wildlife exhibits where they experience

8624-436: The structure or the function of the heart or in some cases both. There are different types of heart failure: right-sided heart failure , which affects the right heart , left-sided heart failure , which affects the left heart , and biventricular heart failure, which affects both sides of the heart. Left-sided heart failure may be present with a reduced ejection fraction or with a preserved ejection fraction . Heart failure

8722-476: The student's life. Another innovation championed by this program includes their annual " adventure learning activity " Eco-Challenge " conducted at nearby Lebanon Hills Regional Park located in Dakota County, Minnesota . It was conceived by earth science teacher Steve Meyer as the focus of his University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point Master's Thesis on team-based mentoring . The School of Environmental Studies

8820-419: The subjects merely introduced to students not opting for AP coursework . At the end of each trimester the school offers an opportunity for students to participate in field studies. Field studies provide students with the ability to transfer classroom learning into the field. Field studies are student-funded, teacher-led activities lasting between 6 and 12 days in locations around the world. Some studies, such as

8918-649: The topics of focus are in Literature and Writing, World History and Biology. There are two senior houses, Green and Gold, and two junior houses, Blue and Rose. Each house hosts independent events such as pot lucks, which create great community building times. These houses contain ten pods that are sectioned off by short walls, and a group area in the center of the pods, called a centrum. These pods consist of around ten students who each have their own desk. Advanced Placement classes are offered in conjunction with many house classes. These optional classes dive more deeply into many of

9016-427: The train were stuck for 2 hours until Apple Valley firefighters arrived to rescue them. The monorail system continued to operate until it closed September 2, 2013. The former monorail track was left standing vacant until 2019, when the zoo announced it will build the Treetop Trail walkway over the existing track. Construction of the 1.25-mile (2 kilometer) elevated pedestrian loop, which is the world's longest, began at

9114-541: The underlying cause for the clinical presentation", for HFmrEF and HFpEF specifically requiring "evidence of spontaneous or provokable increased left ventricle filling pressures". The European Society of Cardiology has developed a diagnostic algorithm for HFpEF , named HFA-PEFF. HFA-PEFF considers symptoms and signs, typical clinical demographics (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, elderly, atrial fibrillation), and diagnostic laboratory tests, ECG, and echocardiography. One historical method of categorizing heart failure

9212-565: The underlying cause is vital to diagnosis and treatment. In heart failure, the structure or the function of the heart or in some cases both are altered. Heart failure is the potential end stage of all heart diseases. Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. In addition, viral infection and subsequent inflammation of

9310-488: Was 4.44 (95% CI 3.33-5.92) per 1000 person-years of follow-up. Certain alternative medicines carry a risk of exacerbating existing heart failure, and are not recommended. This includes aconite , ginseng , gossypol , gynura , licorice , lily of the valley , tetrandrine , and yohimbine . Aconite can cause abnormally slow heart rates and abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular tachycardia. Ginseng can cause abnormally low or high blood pressure and may interfere with

9408-538: Was 54 years old and apparently died of natural causes. In November 2022, dolphins temporarily returned to the Minnesota Zoo when Allie along with six bottlenose dolphins (two males named Lucky and Merlin, four females named Tapeko, Spree, Noelani, and Allison) arrived from the Brookfield Zoo. They were displayed in their Discovery Bay tank for several months until they returned to their Brookfield Zoo habitat in Spring of 2024. The zoo's monorail opened on September 20, 1979 as

9506-418: Was designed in a manner very different from most schools. The committee charged with planning SES conducted almost two years of research before commissioning an architect. What emerged was a clear vision of the kinds of learning experiences they hoped to provide: interdisciplinary , project-based, and real-world. Architect Bruce Jilk was commissioned to design the school and given strict budgetary parameters:

9604-425: Was pregnant yet again, by Semo this time as well. The female calf was born on July 17, 2010, and through a Facebook vote was named Tajiah in late 2010. By January 2011, the pod consisted of 47-year-old Semo, 42-year-old April, her 23-year-old daughter Allie, and Allie's 6-month-old calf Taijah. Dolphin shows at the zoo were put on hiatus in 2011. With Semo then in his mid 40s, the zoo felt it was best for them to avoid

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