Militari is a district in the western part of Bucharest , in Sector 6 . It is home to more than 100,000 inhabitants.
83-614: Starting from the sixteennth century, this area was the site of several estates owned by boyars, and on it was an area where the Austrian army camped during its march towards joining the Russo-Ottoman war of 1735-1739 , only for them to be pushed away the following year by Constantine Mavrocordatos with the support of Ottoman troops. On 16 March 1821, Tudor Vladimirescu sets camp in this area along with his Panduri in order to begin his botched uprising . The significance of this place later gave
166-471: A plague outbreak. According to an Ottoman Muslim account of the war translated into English by C. Fraser, Bosnian Muslim women fought in battles, having "acquired the courage of heroes" against the Austrian Germans at the siege of Osterwitch-atyk (Östroviç-i âtık) fortress. Women also fought in the defense of the fortresses of Būzin (Büzin) and Chetin (Çetin). Their bravery was also described in
249-757: A French account. Yeni Pazar , Izvornik , Gradişka , and Banaluka were also struck by the Austrians. In 1739, the Russian army, commanded by Field Marshal Münnich, crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Turks at Stavuchany and occupied the fortresses of Khotyn (August 19) and Iaşi . However, Austria was defeated by the Turks at Grocka and signed a separate treaty in Belgrade with the Ottoman Empire on 21 August, probably alarmed at
332-490: A demilitarized Azov and Zaporozhye, but it had demonstrated that it could reach Moldavia and was now a serious threat to Crimea. In the next war , Russia took Crimea and briefly occupied Bucharest . Austria hoped to gain land in the Balkans while the Turks were tied down with Russia. The border was then about 100 km south of Belgrade in land gained in 1717 . In 1737, Austria went south, captured Niš but soon gave it up. In 1738,
415-605: A depot for trams, buses and metro trains, a Renault parts centre (built on the first Coca Cola factory from the early 1990s) and the previously mentioned Aerospace Institute. 44°26′3.37″N 26°2′5.11″E / 44.4342694°N 26.0347528°E / 44.4342694; 26.0347528 Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739 [REDACTED] Russian Empire [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire [REDACTED] 100,000–150,000 dead [REDACTED] 44,427 casualties in battle The Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and
498-543: A favorable international situation. This was achieved through the signing of treaties with the Persian Empire from 1732 to 1735 (which was engaged in a conflict with the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735 ) and by supporting the accession of Augustus III to the Polish throne in 1735, instead of Stanislaw Leszczynski , who had been nominated by pro-Ottoman France . Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726. The casus belli
581-706: A lack of supplies. In July 1737, the Habsburg monarchy entered the war against the Ottoman Empire but was defeated several times, including in the Battle of Banja Luka on 4 August 1737, the Battle of Grocka on 18, 21–22 July 1739, and then lost Belgrade after an Ottoman siege from 18 July to September 1739. In August, Russia, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire began negotiations in Nemirov , which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian Army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to
664-505: A month, ruined Perekop as much as they could, and returned to Molochnye Vody. Azov fleet: Peter Bredal with a rebuilt Azov fleet, supplies, and 4,000 Don Cossacks, met Lacy’s army on 19 May. On 23 May, more Don Cossacks arrived with their own boats. On 25 May, Bredal was caught by a much larger Turkish fleet and blockaded at ‘Cape Vissarion’ (location?). The blockade was broken when the Turks unwisely pursued three escaping sloops. On 6 June, they were again caught at ‘Cape Fedotov’, probably on
747-535: A more major program launched in 1942 to allow the introduction of public lightning, cesspools and communal guarding. In addition to this, in 1943, a new shuttle tram line (nr 13) began to operate between Apusului street and the Cotroceni railway crossing , utilizing a single track path with passing loops . In an article dated 4 October 1944 however, the Scânteia newspaper criticised the way how public works were conducted in
830-430: A proper development plan, as such population surged from just 584 inhabitants in 1901 to 8093 inhabitants in 1930 and 15.492 inhabitants by the 1948 census. Due to the lack of a development plan and laws prohibiting development of suburban communes, most of the land was split up illegally, and "almost overnight" new roads (with improper names) and houses were built. According to the same census taken on 25 January 1948, among
913-408: A radio system to set the points from a distance. The design of crossing loops may have to be modified where there are severe gradients that make it difficult for a train to restart from a stationary position, or where the terrain is unsuitable for a normal loop. A crossing loop on steep gradient may have catch points on the downhill end to reduce the impact of runaways. Since central operation of
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#1732851168964996-617: A separate peace, which made his position untenable. On 23 September, he was ordered to return to Russian territory. 1739: Treaties: The war was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade with Austria in September and the Treaty of Niš (1739) with Russia in October. All three parties wanted out because the war as it was costing more than anything they might gain. Russia was also worried about the looming Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) . Russia kept nothing more than
1079-428: A total of 293 hectares (stretching all the way to the present-day Grivița and Crângași ) and having a population of 584 people and a mixed school with 32 male students and 9 female students. It also had a brick factory and a watermill. In the early 20th century the village attracted the attention of local politicians due to the existence of an illegal cattle market which led to the closure of an official cattle market in
1162-510: Is now Mariupol , about 100 km further west. On 28 June, a Turkish fleet caught the Azov flotilla near Henichesk. After two gun duels, they were driven off (1 July). Soon after, a storm destroyed most of the flotilla along with its food and ammunition. Instead of attacking the 60,000 Tatars waiting at Perekop , Lacy built a pontoon bridge out of water casks and crossed the Henichesk Strait onto
1245-448: Is only one passenger platform, it is not convenient to cross two passenger trains if both stop. This type of passing loop is common in Russia and post-Soviet states. A disadvantage of the platform and through arrangement is the speed limits through the turnouts at each end. In the example layout shown, trains take the left-hand track in their direction of running. Low-speed turnouts restrict
1328-472: Is referred to as a dynamic loop. For example, the Windermere branch line will be getting one to permit a 2tph service pattern. Some railways fit catch points at the ends of crossing loops so that if a train overruns the loop, it is derailed rather than collide with an opposing train. Since the available space for crossing loops is usually limited, they do not normally have an overlap (safety margin) between
1411-553: The A1 motorway , the district developed rapidly following the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , transforming itself in one of the most prosperous neighborhoods of Bucharest. Since the early 2000s the district saw the opening of several hypermarkets ( Cora , Carrefour , Metro , Auchan , Kaufland ), and a large mall (" Plaza Romania "). The district has a new theatre ("Masca") and a modern cinema ("Movieplex"). The industrial estate features
1494-607: The Arabat Spit , starting on 2 July. Khan Fetih headed south toward the far end of the spit, but Lacy again outflanked him by crossing to the mainland near the Salhyr River, causing the Crimeans to disperse. Lacy went southwest, and on 14 July, he burned Karasubazar . Three days later, he chose to withdraw. He had lost most of his supplies with the flotilla; the Tatars were regrouping, there
1577-558: The Bela Zirka river near Kamenny Zaton and withdrew to Perekop. By 19 May, Russia had 30,000 troops facing Perekop. On 20 May, the wall was breached , and on 22 May, the 2,254 Turks in the Or Qapi fort surrendered on parole. Russia now entered Crimea for the first time. On 5 June, they raided Gozleve for supplies. On 17 June, they captured Bakhchisarai. The khan’s palace was burned, either accidentally or deliberately. On 23 June, they burned
1660-472: The Bolintin Road ( Drumul Bolintinului ), the main road going through the commune was renamed into Alexander I, Unifier of Yugoslavia Avenue . In 1926, the commune lost the hamlet of Giulești , which became its own commune, being renamed into Prince Carol II commune (and later in 1930 Great Voyvode Michael ) commune. Like most suburban communes of Bucharest, Militari was left to develop by itself without
1743-749: The Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and the continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars . The war also represented Russia's ongoing struggle for access to the Black Sea . In 1737, the Habsburg monarchy joined the war on Russia's side, known in historiography as the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739 . By the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War, Russia had successfully secured
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#17328511689641826-524: The Samara river. Half of the army had been lost, 2,000 in fighting, and the rest from disease. Because of the invasion, Crimean khan Qaplan I Giray was replaced by Fetih II Giray . 1736: Kinburn captured: After Perekop was captured, Leontev and 13,000 men were sent west to capture the fort on the Kinburn Peninsula , south of Ochakov . The garrison was allowed to abandon the fort and cross to Ochakov on
1909-777: The Terek river tried to stop them and lost 55 men. The army went down the west shore of the Caspian as far as the Samur River , where it was recalled by Turkey for unexplained reasons. In 1735, the Crimean khan led 80,000 men across the North Caucasus and south to Derbent . By the end of 1735, he received news of Leontev’s raid on Crimea and decided to turn back. During his return journey, he spent time foraging in Kabardia and eventually reached Crimea in
1992-526: The War of the Austrian Succession began. Passing loop A passing loop (UK usage) or passing siding (North America) (also called a crossing loop , crossing place , refuge loop or, colloquially, a hole ) is a place on a single line railway or tramway , often located at or near a station , where trains or trams travelling in opposite directions can pass each other. Trains / trams going in
2075-563: The fortress of Azov. The Crimean campaign of 1736 ended with Russian withdrawal into Ukraine, resulting in an estimated 30,000 lives lost. Only 2,000 of these losses were related to war, while the rest were due to disease, hunger, and famine. In July 1737, Münnich's army stormed the Turkish fortress of Ochakov . Lacy's army, already 40,000 men strong, marched into Crimea the same month and captured Karasubazar (see Lacy's campaign to Crimea ). However, Lacy and his troops had to leave Crimea due to
2158-469: The 30th Military Engineering Regiment and its barracks. By the end of the 19th century, a full military complex was established in the area, featuring a weapons depot, a factory for military clothing and a storage area for firewood. In March 1894, the Romanian Army expelled two pub owners (Gheorghe Grigore and Niculae Niță) and the inhabitants of these public houses to build the 40th Infantry Regiment. With
2241-399: The 3320 dwellings, only 351 had electricity and 3 had running water, and 62,7% of the houses were built from wood and thatched materials and 36,4% were made out of brick, stone or concrete. The first steps in the modernization of the commune began in 1941 with the official naming of several streets that, some still maintain their name to this day (Apusului, Cupolei, Apeductului), followed by
2324-466: The Kiev area with about 70,000 men. On 30 June, they reached Ochakov, which now had 20,000 defenders. Fighting began the next day, and on 3 July, heated shot set the town on fire. The fire spread to the powder magazine, which blew up, killing thousands of Turks. This caused the Turks to surrender the same day. Münnich left 8,000 men to hold the fort and returned with the rest of the army to Poltava . In October,
2407-479: The Miuss River. He later returned to Azov because a fire had destroyed the Azov arsenal and granary. Bredal could not sail from Azov due to disease and a shortage of ships. Lacy left Izium on 10 May. His force was weakened because much had been transferred to the western campaign. In July, he learned that the Turks had sent troops and a fleet, and that Levashev had turned back. He marched toward Perekop, saw that there
2490-734: The Moghioroș and Orizont markets in Drumul Taberei ). The housing estate is served by line M3 of the Bucharest Metro, which runs from Preciziei (in the middle of the Militari industrial estate) to Anghel Saligny in the Titan industrial estate, at its opening in 1983 linked it with Republica . In 1999, service on line M3 was shortened to Eroilor before being extended to Anghel Saligny in 2009. Trolleybuses, which initially ran from 1960 to 1967 returned to
2573-515: The Ottomans tried to retake the fort under the direct orders of Sultan Mahmut I . All of their attempts failed, and on 30 October, they withdrew. (Next spring, the plague appeared in the fort and was reported in Moldavia , Wallachia , Poland, and Zaporozhia. It increased, and in September 1738, Ochakov and Kinburn were evacuated to escape the plague because the weakened troops would not be able to resist if
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2656-538: The Russian Dnieper Army (62,000 men), under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich , stormed the Crimean fortifications at Perekop and occupied Bakhchysarai on June 17. The Crimean khans failed to defend their territory and repel the invasion. In 1736, 1737, and 1738, Russian expeditionary armies broke through their defensive positions, pushing deep into the Crimean peninsula, driving
2739-457: The Russian fort of Kamenny Zaton , about 10 days' march from Perekop . Here, he turned back because of the cold and the loss of 3,000 horses. The next day, a snowstorm killed another 1,000 horses. By late November, he was back where he started, having lost 9,000 of his 40,000 men and about 9,000 horses. 1736: Azov captured: Around 30 March 1736, Münnich and 5,000 men besieged Azov. Additional soldiers arrived, and on 7 April, Münnich left to join
2822-613: The Russians nor the Ottomans fulfilled their goals. However, there are also sources that claim an Ottoman victory or a Russian victory in the war. For Austria, the war proved a stunning defeat. The Russian forces were much more successful on the field, but they lost tens of thousands to disease. The Russians had access to the Black Sea but were not allowed to maintain any fleet in the Azov and Black Sea. This section summarizes Davies and Amin in sources. The Ottoman Empire held forts along
2905-542: The Tatar noblemen into the hills and forcing Khan Fetih II Giray to take refuge at sea. They burned Gozlev , Karasubazar , and the khan's palace in the Crimean capital, Bakhchysarai. Additionally, they captured the Ottoman fortress at Azov . Khans Qaplan I Giray and Fetih II Giray were deposed by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud I for their incompetence. However, the years 1737 to 1739 were notable plague years, and all sides of
2988-498: The Turks advanced and took places in Serbia and on the Danube. In 1739, Austria crossed the Danube, fought a battle at Grocka , and fell back to the Danube. Belgrade was under siege by the Turks when talks began. Austria gave up Belgrade , Serbia south of the Danube, and western Wallachia, which was perhaps more than the military situation required. The war was poorly managed. The next year,
3071-480: The Turks came back.) 1737: Second invasion of Crimea: The goal was to prevent the Crimeans from supporting Ochakov, damage Crimea as much as possible, and capture the Turkish fort of Kaffa if possible. On 3 May 1737, Peter Lacy set out from the Mius River near Taganrog, about 50 km west of Azov. Around 320 small boats with supplies and Don Cossacks followed along the coast. On 23 May, the two forces joined at what
3154-506: The city limits on the existing road to Ciorogârla , during the construction works for the A1 motorway , which opened in 1972. The new campus of the Bucharest Polytechnic Institute was built here between the late 1960s and up to the early 1980s, gradually relocating from its old campus near Gara de Nord. Construction of apartment blocks continued with a few built between 1971 and 1973 in various empty plots of land and near
3237-547: The city of Bucharest, specifically part of the 16 February District. The first housing program at the time involved the construction of semi-detached houses in the 1950s. At the same time the military clothes factory became the APACA factory, whose buildings still stand to this day (albeit for other purposes). The first block was finished in 1958 and it is believed to be the first apartment building in Bucharest to use prefabricated panels at
3320-518: The city of Bucharest. In 1906, a law was passed which reshaped the communes in the present-day Ilfov County; the Militari commune administered the villages of Militari and Grivița along with the Ciurel hamlet ( cătun ), all of which belonged to the plasa Pantelimon. After the First World War, between 1920 and 1926, the commune of Militari lost the village of Grivița and the hamlet of Ciurel; in addition
3403-445: The commune and accused the local administration of theft of public funds and clientelism. In 1948, tram line 13 ceased to run for two years while public works were conducted in relation to the sewage network in the village, works which continued up to 1950 and also resulted in the full double-tracking of line 13, which was then extended to Pantelimon . With the administrative reform of 1950, the Militari commune eventually became part of
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3486-531: The conflict were crippled by disease and unsanitary conditions. Despite his success and a string of battlefield victories, the outbreak of an epidemic coupled with shortages forced Münnich to retreat to Ukraine. On 19 June 1736, the Russian Don Army of 28,000 men, under the command of General Peter Lacy , with support from the Don Flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredahl , seized
3569-538: The construction of new apartment blocks in the communist era, the Militari housing estate has maintained its original street layout, and due to its location on the A1 motorway, the Iuliu Maniu Avenue now suffers from chronic traffic congestion, and notoriously lacks parks (the only park in the area is built over a former industrial railway). Expansion of commercial and other private industrial and residential areas has begun in
3652-584: The development of the military establishments in the area, several railways appeared at the same time, serving the Gara de Nord and Gara Filaret railway stations, along with a railway line going to the present-day Bucharest Belt Railway. The commune of Militari is first mentioned in 1883, in a document relating to the sale of state-owned land, and in 1901, it is mentioned in the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania as belng part of plasa Snagov, with
3735-530: The early 2000s and continues to this day, but in a similar fashion to the interwar era, putting more strain on the area's street network. The industrial estate still remains an important employer in the western part of Bucharest. The neighborhood features a few markets, including Gorjului, Lujerului, and Apusului (similar markets are found in most communist-era housing estates, such as the Sălăjan market in Titan , as well as
3818-460: The following year. In order not to waste that year's campaigning season, he dispatched Leontev on a raid. 1735: Leontev's raid Leontev set off on 1 October 1735, far too late in the season. He started near the Samara River and marched south, east of the Dnieper bend. At Konska Voda , he killed about 1,000 Nogais and stole their livestock. He turned west with the river, and on 16 October, reached
3901-482: The housing estate in 1995 and consist of two lines: 61, which runs to Piața Rosetti and 62 which runs to Gara de Nord. It is also served by city bus lines such as 106, 136, 137, 138, 178, 278 and 336. Tram lines still operate in the Militari industrial estate, having been relocated to Drumul Taberei in 1987 and modernized in 2005. The high rate of car ownership however makes parking extremely difficult and increasingly inconvenient for pedestrians. Because of its access to
3984-420: The housing estate, Block 15A/B/C (a group of tower blocks with 16 stories) and Block 22B (designed by Yugoslavian architects) were finished in 1979. In the 4 March 1977 Vrancea earthquake , Block OD16's Staircase F collapsed entirely, killing most of its inhabitants, at the time the building was slightly over a year old and results showed poor construction practices and stolen construction materials; this staircase
4067-445: The kalga’s seat at Ak Mechet . Most of the Crimean army had scattered to the hills, while the Turks withdrew to Kaffa. Münnich hoped to capture Kaffa before the Turks could send reinforcements, but on 25 June, he decided to withdraw. Dysentery had first been noted on 7 June. Soon, a third of the army was sick, and many of the rest weakened. There was not enough food, fresh water, or fodder to support his army. By 18 July, they were back on
4150-421: The khan’s army. They blasted Or Kapi with mortars, which surrendered around the beginning of July. They turned south, but on 6 July, they decided to go home. There was little food or fodder because the Crimean interior had been trashed the previous year, supplies with the Azov fleet had been lost (see Azov fleet below), and disease was beginning to appear. They stopped a Tatar attack on 9 July, rested at Perekop for
4233-451: The long sand spit just east of Henichesk Strait . They hauled their boats across the sand spit and reassembled near Henichesk , where they were again caught on 16 June. They landed their guns, built a shore battery, and burned their boats. There was a two-day artillery duel, but the Turks chose not to land, perhaps because they lacked marines. The loss of the supply fleet forced Lacy to withdraw from Crimea. 1738: Western campaign: The goal
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#17328511689644316-450: The longer and heavier high-speed turnouts may be beyond the capability of manual lever operation. Refuge sidings are used at locations with gradients too steep for heavy freight trains or steam haulage to depart from conventional passing loops, or confined spaces where a passing loop cannot be built. An extra parallel siding is often built at stations on refuge sidings so that two stopping trains can pass, and an extended catch point opposite
4399-431: The loop line has low-speed turnouts at either end. If the station has only one platform, then it is usually located on the main line. If passenger trains are relatively few in number, and the likelihood of two passenger trains crossing each other low, the platform on the loop line may be omitted. If the passenger train from one direction always arrives first, the platform on the loop line may also be omitted by extending
4482-464: The loop should be longer than all trains needing to cross at that point. Unless the loop is of sufficient length to be dynamic , the first train to arrive must stop or move very slowly, while the second to arrive may pass at speed. If one train is too long for the loop it must wait for the opposing train to enter the loop before proceeding, taking a few minutes. Ideally, the shorter train should arrive first and leave second. If both trains are too long for
4565-403: The loop, time-consuming "see-sawing" (or "double saw-by") operations are required for the trains to cross (see Tawa railway station ). On railway systems that use platforms , especially high-level platforms, for passengers to board and disembark from trains, the platforms may be provided on both the main and loop tracks or possibly on only one of them. The main line has straight track, while
4648-420: The main force on the Dnieper. In May Peter Lacy took over and on 26 June the Turks surrendered on condition of safe passage. Lacy set off for Crimea, but turned back when he heard of Münnich's withdrawal. 1736: First Russian invasion of Crimea: In mid-April, Münnich set off south with 54,000 men and 8,000 or 9,000 carts, following Leontiev’s route east of the Dnieper bend. On 4 May, the Tatars were defeated at
4731-552: The name to the Drumul Taberei housing estate built south of Militari in the 1960s and also the Tudor Vladimirescu Theorethical Highschool. The first military establishments in the area eventually are founded in 1863, which established a military camp meant to be used to train soldiers before eventually relocating west of Tecuci in 1869. Later in 1873, the Army's Pyrotechnical Complex was moved here along with
4814-729: The north shore of the Black Sea and on the eastern side of the Balkans. Azov kept the Don Cossacks out of the Sea of Azov. Kaffa dominated the Crimean Khanate. Or Kapi, behind the Perekop trenches, guarded the entrance to Crimea. Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, kept the Dnieper Cossacks out of the Black Sea. Khotyn, on the upper Dniester, watched the Polish Commonwealth. The Turkish border
4897-567: The northwest part of the Persian Empire. Russia took the west side of the Caspian and the Ottomans got as far as Tabriz . Nader Shah slowly restored Persian power. By 1734, Persia was reconquering its land south of the Caucasus, and it was clear that Russia could not hold its gains. In 1733 or 1734, the Turks ordered Crimea to send a force across the north Caucasus to attack the Persians. Eropkin on
4980-569: The opposite bank. 250 Russian prisoners were freed there. On 9 January 1737, Austria joined the war drawing Turkish troops away from the Black Sea. The Turko-Persian conflict had ended in September 1736 , but it took time to move Turkish troops west. The plan for 1737 involved one army capturing the Turkish fort of Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, while a second army invaded Crimea. 1737:Capture of Ochakov: In early April, Münnich left
5063-437: The platform past the loop in that direction. The through road has straight track, while the platform road has low-speed turnouts at either end. A possible advantage of this layout is that trains scheduled to pass straight through the station can do so uninterrupted; they do not have to reduce their speed to pass through the curve. This layout is mostly used at local stations where many passenger trains do not stop. Since there
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#17328511689645146-454: The points and signals from a single signal box is convenient, and since there are practical limits for the distance to these points and signals, crossing loops can have a system-wide effect on train sizes. Line capacity is partly determined by the distance between individual crossing loops. Ideally these should be located at inverse -integer intervals along the track by travel time. The longest section between successive crossing loops will, like
5229-401: The points in and out of the loop operated manually, albeit more recent examples have so-called self-restoring switches that allow trains to exit a loop without needing to change the points. Other forms of remote operation included centralized traffic control , in which a train controller changes points and signals from a remote office; and driver-operated points, which enable train crews to use
5312-543: The prospect of Russian military success. This, coupled with the imminent threat of a Swedish invasion , and Ottoman alliances with Prussia , Poland , and Sweden, forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Niš with Turkey on 29 September, which ended the war. The peace treaty granted Azov to Russia and consolidated Russia's control over the Zaporizhia in exchange for Russia abandoning its claims to Crimea and Moldova. The Russian campaign ended indecisively for both sides; neither
5395-419: The refuge siding may be added so as not to interfere with passing trains. If a crossing loop is several times the length of the trains using it, and is suitably signalled, then trains proceeding in opposite directions can pass (cross) each other without having to stop or even slow down. This greatly reduces the time lost by the first train to arrive at the crossing loop for the opposing train to go by. This system
5478-471: The remaining military establishments or places otherwise not occupied by houses, followed by more demolitions starting in 1974 to replace substandard housing, which saw the rise of apartment blocks on the south side of the (present day) Iuliu Maniu avenue west of Lujerului. In the same year the Militari tram depot opened to host the ITB's 130-strong fleet of Tatra T4 R trams. Among some of the most imposing buildings in
5561-417: The same direction can also overtake, provided that the signalling arrangement allows it. A passing loop is double-ended and connected to the main track at both ends, though a dead end siding known as a refuge siding , which is much less convenient, can be used. A similar arrangement is used on the gauntlet track of cable railways and funiculars , and in passing places on single-track roads . Ideally,
5644-558: The same size as the previous year. On 19 May, he met the supply fleet at what is now Berdiansk on the Azov coast (see Azov fleet below). Lacy learned that Mengli and 30,000 men were waiting behind Perekop, and that Turkish troops had garrisoned Or Kapi. They rested at Molochnye Vody. Instead of attacking Perekop, Lacy chose to cross the Syvash by wading at low tide, possibly near the Chongar Strait . They turned west and got between Perekop and
5727-518: The same time as the opening of the Militari industrial estate, which hosted the IREMOAS factory for bathtubs, radiators and sinks, and later the IMEB factory for electric motors and the National Research and Development Institute for Aerospace, which was connected to the Turbomecanica factory. Also in 1968, works began on rebuilding the road, replacing the cobblestone with asphalt and extending the main avenue (then named Armata Poporului , Păcii and RSR respectively, now named Iuliu Maniu Avenue) towards
5810-409: The speed in one direction. Two platform faces are needed, and they can be provided either at a single island platform or two side platforms (as shown). Overtaking is not normally possible at this kind of up-and-down loop as some of the necessary signals are absent. Crossing loops using up-and-down working are very common in British practice. For one thing, fewer signals are required if the tracks in
5893-457: The spring of 1736. Crimean interference in the Caucasus served as one pretext for the war. In March 1735, through the Treaty of Ganja , Russia returned its territorial gains to Persia and forged an alliance with Persia against Turkey. With Crimean troops absent from the peninsula and the Turks engaged with Persia, Russia seized the opportunity for a surprise attack. General Münnich moved south and discovered that his army would not be ready until
5976-490: The starting signals and the end of the double line. In Australia, the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC) policy provides for overlaps of about 500 m and 200 m respectively in an effort to avoid derailment or collision. Many crossing loops are designed to operate automatically in an unattended mode. Such loops may be track-circuited with home signals cleared by the approaching train. Some loops have
6059-411: The station are signaled for one direction only; also, there is less likelihood of a collision caused by signalling a train onto the track reserved for trains in the opposing direction. In France, they often use spring switches and the speed is equally restricted in both directions. The speed restriction in one direction can be eliminated with higher-speed turnouts, but this may require power operation, as
6142-415: The time of its demolition. Simultaneously, the tram tracks on Păcii and Armata Poporului Avenues was replaced during the summer of 1986 with new ones used from prefabricated concrete slabs, but shortly after the works were completed in October 1986, the new tram tracks were dismantled and the track slabs were relocated elsewhere. Several small houses and semi-detached houses have survived to this day. Despite
6225-517: The time, situated at Iuliu Maniu Avenue nr 10. Between 1965 and 1968 the first apartment blocks in the Militari housing estate were built as part of an urban renewal program meant to replace the old substandard houses built in the interwar era. Although the program fell short of expectations (fewer apartment blocks were built than planned), it did offer people various modern apartments with one, two, three or even four rooms, and new markets at Apusului, Veteranilor and Gorjului. The redevelopment occurred at
6308-420: The weakest link in a chain, determine the overall line capacity. Long and short trains can cross at a short loop if the long train arrives second but leaves first. It is best if all crossing loops are longer than the longest train. Two long trains can cross at a short loop using a slow so-called see-saw process, which wastes time. Countries generally have a principle on which side trains shall meet, either on
6391-522: Was close to the current Ukrainian border along the Dniester. Polish claims extended to the Dnieper, except for Kiev. Russia had a very vague border about 100 or more miles south of the current border. The semi-independent Zaporozhian Cossacks were along the Dnieper bend. The Crimean Khanate and its Nogai steppe allies raided Poland and Russia and sold the captives to the Turks at Kaffa . In 1722, Russia and Turkey took advantage of Persian weakness to capture
6474-504: Was for Münnich to lead the main army to the Dniester and attack the border forts at either Khotin or Bender. On 17 April, he crossed the Dnieper south of Poltava, and in late June, he crossed the Bug . He reached the Dniester, but on 6 August, he abandoned the campaign because of Turkish resistance and reports of plague west of the river. 1739: Failed invasion of Crimea: Levashev was supposed to march from Azov, but an epidemic forced him to halt at
6557-602: Was no hope, and returned to the Ukrainian line, which he reached on 24 August. 1739: Western campaign: Münnich planned to capture Khotin to take pressure off the Austrians, who were doing poorly. He left Kiev in late April, crossing Polish territory because the land was better and the Poles were too weak to interfere. He won the Battle of Stavuchany in August, took Khotin, and marched south to Jassy . There he learned that Austria had signed
6640-616: Was not enough fresh water and fodder, and sickness was starting to appear. On 23 July, he crossed the Henichesk Strait, and a month later reached "Molochnye Vody". Because of the invasion, the Turks replaced Khan Fetih II with Meñli II Giray . Planning started in November 1737. The goal for 1738 was to tie down the Crimeans while Münnich attacked along the Dniester in support of the Austrians. 1738: Third invasion of Crimea: Peter Lacy started from Vol'chye Vody (location?) with an army about
6723-474: Was only rebuilt 5 years later. During this period the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy's new building opened and its students moved in for the 1975-1976 school year, in order to train future Romanian Communist Party elites (today the building is an annex of the Polytechnic). In the 1980s urban renewal works continued, firstly demolishing the remaining houses left in the core of the former village in the early 1980s, which
6806-478: Was supplemented by the construction of metro line M3 between 1980 and 1983, followed by the realignement of Șoseaua Virtuții and the construction of new apartment buildings north of Lujerului and near the village of Roșu in the late 1980s. Between 1986 and 1987, the Lujerului Underpass was built, which necessitated the demolition of Block 2, a tower block with 60 one-room apartments that was only 20 years old at
6889-651: Was the raids of the Crimean Tatars on the Cossack Hetmanate at the end of 1735 and the Crimean Khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimean Peninsula . In 1735, on the eve of the war, Russia made peace with Persia, returning all the remaining territory conquered during the Russo-Persian War ( Treaty of Ganja ). On 20 May 1736,
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