120-708: The Middle River Reservoir is located on the north of Kangaroo Island in South Australia . It is situated on the Middle River and has a catchment of approximately 101 square kilometres (39 sq mi). Construction of Middle River Reservoir was started in response to a doubling of the population on Kangaroo Island following the Second World War. The reservoir supplies water to Kingscote , Brownlow KI and Parndana . Kangaroo Island Kangaroo Island , also known as Karta Pintingga (lit. '[The] Island of
240-472: A 334-ton sloop, and promoted to commander the following month. Investigator set sail for New Holland on 18 July 1801. Attached to the expedition were the botanist Robert Brown , botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer , landscape artist William Westall , gardener Peter Good , geological assistant John Allen, and John Crosley as astronomer. Vallance et al. comment that compared to the Baudin expedition this
360-521: A blockade of the island, and in June 1810 Flinders was paroled . Travelling via the Cape of Good Hope on Olympia , which was taking despatches back to Britain, he received a promotion to post-captain , before continuing to England. Flinders had been confined for the first few months of his captivity, but he was later afforded greater freedom to move around the island and access his papers. In November 1804 he sent
480-728: A combined 6 MW through the Kingscote substation to provide stability of supply if the submarine cables are unavailable. Kangaroo Island is reliant on ferry services for the majority of its transport to and from the mainland. Ferry services are currently provided by two companies, Kangaroo Island SeaLink which uses two ferries, the Sealion 2000 and the Spirit of Kangaroo Island , to provide freight and passenger services, and Kangaroo Island Connect, which commenced services in June 2018 and provides passenger services only. From 1907 to 1961, Karatta
600-520: A day or two later. The arrival of the Africaine , under John Finlay Duff , in November that year, was notable for the deaths of E. W. Osborne and Dr. John Slater, who perished on an exploratory trek from Cape Borda to Kingscote. A number of shore-based bay whaling stations operated on the coast in the 1840s. These were located at Doyle's Bay, D'Estrees Bay and Hog Bay. Numerous ships have been wrecked on
720-509: A fertile appearance". After scaling the You Yangs to the northwest of Port Phillip on 1 May, he left a scroll of paper with the ship's name on it and deposited it in a small pile of stones at the top of the peak. With stores running low, Flinders proceeded to Sydney , arriving on 9 May 1802. Flinders spent 12 weeks and 2 days in Sydney resupplying and enlisting further crew for the continuation of
840-670: A former burial ground near London's Euston railway station for the High Speed 2 rail project, announced in January 2019 that his remains had been identified. On 13 July 2024, he was reburied in Donington, Lincolnshire , the village of his birth. Matthew Flinders was born in Donington, Lincolnshire, the son of Matthew Flinders, a surgeon, and his wife Susannah ( née Ward). He was educated at Cowley's Charity School , Donington, from 1780 and then at
960-556: A general store and fuel and are home to hotels. Facilities such as banking and large supermarkets are available in Kingscote and Penneshaw . According to the 2021 Census, the island has a population of 4,894. Population growth has slowed in past years, with the attraction of mainland Australia for younger adults being the key factor. Censuses show the number of residents aged 55 and over increased from 24.1% in 2001 to 29.8% in 2006, 34.9% in 2011, 41% in 2016, and 43.5% in 2021. The economy
1080-560: A map that Flinders had constructed from all the information he had accumulated while he was in Australian waters and finished while he was detained by the French in Mauritius . Flinders explained in his letter to Banks: The propriety of the name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of
1200-554: A microfiche copy of Flinders Y46/1. In 2001–2002 the Mitchell Library Sydney displayed Y46/1 at their "Matthew Flinders – The Ultimate Voyage" exhibition. Paul Brunton called Y46/1 "the memorial of the great naval explorer Matthew Flinders". The first hard-copy of Y46/1 and its cartouche was retrieved from the UK Hydrographic Office ( Taunton, Somerset ) by historian Bill Fairbanks in 2004. On 2 April 2004, copies of
1320-644: A midshipman aboard HMS Reliance in 1795. This vessel was headed to New South Wales carrying the recently appointed governor of that British colony, Captain John Hunter . On this voyage Flinders became friends with the ship's surgeon George Bass who was three years his senior and had been born at Aswarby , just 11 miles (18 km) from Donington. HMS Reliance arrived in Port Jackson in September 1795, and Bass and Flinders soon organised an expedition in
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#17328561913811440-573: A month exploring the area. The local Aboriginal people initially indicated that Flinders' group should "return from whence they came", but relations improved to the point where one resident participated in musket-drill with the ship's marines . In nearby Oyster Harbour , Flinders found a copper plate that Captain Christopher Dixson, on Elligood , had left the year before. While approaching Port Lincoln , which Flinders named after his home county of Lincolnshire , eight of his crew were lost when
1560-561: A point 2 miles (3.2 km) west of that ( 27°15′46″S 153°04′45″E / 27.2628°S 153.0792°E / -27.2628; 153.0792 ( Clontarf Point ) ) as "Redcliffe" (on account of its red cliffs). That point is now known as Clontarf Point , while the name "Redcliffe" is used by the town of Redcliffe to the north. He landed on Coochiemudlo Island ( 27°34′13″S 153°19′59″E / 27.5703°S 153.3331°E / -27.5703; 153.3331 ( Coochiemudlo Island ) ) on 19 July while he
1680-404: A reproduction of the portfolio. Flinders' map of Terra Australis or Australia (so the two parts of the double name of his 1804 manuscript reversed) was first published in January 1814 and the remaining maps were published before his atlas and book. Flinders died, aged 40, on 19 July 1814 from kidney disease , at his London home at 14 London Street, later renamed Maple Street and now the site of
1800-401: A shopping trolley'. The vessel subsequently underwent a A$ 1 million refit of its propulsion system in September 1989 which improved its reliability. Island Seaway began to experience competition from Kangaroo Island SeaLink which began services from Cape Jervis to Penneshaw in 1989. SeaLink acquired the ferry service originally introduced by Peter March. His "Philanderer Ferries" pioneered
1920-551: A short-lived venture with SeaWay , which travelled from Wirrina Cove to Kingscote from September 2004 until February 2005. SeaWay could not handle rough weather as well as SeaLink vessels which impacted the service's reliability. Under different proprietorship, SeaWay recommenced services in August 2007. However, in May 2008, the operator of SeaWay announced suspension of services until October 2008, citing increased fuel prices. In June 2008
2040-473: A small open boat named Tom Thumb , in which they sailed with a boy, William Martin, to Botany Bay and up the Georges River . In March 1796, the two explorers, again with William Martin, set out on another voyage in a larger boat, dubbed Tom Thumb II . They sailed south from Port Jackson but were soon forced to beach at Red Point (Port Kembla) . There, they accepted the help of two Aboriginal men who piloted
2160-522: A strait be found, pass through it, and return by the south end of Van Diemen's Land ". Flinders and Bass had, in the months previously, both made separate journeys exploring the region but neither were conclusive as to the existence of a strait. Flinders, with Bass and several crewmen, sailed the Norfolk along the uncharted northern and western coasts of Van Diemen's Land, rounded Cape Pillar and returned to Furneaux's Islands. By doing so, Flinders had completed
2280-507: A succession of smaller airlines from the 1970s tried with varying success to maintain a 'second string' presence. Island Air and Pagas operated briefly in the 1970s, whilst the most successful, Emu Airways , commenced in 1980 and made its final flight in November 2005. Emu flew Piper Chieftain aircraft to Kingscote, American River, Penneshaw and Parndana, before air regulations dictated abandonment of all airstrips except Kingscote. Air Kangaroo Island (formerly Air Transit), flew Cessna 402s to
2400-501: A supply [of meat], I named this southern land Kangaroo Island ." The seals on the island proved less docile, with a crew member receiving a severe bite from one. On 8 April 1802, while sailing east, Flinders sighted Géographe , a French corvette commanded by the explorer Nicolas Baudin , who was on a similar expedition for his government. Both men of science, Flinders and Baudin exchanged details of their discoveries, despite believing that their countries were at war. Flinders named
2520-683: A week from Melbourne over the peak tourist season in December and January. An $ 18 million upgrade of the Kingscote Airport was completed in May 2018. Around 1938, the Salt Company on Kangaroo Island used a rail tractor built by W. Day & Sons of South Melbourne to transport salt on a short narrow gauge railway between its factory and the port in Muston . Salt was obtained from Muston Lake, White Lagoon, Salt Lagoon and smaller lagoons near Kingscote . It
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#17328561913812640-545: Is 145 kilometres (90 mi) long west/east and between 0.94 and 54 km (1 and 34 mi) from its narrowest to widest north/south points. Its area covers 4,405 km (1,701 sq mi). Its coastline is 540 km (336 mi) long, and its highest point of 307 metres (1007 ft) is in Flinders Chase National Park, west of the junction of the Playford and West End Highways. The second highest point
2760-510: Is Mount MacDonnell at 299 m (981 ft) above sea level . It is separated from Yorke Peninsula to the northwest by Investigator Strait and from Fleurieu Peninsula to the northeast by Backstairs Passage . A group of islets, the Pages , lie off the eastern end of the island. Kangaroo Island separated from mainland Australia around 10,000 years ago, due to rising sea level after the last glacial period . Known as (Karta) Pintingga ('Island of
2880-409: Is South Australia's first colonial settlement. It was later suggested that Kingscote could serve as the capital of South Australia, but the island's resources were insufficient to support such a large community, so the settlement of Adelaide was chosen. There are several smaller towns on the island. Penneshaw , the second largest town on Kangaroo Island, has a population of around 300 and is located on
3000-514: Is connected to the main South Australian power grid by a pair of 33 kV subsea cables across Backstairs Passage. The original 30-year-old 10,000 kVA cable was retained when the second cable, with double its capacity, was laid in 2018 at a cost of $ 45 million. Before the new cable was commissioned, University of Technology Sydney conducted a study to assess the viability of renewable energy technology being used to independently generate
3120-549: Is expected to reach the mark of $ 168 million by December 2020. Some of the most popular tourist spots are: Kangaroo Island is also considered to be one of South Australia's best locations for scuba diving, with many popular locations along the north coast. Many of South Australia's iconic marine species can be seen there, including the Leafy seadragon . Penneshaw jetty is known for its Gorgonian corals and there are many other timber jetties and shipwrecks that can be dived and enjoyed around
3240-456: Is mostly agricultural (grapes, honey, wool, meat and grain). Traditionally, sheep grazing has been the key element in agriculture on the Island; however, in recent times, more diverse crops, such as potatoes and canola , have been introduced. Cattle farming has grown as well, with good quality beef cattle being raised in the higher rainfall areas. Tourism and fishing also play significant roles, with
3360-440: Is necessary, however, to geographical precision that the whole of this great body of land should be distinguished by one general term, and under the circumstances of the discovery of the different parts, the original Terra Australis has been judged the most proper. Of this term, therefore, we shall hereafter make use when speaking of New Holland and New South Wales in a collective sense; and when using it in an extensive signification,
3480-488: Is now in doubt, following the collapse of Great Southern Plantation Ltd. in May 2009. The island has 30 wine growers and 12 wineries. The first vineyard was planted near Eastern Cove in 1976 and the first wine made in 1982. This was blended with Tolleys Barossa wine and sold from the cellar door of Eastern Cove Wine as KI-Barossa blend. The Florance vineyard was established under supervision of B. Hayes, who produced its first wine – Eastern Cove Cygnet – and introduced it at
3600-610: Is on board the Investigator, and that you have some thought of carrying her to sea with you. This I was very sorry to hear, and if that is the case I beg to give you my advice by no means to adventure to measures so contrary to the regulations and the discipline of the Navy; for I am convinced by language I have heard, that their Lordships will, if they hear of her being in New South Wales, immediately order you to be superseded, whatever may be
3720-594: Is possible on the northern beaches, such as Emu Bay, Stokes Bay or Snellings Beach, and at Island Beach on the Dudley Peninsula. The south coast has dangerous undertows and is more suitable for stronger and experienced swimmers only. An ocean pool with easy shore and pontoon access exists at Kingscote and is free to use. The island is home to the Kangaroo Island Football League and has several other organised sporting competitions. Kangaroo Island
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3840-563: The Campbell Macquarie , which was engaged in salt harvesting on the island. When she was wrecked later that year, 30 tons of the mineral was recovered from her cargo. Most ships of the " First Fleet of South Australia " that brought settlers for the new colony first stopped at Nepean Bay. The first was Duke of York commanded by Captain Robert Clark Morgan on 27 or 28 July 1836; Lady Mary Pelham , under Robert Ross, arrived
3960-481: The BT Tower . This was on the day after the book and atlas was published; Flinders never saw the completed work (as he was unconscious by that time), but his wife arranged the volumes on his bed covers so that he could touch them. On 23 July, he was interred in the burial ground of St James's Church, Piccadilly , which was located some distance from the church, beside Hampstead Road , Camden , London. The burial ground
4080-650: The British Bee Journal , 1 November 1885, added "They came from the apiary of Mr. Chas. Fullwood." A. E. Bonney quickly commenced queen bee breeding near Adelaide at his Upper Kensington apiary in January 1884. In the South Australian Advertiser , 7 March 1884, Bonney stated "About three weeks ago I divided the original colony, and the Chamber of Manufactures now possesses three good swarms of Ligurians; two of these will probably be ready to send out towards
4200-622: The Great Barrier Reef , approximately 700 miles (1,100 km) north of Sydney. Flinders navigated the ship's cutter across open sea back to Sydney, and arranged for the rescue of the remaining marooned crew. Flinders then took command of the 29-ton schooner HMS Cumberland in order to return to England, but the poor condition of the vessel forced him to put in at French-controlled Isle de France (now known as Mauritius ) for repairs on 17 December 1803, just three months after Baudin had died there. War with France had broken out again
4320-510: The Great Barrier Reef . For Flinders, the collection of reefs served as a barrier to safe navigation, calling them Barrier Reefs in his 1814 book. The Lady Nelson was deemed too unseaworthy to continue, and Captain Murray sailed her back to Sydney with his crew and Nanbaree, who wanted to return home. Flinders exited the reefs near to the Whitsunday Islands and sailed Investigator north to
4440-700: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars . Flinders wrote a detailed journal of this intense battle including how Captain Pasley "lost his leg by an 18-pound shot, which came through the barricading of the quarter-deck." Both Pasley and Flinders survived, with Flinders deciding to pursue a preference for exploratory rather than military naval commissions. Flinders' desire for adventure led him to enlist as
4560-710: The Porpoise , arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island . Original copies of the Atlas to Flinders' Voyage to Terra Australis are held at the Mitchell Library in Sydney as a portfolio that accompanied the book and included engravings of 16 maps, four plates of views and ten plates of Australian flora. The book was republished in three volumes in 1964, accompanied by
4680-560: The SeaWay's operating company was placed in administration and the vessel advertised for sale. With the introduction by SeaLink of the Island Navigator , the fate of Island Seaway was sealed, with the service subsequently withdrawn and SeaLink drawing on Government subsidies to operate all freight services to and from the Island. SeaLink now holds a virtual monopoly on sea transport to Kangaroo Island, primarily due to its long term lease of
4800-650: The South Australian Maritime Museum in Port Adelaide and at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra . Arriving in Sydney on 9 June 1803, Investigator was judged to be unseaworthy and condemned. Unable to find another vessel suitable to continue his exploration, Flinders set sail for Britain as a passenger aboard HMS Porpoise . However, the ship was wrecked on Wreck Reefs , part of
4920-521: The Torres Strait . On 29 October, they arrived at Murray Island in the east of this strait, where they traded iron for shell necklaces with the local people . The expedition entered the Gulf of Carpentaria on 4 November and charted the coast to Arnhem Land . At Blue Mud Bay the crew, while collecting timber, had a skirmish with local Aboriginal men. One of the crew received four spear wounds while two of
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5040-521: The western grey kangaroo , Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus , after landing near Kangaroo Head on the north coast of the Dudley Peninsula . He was closely followed by the French explorer Commander Nicolas Baudin , who was the first European to circumnavigate the Island and who mapped much of the island (which is why so many areas have French names). Although the French and the British were at war at
5160-456: The 1930s. In 1959, the airline was acquired by Airlines of South Australia (ASA), a subsidiary of Ansett . The airline's final service was on 4 April 1986. ASA primarily operated Convairs , Douglas DC-3 and Fokker F-27 aircraft. A Piaggio P.166 was used infrequently in the 1970s, whilst Rossair operated Cessna 402s in an arrangement with ASA to replace the F27s in off-peak times. Following
5280-506: The Aboriginal men were shot dead. At nearby Caledon Bay , Flinders took a 14-year-old boy named Woga captive in order to coerce the local people to return a stolen axe. Although the axe was not returned, Flinders released the boy who had spent a day tied to a tree. On 17 February 1803, near Cape Wilberforce, the expedition encountered a Makassan trepanging fleet captained by a man called Pobasso , from whom Flinders obtained information about
5400-690: The Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing that captain Cooks New South Wales should be absorbed in the New Holland of the Dutch, and therefore I have reverted to the original name Terra Australis or the Great South Land, by which it was distinguished even by the Dutch during the 17th century; for it appears that it was not until some time after Tasman's second voyage that
5520-470: The Backstairs Passage flooding: "Long ago, Ngurunderi's two wives ran away from him, and he was forced to follow them. He pursued them and as he did so he crossed Lake Albert and went along the beach to Cape Jervis . When he arrived there he saw his wives wading half-way across the shallow channel which divided Naroongowie from the mainland. He was determined to punish his wives, and angrily ordered
5640-521: The Cape Jervis berth. Sealink's agreement with the SA Government, expiring in 2024, precludes other operators from using the Cape Jervis facility for one hour before, and one hour after any scheduled SeaLink service. Kangaroo Island residents have expressed displeasure with the exclusive arrangement granted to SeaLink. Guinea Airways operated the first commercial service to Kangaroo Island, commencing in
5760-611: The Church of St Mary and the Holy Rood in Donington. On 17 October 2019 HS2 Ltd announced that Flinders' remains could be reinterred in the church in Donington, where he was baptised. Permission was given by the Diocese of Lincoln for reburial in the north aisle. His remains were reburied there on 13 July 2024. The coffin used for his reburial is a replica of the one he was originally buried in. Based on historical and archaeological evidence, it
5880-654: The Dead' in the language of the Kaurna people), is Australia 's third-largest island , after Tasmania and Melville Island . It lies in the state of South Australia , 112 km (70 mi) southwest of Adelaide . Its closest point to the mainland is Snapper Point in Backstairs Passage , which is 13.5 km (8.4 mi) from the Fleurieu Peninsula . The native population of Aboriginal Australians that once occupied
6000-516: The Dead') by the mainland Aboriginal peoples, the existence of stone tools and shell middens shows that Aboriginal people once lived on Kangaroo Island. It is thought that they occupied it as long ago as 16,000 years before the present and may have only disappeared from the island as recently as 2000 years ago. There is however evidence of the Kartan people on the mainland, for instance at Hallett Cove . A mainland Aboriginal dreaming story tells of
6120-528: The Island in the 1990s. From 1986 to 1990, Lloyd Aviation operated Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante aircraft, before flying the Short 330 . For several years in the 1980s, Commodore Airlines (eventually becoming State Air) offered another alternative service. QantasLink briefly operated a service after the demise of Emu Airways, commencing 18 December 2005, but withdrew less than six months later. QantasLink also operated direct flights from Kangaroo Island to Melbourne,
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#17328561913816240-573: The Kangaroo Island coastline. The earliest was the cutter William (20 tons), which was wrecked while trying to enter Hog Bay on 23 August 1847. The largest vessel lost was Portland Maru (5,865 tons), which sank at Cape Torrens on 20 March 1935. The greatest loss of life occurred with the wreck of Loch Sloy on 24 April 1899 at Maupertuis Bay , when 31 people were drowned, and one initial survivor subsequently perished. Twenty-seven people drowned at West Bay in September 1905, when Loch Vennachar
6360-736: The Reverend John Shinglar's Grammar School at Horbling in Lincolnshire. In his own words, he was "induced to go to sea against the wishes of my friends from reading Robinson Crusoe ", and in 1789, at the age of fifteen, he joined the Royal Navy . Under the patronage of Captain Thomas Pasley , Flinders was initially assigned to HMS Alert as a servant, but was soon transferred as an able-seaman to HMS Scipio , and then in July 1790
6480-518: The Southern Continent , published in John Campbell's editions of John Harris's Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels (1744–48, and 1764). Banks said in the draft: It was not until after Tasman's second voyage, in 1644, that the general name Terra Australis, or Great South Land, was made to give place to the new term of New Holland; and it was then applied only to
6600-492: The University of South Australia in 1990. The wine carried a Kangaroo Island appellation label as first wine 100% of the region. Kangaroo Island is noted for its honey and its Ligurian honey bees . The island has the world's only pure-bred and disease-free population of this type of bee. The exporting of pure-bred queen bees is a notable industry for the island. For this reason, there are significant quarantine restrictions on bringing bee products and bee-handling equipment onto
6720-433: The adjacent isles, including that of Van Diemen, must be understood to be comprehended. Although Thévenot said that he had taken his chart from the one inlaid into the floor of the Amsterdam Town Hall, in fact it appears to be an almost exact copy of that of Joan Blaeu in his Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus published in 1659. It seems to have been Thévenot who introduced a differentiation between Nova Hollandia to
6840-441: The attention of many of the scientists of the day, in particular the influential Sir Joseph Banks , to whom Flinders dedicated his Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land, on Bass's Strait, etc. . Banks used his influence with Earl Spencer to convince the Admiralty of the importance of an expedition to chart the coastline of New Holland. As a result, in January 1801, Flinders was given command of HMS Investigator ,
6960-430: The bay in which they met Encounter Bay . Proceeding along the coast, Flinders explored Port Phillip (the site of the future city of Melbourne ), which, unknown to him, had been explored only ten weeks earlier by John Murray aboard HMS Lady Nelson . Flinders scaled Arthur's Seat , the highest point near the shores of the southernmost parts of the bay, and wrote that the land had "a pleasing and, in many parts,
7080-431: The boat to the entrance of Lake Illawarra , where they were able to dry their gunpowder and obtain supplies of water from another group of Aboriginal people. During the return to Sydney, they had to seek shelter at Wattamolla and also explored some of Port Hacking (Deeban) . In 1798, Flinders, by then a lieutenant , was given command of the sloop Norfolk with orders "to sail beyond Furneaux's Islands , and, should
7200-405: The breadfruit plants, and then returned to England, with Flinders disembarking in London in August 1793 after more than two years at sea. In September 1793, Flinders re-joined HMS Bellerophon under the command of Captain Pasley. In 1794, Flinders served on this vessel during the battle known as the Glorious First of June , the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between
7320-463: The chamber from Queensland, was sent safely to Mr Turner, at Smith's Bay, Kangaroo Island." Kangaroo Island is one of South Australia's most popular tourist attractions, attracting over 140,000 visitors each year, with international visitors, primarily from Europe, accounting for more than 25% of these visits. There were 114 businesses operating in the sector in June 2016 and the visitor expenditure reached $ 123 million in December 2017. The expenditure
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#17328561913817440-414: The chart were presented by three of Matthew Flinders's descendants to the Governor of New South Wales, in London, to be presented in turn to the people of Australia through their parliaments by 14 November, the 200th anniversary of the chart leaving Mauritius. This celebration marked the first time the naming of Australia was formally recognised. Flinders was not the first to use the word "Australia" , nor
7560-468: The circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land and confirmed the presence of a strait between it and the mainland. The passage was named Bass Strait after his close friend, and the largest island in the strait would later be named Flinders Island in his honour. During the voyage, Flinders and Bass rowed the ship's dinghy for some miles up the River Derwent , where they had their only encounter with Aboriginal Tasmanians . In 1799, Flinders' request to explore
7680-550: The coast north of Port Jackson was granted and, once more, the sloop Norfolk was assigned to him. Bass had returned to Britain by that time and, in his place, Flinders recruited his brother Samuel Flinders and was also accompanied on the voyage by a Kuringgai man named Bungaree . They departed on 8 July 1799 and arrived in Moreton Bay six days later. Flinders rowed ashore at Woody Point ( 27°15′48″S 153°06′14″E / 27.2632°S 153.1039°E / -27.2632; 153.1039 ( Woody Point ) ) and named
7800-498: The coast of what would later be called Queensland . They soon anchored at Sandy Cape where, with Bungaree acting as a mediator, they feasted on porpoise blubber with a group of Batjala people. In early August, Flinders sailed into a bay he named Port Curtis . Here the local people threw stones at them as they attempted to land. Flinders ordered muskets be fired above their heads to disperse them. The expedition continued north but navigation became increasingly difficult as they entered
7920-438: The consequences, and in all likelihood order Mr. Grant to finish the survey. As a result, Ann was obliged to stay in England and would not see her husband for nine years, following his imprisonment on the Isle de France (Mauritius, at the time a French possession) on his return journey. When they finally reunited, Matthew and Ann had one daughter, Anne (1 April 1812 – 1892), who later married William Petrie (1821–1908). In 1853,
8040-486: The crossing from Cape Jervis to Penneshaw, with Philanderer 3 being a passenger and vehicle carrying catamaran style vessel. In the 1980s, two passenger only services, Hydroflite H33 , and Islander , operated for a short time from Glenelg to Kingscote. SeaLink has outlasted several competing companies since it began operations. Boat Torque, a Western Australian company, operated Superflyte from 1994 until 1997, sailing from Glenelg to Kingscote. Kangaroo Island Ferries had
8160-410: The eastern coast of Bruny Island off the south-eastern coast of the island now known as Tasmania . The officers and crew spent over a week in the region obtaining water and lumber, and interacting with local Aboriginal people . It was Flinders' first association with any of the land which is now part of the Commonwealth of Australia . After the expedition arrived in Tahiti in April 1792, obtaining
8280-429: The end of the month." And on 9 May 1884 "To show that I think highly of the Ligurians, I may say that in March I imported two more colonies from Queensland. … During Easter holidays Mr Justice Boucaut took one queen [bred and mated in Adelaide] in a full colony to Mr Buick, of American River, Kangaroo Island." From the South Australian Advertiser, 1 August 1884 "On June 25 the original hive of Ligurian bees, imported by
8400-436: The expedition to the northern coast of Australia. Bungaree , an Aboriginal man who had accompanied him on his earlier coastal survey in 1799, joined the expedition as did another local Aboriginal man named Nanbaree . It was arranged that Captain John Murray and his vessel the Lady Nelson would accompany the Investigator as a supply ship on this voyage. Flinders set sail again on 22 July 1802, heading north and surveying
8520-418: The first map of the landmass he had charted (Y46/1) back to England. This was the only map made by Flinders where he used the name "Australia or Terra Australis" for the title instead of New Holland the name of the continent that James Cook had used in 1770 and Abel Tasman had coined a Dutch version of in 1644, and the first known time he used the word Australia. He used the name New Holland on his map only for
8640-477: The first time the route was operated. In January 2007, Air South commenced four services daily using Titan nine seat aircraft, but ceased flights in October 2009. In June 2017, Qantas announced direct Qantaslink flights to Kangaroo Island from Adelaide and Melbourne from December 2017, offering five flights a week from Adelaide over the peak summer months, reducing to three flights a week after Easter, and two flights
8760-710: The governments of New South Wales and Victoria bequeathed a belated pension to her (deceased) mother of £100 per year, to go to surviving issue of the union. This she accepted on behalf of her young son, William Matthew Flinders Petrie , who would go on to become an accomplished archaeologist and Egyptologist . Flinders' map Y46/1 was never "lost". It had been stored and recorded by the UK Hydrographic Office before 1828. Geoffrey C. Ingleton mentioned Y46/1 in his book Matthew Flinders Navigator and Chartmaker on page 438. By 1987 every library in Australia had access to
8880-596: The island (sometimes referred to as the Kartan people ) disappeared from the archaeological record sometime after the land became an island following the rising sea levels associated with the Last Glacial Period around 10,000 years ago. It was subsequently settled intermittently by sealers and whalers in the early 19th century, and from 1836 on a permanent basis during the British colonisation of South Australia . Since then
9000-426: The island experiencing over 186,000 visitors per annum, and some of the best southern rock lobster being sourced from the island's rugged south coast. Kangaroo Island has South Australia's only eucalyptus oil distillery, with oil distilled from the endemic Kangaroo Island narrow leaf mallee . The future of over 19,000 hectares, which had been planted (or were due to be planted) with blue gum for future harvesting,
9120-410: The island's economy has been principally agricultural, with a southern rock lobster fishery and with tourism growing in importance. The largest town, and the administrative centre, is Kingscote . The island has several nature reserves to protect the remnants of its natural vegetation and native animals, with the largest and best-known being Flinders Chase National Park at the western end. The island
9240-403: The island's power with a combination of wind , solar and biomass . Although the study concluded that it was indeed possible for the island to sustainably produce its own power for around the same price as the new cable, SA Power Networks ultimately decided against the idea. The Kangaroo Island power station has three 2 MWe Caterpillar 3516B diesel generators capable of providing
9360-544: The island. The Kangaroo Island Council provides local government for the entire island and was formed in 1996, following amalgamation of the previous District Councils of Kingscote and Dudley . Kangaroo Island is in the federal Division of Mayo and in the state Electoral district of Mawson . A 2005 enquiry into the financial sustainability of local government in South Australia determined that 26 out of 68 councils in South Australia were considered unsustainable in
9480-452: The island. The Advertiser , 24 December 1883, reported "A few weeks since the Chamber of Manufactures forwarded an order to Mr. Carroll, a bee master, near Brisbane, for a swarm of Ligurian bees." The American Bee Journal , 25 November 1885, stated "Several pure colonies were reared from this one, [the first hive from Queensland] and two of them were sent to Kangaroo Island, where they appear to thrive well." An almost word perfect report in
9600-418: The long term. Among these was Kangaroo Island Council, due to its large land area, extensive road network, low population and high tourism visitation. A long term financial plan adopted by council included a rate increase of 2% above CPI for the ten years from 2010. On 13 May 2010, a development plan was authorised, representing a comprehensive review of Kangaroo Island's planning regulations. Safe swimming
9720-527: The mainland by kidnapped women seeking to escape from their captors. 'A fine specimen of her race' was pointed out to J. W. Bull as having swum the passage in 1835, and a woman and her baby were found dead on the beach after a presumed crossing in 1871. In 1803, sealers from the American brig Union built the schooner Independence , the first ship built in South Australia, at what is now American River . In 1812, Richard Siddins reached Kangaroo Island on
9840-593: The mainland); it is now called the Pumicestone Passage . Most of the meetings between the Aboriginal people of Moreton Bay and Flinders were of a friendly nature, but on 15 July at the southern tip of Bribie Island, a spear was thrown which resulted in a local man being wounded by gunfire. Flinders named the place where this occurred Point Skirmish. While anchored in Pumicestone, Flinders ventured several kilometres overland with three crew including Bungaree and climbed
9960-554: The many breadfruit plants to take to Jamaica, they sailed back west. Instead of travelling via Adventure Bay, Bligh navigated to the north of the Australian continent, sailing through the Torres Strait . There, off Zagai Island, they were involved in a naval skirmish with armed local men in a flotilla of sailing canoes, which resulted in the death of several Islanders and one crewman. The expedition arrived in Jamaica in February 1793, offloading
10080-469: The matter to the French government; this was delayed not only by the long voyage but also by the general confusion of war. Eventually, on 11 March 1806, Napoleon gave his approval, but Decaen still refused to allow Flinders' release. By this stage Decaen believed Flinders' knowledge of the island's defences would have encouraged Britain to attempt to capture it. Nevertheless, in June 1809 the Royal Navy began
10200-551: The mountain Beerburrum . They turned back after meeting the steep cliffs of Mount Tibrogargan on about 26 July. Exiting Moreton Bay, Flinders continued north exploring as far as Hervey Bay before returning south. They arrived back in Sydney on 20 August 1799. In March 1800, Flinders rejoined Reliance and returned to Britain. During the voyage, the Antipodes Islands were discovered and charted. Flinders' work had come to
10320-443: The name Australia to describe the entirety of that continent including Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ), a title he regarded as being "more agreeable to the ear" than previous names such as Terra Australis . Flinders was involved in several voyages of discovery between 1791 and 1803, the most famous of which are the circumnavigation of Australia and an earlier expedition when he and George Bass confirmed that Van Diemen's Land
10440-568: The name New Holland was first applied, and then it was long before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to have existence; New South Wales, therefore, ought to remain distinct from New Holland; but as it is requisite that the whole body should have one general name, since it is now known (if there is no great error in the Dutch part) that it is certainly all one land, so I judge, that one less exceptionable to all parties and on all accounts cannot be found than that now applied. Flinders continued to promote
10560-434: The new continent 'Australia', as an umbrella term for New Holland and New South Wales – a suggestion taken up later by Governor Macquarie . Flinders' health had suffered, however, and although he returned to Britain in 1810, he did not live to see the success of his widely praised book and atlas, A Voyage to Terra Australis . The location of his grave had been lost by the mid-19th century, but archaeologists, excavating
10680-401: The north eastern tip of the Dudley Peninsula, on the eastern end of the island. It contains the ferry terminal, which brings most of the visitors to the island, along with all the necessary freight to sustain the local population. Parndana , in the centre of the island, has a population of about 150, but most do not live in the town; they are sprawled within a few kilometres. The historic area to
10800-467: The ocean, particularly on the coastline, maximum temperatures in summer rarely exceed 35 °C (95 °F). Matthew Flinders Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was a Royal Navy officer, navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of mainland Australia , then called New Holland . He is also credited as being the first person to utilise
10920-525: The parts lying westward of a meridian line, passing through Arnhem's Land on the north, and near the Isles St Peter and St Francis on the south: All to the eastward, including the shores of the Gulph of Carpentaria, still remained Terra Australis. This appears from a chart by Thevenot in 1663, which he says "was originally taken from that done in inlaid work upon the pavement of the new Stadt House at Amsterdam". It
11040-409: The previous May, but Flinders hoped his French passport (despite its being issued for Investigator and not Cumberland ) and the scientific nature of his mission would allow him to continue on his way. Despite this, and the knowledge of Baudin's earlier encounter with Flinders, the French governor, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen , detained Flinders. The relationship between the men soured: Flinders
11160-560: The region. During this part of the voyage, much of the Investigator was discovered to be rotten, and Flinders made the decision to complete the circumnavigation of the continent without any further close surveying of the coast. He sailed to Sydney via Timor and the western and southern coasts of Australia. On the way, Flinders jettisoned two wrought-iron anchors which were found by divers in 1973 at Middle Island , Recherche Archipelago , Western Australia . The anchors are on display at
11280-488: The rules, but the Admiralty learned of his plans and reprimanded him for his bad judgement, and ordered him to remove her from the ship. This is well documented in correspondence between Flinders and his chief benefactor, Sir Joseph Banks , in May 1801: I have but time to tell you that the news of your marriage, which was published in the Lincoln paper, has reached me. The Lords of the Admiralty have heard also that Mrs. Flinders
11400-445: The sailing cutter, in which they were attempting to return to the ship after an expedition to the mainland, capsized. Flinders named nearby Memory Cove in their honour. On 21 March 1802, the expedition reached a large island where many kangaroos were sighted. Flinders and some crew went ashore and found the animals so tame they could walk right up to them. They killed 31 kangaroos with Flinders writing that "in gratitude for so seasonable
11520-469: The south-east of the township, known as the Research Centre to locals, was home to the research station that was set up in the 1940s and 1950s to research the viability of agriculture in the area and still has a small settlement of about 20 people. American River , on the north coast between Kingscote and Penneshaw , has about 300 residents. Penneshaw and Parndana each have basic facilities, including
11640-490: The time of South Australia's colonisation in 1836. A sealing gang led by Joseph Murrrell are reported landing at Harvey's Return in 1806–07, and they established a camp on the beach. The sealers were rough men and several kidnapped Aboriginal women from Tasmania and mainland South Australia. The women were kept prisoner as wives and virtual slaves. At least two contemporary accounts (Taplin 1867, Bull 1884) report reputed crossings of Backstairs Passage from Kangaroo Island to
11760-505: The time, the men met peacefully. They both used the fresh water seeping at what is now known as Hog Bay near Frenchman's Rock and the site of present-day Penneshaw . Baudin named the Island Île Borda , in honour of Jean-Charles de Borda , although the French chart published by Louis de Freycinet after Baudin's death referred to the Island as Île Decres . A community of sealers and escaped convicts existed on Kangaroo Island from 1802 to
11880-554: The use of the word until his arrival in London in 1810. Here he found that Banks did not approve of the name and had not unpacked the chart he had sent him, and that "New Holland" and "Terra Australis" were still in general use. As a result, a book by Flinders was published under the title A Voyage to Terra Australis and his published map of 1814 also shows 'Terra Australis' as the first of the two name options, despite his objections. The final proofs were brought to him on his deathbed, but he
12000-410: The water to rise up and drown them. With a terrific rush the waters roared and the women were carried back towards the mainland. Although they tried frantically to swim against the tidal wave they were powerless to do so and were drowned." On 23 March 1802, British explorer Matthew Flinders , commanding HMS Investigator , named the land "Kanguroo (sic) Island", due to the endemic subspecies of
12120-442: The west and Terre Australe to the east of the meridian corresponding to 135° East of Greenwich, emphasised by the latitude staff running down that meridian, as there is no such division on Blaeu's map. In his Voyage , Flinders wrote: There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of
12240-551: The western part of the continent. Due to the delay caused by his lengthy confinement, the first published map of the Australian continent was the Freycinet Map of 1811 , a product of the Baudin expedition, issued in 1811. Flinders finally returned to England in October 1810. He was in poor health but immediately resumed work preparing A Voyage to Terra Australis and his atlas of maps for publication. The full title of this book, which
12360-508: The withdrawal of ASA, Kendell Airlines (another Ansett subsidiary), operated 19-seat Fairchild Metroliners and 34-seat SAAB aircraft to the Island. Upon Ansett's ultimate demise in 2002, Regional Express (Rex) acquired the Kendell aircraft and continued services to Kingscote Airport until early 2020, when it ceased operation citing competition from Qantas In competition with the larger aircraft, and generally with more flexible timetables,
12480-506: Was a 'modest contingent of scientific gentlemen', which reflects 'British parsimony' in scientific endeavour. The future explorer John Franklin , Flinders' cousin by marriage, served as midshipman. Aboard Investigator , Flinders reached and named Cape Leeuwin on 6 December 1801, and proceeded to make a survey along the southern coast of the Australian mainland. The expedition soon anchored in King George Sound and stayed there for
12600-601: Was affronted at his treatment, and Decaen insulted by Flinders' refusal of an invitation to dine with him and his wife. Decaen was suspicious of the alleged scientific mission as the Cumberland carried no scientists and Decaen's search of Flinders' vessel uncovered a trunk full of papers (including despatches from the New South Wales Governor Philip Gidley King ) that were not permitted under his scientific passport. Furthermore, one of King's despatches
12720-408: Was an island. While returning to Britain in 1803, Flinders was arrested by the French at the colony of Isle de France . Although Britain and France were at war, Flinders thought the scientific nature of his work would ensure safe passage, but he remained under arrest for more than six years. In captivity, he recorded details of his voyages for future publication, and put forward his rationale for naming
12840-468: Was first published in London in July 1814, was given, as was common at the time, a synoptic description: A Voyage to Terra Australis: undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner. With an account of the shipwreck of
12960-580: Was he the first to apply the name specifically to the continent. He owned a copy of Alexander Dalrymple 's 1771 book An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean , and it seems likely he borrowed it from there, but he applied it specifically to the continent, not the whole South Pacific region. In 1804 he wrote to his brother: "I call the whole island Australia, or Terra Australis". Later that year, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks and mentioned "my general chart of Australia",
13080-399: Was in use from 1790 until 1853. By 1852, the location of the grave had been forgotten due to alterations to the burial ground. In 1878, the cemetery became St James's Gardens, Camden, with only a few gravestones lining the edges of the park. Part of the gardens, located between Hampstead Road and Euston railway station , was built over when Euston station was expanded, and Flinders' grave
13200-484: Was made midshipman on HMS Bellerophon . In May 1791, on Pasley's recommendation, Flinders joined Captain William Bligh 's expedition on HMS Providence transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica . It was Bligh's second "Breadfruit Voyage", following his ill-fated voyage on HMS Bounty . The expedition sailed via the Cape of Good Hope and, in February 1792, they arrived at Adventure Bay on
13320-493: Was made by one of the archaeologists who excavated his grave in 2019. The church displayed a recently discovered portrait, apparently of Flinders in his last years, attributed to Investigator artist William Westall. On 17 April 1801, Flinders married his longstanding friend Ann Chappelle (1772–1852) and had hoped to take her with him to Port Jackson. However, the Admiralty had strict rules against wives accompanying captains. Flinders brought Ann on board ship and planned to ignore
13440-484: Was proposed to re-bury his remains, at a site to be decided, after they had been examined by osteo-archaeologists . Following the discovery of his grave, the parish church of Donington, Lincolnshire , Flinders' birthplace, saw a surge of visitors. The Matthew Flinders Bring Him Home Group and the Britain–Australia Society , as well as Flinders' direct descendants, campaigned to have his remains interred at
13560-537: Was replaced by the Government run A$ 23 million Island Seaway . Built locally in Port Adelaide by Eglo Engineering , Island Seaway used the same loading platforms as Troubridge . Island Seaway was severely criticised as being unsuitable for the Backstairs Passage crossing. Seventy-five sheep and cattle died on the inaugural trip due to carbon monoxide poisoning, and the ship was once described as 'steering like
13680-533: Was searching for a river in the southern part of Moreton Bay. In the northern part of Moreton Bay, Flinders explored a narrow waterway ( 27°04′14″S 153°08′34″E / 27.0705°S 153.1429°E / -27.0705; 153.1429 ( Entrance to the Pumicestone Passage at Moreton Bay ) ) which he named the Pumice Stone River (presumably unaware it separated Bribie Island and
13800-421: Was sold to domestic and industrial users, e.g. for fish and meat preservation and tanning. The salt exports from Kangaroo Island to Adelaide rose from 13 tons in 1843 to 20,000 tons in 1913. Plans for further railway lines did not pass the planning stage. Having a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ), the winters between June and September are mild and wet, the summers usually warm and dry. Tempered by
13920-700: Was specifically to the British Admiralty requesting more troops in case Decaen were to attack Port Jackson. Among the papers seized were the three logs of HMS Investigator of which only Volume one and Volume two were returned to Flinders; these are now both held by the State Library of New South Wales . The third volume was later deposited in the Admiralty Library and is now held in The National Archives (United Kingdom) . Decaen referred
14040-589: Was the prime freight and passenger vessel operating between Port Adelaide and Kingscote. Following withdrawal from service of Karatta , RW Miller operated the MV Troubridge , in later years as a joint venture with the South Australian Government. Troubridge was a roll on, roll off vessel of 1,996 tons, which used specially designed loading gantries at Port Adelaide , Port Lincoln and Kingscote. Troubridge operated until 1 June 1987, when it
14160-444: Was thought to possibly lie under a station platform. The Gardens were closed to the public in 2017 for work on the High Speed 2 (HS2) rail project which requires the expansion of Euston station. The grave was located in January 2019 by archaeologists. His coffin was identified by its well-preserved lead coffin plate . Film of the discovery and the exhumation was shown in a documentary on British television in September 2020. It
14280-499: Was unconscious. The book was published on 18 July 1814, but Flinders did not regain consciousness and died the next day, never knowing that his name for the continent would be accepted. Banks wrote a draft of an introduction to Flinders' Voyage , referring to the map published by Melchisédech Thévenot in Relations des Divers Voyages (1663), and made well known to English readers by Emanuel Bowen 's adaptation of it, A Complete Map of
14400-518: Was wrecked. The first lighthouse built was erected at Cape Willoughby in 1852; this was also the first lighthouse to be erected in South Australia. This was followed by the Cape Borda Lightstation in 1858, the Cape du Couedic Lighthouse in 1906 and Cape St Albans Lighthouse in 1908. All lighthouses continue to be operational. The biggest town on Kangaroo Island is Kingscote . Originally established at Reeves Point on 27 July 1836, it
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