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71-458: The earliest mention of the Kazakh jüz or hordes dates to the 17th century. Velyaminov Zernov (1919) believed that the division arose as a result of the capture of the important cities of Tashkent , Yasi , and Sayram in 1598. Some researchers argued that the jüz in origin corresponded to tribal, military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around the mid 16th century after the disintegration of

142-707: A Tatar emissary of the Tsaritsa who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of Abul Khair Khan in 1732. According to Nikolai Aristov , the estimated population of the Senior jüz was about 550,000 people in the second half of the 19th century. The territory was conquered by the Kokand Khanate in the 1820s, and by the Russian Empire during the 1850s to 1860s. Kazakhstan's ruling elite, including former president Nursultan Nazarbayev , former First Secretary of

213-521: A clear purpose of each son in the family is determined. According to the customs and traditions of the Kazakhs, different people were engaged in the upbringing of each son. To this day, knowledge of one's genealogical tree, including one's jüz, is considered a duty of every Kazakh. Any relative who comes for help (even the most distant one) will definitely receive it. Tashkent Tashkent ( / t æ ʃ ˈ k ɛ n t / ), also known as Toshkent ,

284-604: A dam supplies water to the Nevinnomyssk channel. In its central part, until the confluence with the Bolshaya Laba , the Kuban River flows in a wide flat valley with terraced slopes. Then it bends to the west and develops a left-bank floodplain, which is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide near Ust-Labinsk. There it is winding and has many shoals and rapids. Below the mouth of Laba the river widens up to 20 kilometres (12 mi). Between

355-408: A hearts-and-minds campaign to win the population over. He abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself "Military Governor of Tashkent", recommending to Tsar Alexander II that the city become an independent khanate under Russian protection. The Tsar liberally rewarded Chernyayev and his men with medals and bonuses, but regarded

426-491: A new Downtown which would include a business district with skyscrapers of local and foreign companies, world hotels such as Hilton Tashkent Hotel , apartments, malls, shops and other entertainment. The construction of the International Business Center is planned to be completed by the end of 2021. Fitch assigns “BB−” rating to Tashkent city, “Stable” forecast. In 2007, Tashkent was named a "cultural capital of

497-463: A number of Syr Darya cities. Yesim-Khan ruled the Kazakh Khanate from 1598 to 1628, his main merit was that he managed to unite the Kazakh khanate. The city was part of Kazakh Khanate between 1598 and 1723. In 1784, Yunus Khoja , the ruler of the dakha (district) Shayhantahur, united the entire city under his rule and created an independent Tashkent state (1784-1807), which by the beginning of

568-606: A possession called Shí 石 ("stone") or Zhěshí 赭時 with a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD. In 558–603, Chach was part of the Turkic Khaganate . At the beginning of the 7th century, the Turkic Kaganate, as a result of internecine wars and wars with its neighbors, disintegrated into the Western and Eastern Kaganates . The Western Turkic ruler Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618-630) set up his headquarters in

639-640: A result of the Mongols ' destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1220. Under the Timurid and subsequent Shaybanid dynasties, the city's population and culture gradually revived as a prominent strategic center of scholarship, commerce and trade along the Silk Road . During the reign of Amir Timur (1336-1405), Tashkent was restored and in the 14th-15th centuries Tashkent was part of Timur's empire. For Timur, Tashkent

710-523: A small contingent staged a diversionary attack, the main force penetrated the walls, led by a Russian Orthodox priest. Although the defense was stiff, the Russians captured the city after two days of heavy fighting and the loss of only 25 dead as opposed to several thousand of the defenders (including Alimqul , the ruler of the Kokand Khanate). Chernyayev, dubbed the "Lion of Tashkent" by city elders, staged

781-551: A special wall with two gates, contained the ruler's palace and the prison. Under the Samanid Empire , whose founder Ismail Samani was a descendant of Persian Zoroastrian convert to Islam , the city came to be known as Binkath . However, the Arabs retained the old name of Chach for the surrounding region, pronouncing it ash-Shāsh ( الشاش ) instead. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ash-Shashi, known as al-Kaffal ash-Shashi (904-975),

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852-610: Is hiding in small pools in the summer. It spawns in rapid streams 10 to 20 centimetres (4 to 8 in) deep with a pebble or rocky bottom. It does not migrate much, but it moves downstream in winter to find deeper pools and returns upstream in summer. This species is abundant throughout the whole river. Before the construction of dams, the River had migratory stocks of sturgeons ( Acipenser gueldenstaedtii , A. stellatus , Huso huso ) and cyprinids ( Alburnus mento , Vimba vimba ). These species have low presence nowadays. The delta of

923-476: Is said to have marked the midway point between Europe and China . Other scholars, however, disagree with this identification, though it remains one of four most probable sites for the Stone Tower. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the province were known as Chach . The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach. The principality of Chach had a square citadel built around

994-464: Is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan . It is the most populous city in Central Asia , with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1st 2024. It is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, near the border with Kazakhstan . Before the influence of Islam in the mid-8th century AD, Sogdian and Turkic culture was predominant. After Genghis Khan destroyed the city in 1219, it

1065-465: The Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Konayev , as well as famous poet Jambyl Jabayev are representatives of the Senior jüz. There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top-level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans. Generally accepted names of

1136-613: The European Union and other developing countries or making visas easier for foreigners. Kuban River [REDACTED]   Karachay-Cherkessia [REDACTED]   Stavropol Krai The Kuban is a river in Russia that flows through the Western Caucasus and drains into the Sea of Azov . The Kuban runs mostly through Krasnodar Krai for 660 kilometres (410 mi), but also in

1207-573: The First Civil War . Tribes that recognized Buidash Khan formed the Senior jüz. Tribes that recognized Togym Khan formed the Middle jüz. Tribes that recognized Ahmed Khan formed the Junior jüz. According to Kazakh legends, the three jüz were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the legendary founder-ancestor of the Kazakhs. The word jüz ( жүз ) also means "a hundred" in Kazakh. Historically,

1278-683: The Karachay–Cherkess Republic , Stavropol Krai and the Republic of Adygea . The Kuban flows 870 kilometres (540 mi) north and west from its source near Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains , eventually reaching Temryuk Bay in the Sea of Azov . It is navigable up to Krasnodar . Major cities on the river are Karachayevsk , Cherkessk , Nevinnomyssk , Armavir , Novokubansk , Kropotkin , Ust-Labinsk , Krasnodar and Temryuk . Despite its name, Slavyansk-on-Kuban lies not on

1349-731: The Karakhanids . In 998/99 the Tashkent oasis went to the Karakhanid Ahmad ibn Ali, who ruled the north-eastern regions of Mavarannahr . In 1177/78, a separate khanate was formed in the Tashkent oasis. Its center was Banakat, where dirhams of Mu'izz ad-dunya wa-d-din Qilich-khan were minted, in 1195–1197; and of Jalal ad-dunya wa-d-din Tafgach-khakan, in 1197–1206. The city was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219 and lost much of its population as

1420-411: The Kazakh Khanate . They played a role in regulating livestock, access to watering holes, pastures, and the sites of nomadic camps. Yuri Zuev argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones, the Senior jüz of the southern and southeastern steppe being set apart from the two other zones by Lake Balkhash . According to some researchers, the Kazakhs were separated in

1491-636: The Russian Provisional Government removed all civil restrictions based on religion and nationality, contributing to local enthusiasm for the February Revolution . The Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies was soon set up, but primarily represented Russian residents, who made up about a fifth of the Tashkent population. Muslim leaders quickly set up the Tashkent Muslim Council ( Tashkand Shura-yi-Islamiya ) based in

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1562-612: The 19th century seized vast lands. In 1809, Tashkent was annexed to the Khanate of Kokand . At the time, Tashkent had a population of around 100,000 and was considered the richest city in Central Asia. Under the Kokand domination, Tashkent was surrounded by a moat and an adobe battlement (about 20 kilometers long) with 12 gates. It prospered greatly through trade with Russia but chafed under Kokand's high taxes. The Tashkent clergy also favored

1633-630: The 5th and 3rd centuries BC as an oasis on the Chirchik River , near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the Kangju confederacy. Some scholars believe that a " Stone Tower " mentioned by Ptolemy in his famous treatise Geography , and by other early accounts of travel on the old Silk Road , referred to this settlement (due to its etymology). This tower

1704-619: The 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the Syr Darya River. By the 7th century AD, Chach had more than 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads. The Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602/603? – 664 AD), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city as Zhěshí ( 赭時 ). The Chinese chronicles History of Northern Dynasties , Book of Sui , and Old Book of Tang mention

1775-728: The Islamic world" by Moscow News , as the city has numerous historic mosques and significant Islamic sites, including the Islamic University. Tashkent holds the Samarkand Kufic Quran , one of the earliest written copies of the Quran , which has been located in the city since 1924. Tashkent is the most visited city in the country, and has greatly benefited from increasing tourism as a result of reforms under president Shavkat Mirziyoyev and opening up by abolishing visas for visitors from

1846-455: The Kuban River and its estuaries are a popular resting ground for various migratory birds, especially waterfowl such as wild geese, ducks, cormorants, pelicans, swans and gray herons. Also abundant are birds of prey, such as falcons, as well as foxes and wild cats. Muskrats were brought to the watershed in the 20th century for commercial fur production. Tens of thousands of years ago, the Azov Sea

1917-450: The Kuban River is at its maximum near Krasnodar at about 425 cubic metres per second (15,000 cu ft/s). It was formerly higher by some 30 cubic metres per second (1,100 cu ft/s) but was lowered by the reservoir construction. The average discharge near Armavir is 163 cubic metres per second (5,800 cu ft/s), and it formerly varied between 0.95 and 1,160 cubic metres per second (34 and 40,965 cu ft/s) before

1988-544: The Kuban River, but on its distributary the Protoka. The river originates on the slopes of Mount Elbrus and forms at the merger of its two tributaries, the Ullukam and Uchkulam; from the source of the Ullukam to the delta, it has a length of 906 kilometres (563 mi). Between the source and Nevinnomyssk the river flows mostly in the deep and narrow gorge , has many thresholds and rapidly changes its elevation. Near Nevinnomyssk

2059-1025: The Kuban from the left and originate in the Caucasus Mountains . Those tributaries include the Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, Belaya and Pshish. The main tributaries of the Kuban are, from source to mouth: The river flows through three types of landscape: mixed forests of the Caucasus in the south, Crimean Submediterranean forests in the central part, and steppe in the north. The Caucasus mixed forests are rich in tree species; at mid-elevation, they are dominated by Georgian oak ( Quercus iberica ), hornbeam ( Carpinus caucasica ), sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) and Oriental beech ( Fagus orientalis ). Higher forests are coniferous and consist of fir ( Abies nordmanniana ) and spruce ( Picea orientalis ). The Crimean Submediterranean forests are also coniferous, dominated by fir and spruce. The vegetation of

2130-512: The Kuban narrows to 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) and then forms a delta covering about 4,300 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi). The delta contains numerous limans , some of which have gradually separated from the river. Until the 19th century the Kuban River discharged into both the Black and the Azov seas. However later, the rising grounds redirected the river entirely to the Azov Sea. In

2201-691: The Ming-bulak area to the north of Chach. Here he received embassies from the emperors of the Tang Empire and Byzantium . In 626, the Indian Buddhist preacher Prabhakāramitra arrived with ten companions to the Khagan. In 628, Xuanzang arrived in Ming-bulak. The Turkic rulers of Chach minted their coins with the inscription on the obverse side of the "lord of the Khakan money" (mid-8th century); with an inscription in

Jüz - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-1068: The Russian conquest. At the beginning of the 19th century, Kazakhs shifted some to the west, to Astrakhan Governorate , forming Bukey Horde there. When the Kazakh SSR was formed. Bukey Horde was positioned in its most remote, western part, situated geographically in Europe . Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior jüz include Isatay Taymanuly ( Kazakh : Isatai Taimanūly , 1791–1838) and Makhambet Otemisuly ( Kazakh : Mahambet Ötemısūly , 1803/4–1846). The Junior jüz consisted of three groups, subdivided into clans: Various supposed fourth jüzes typically encompass members of other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan, in particular Koreans and Russians . This has been argued to create more national unity. In jüzes,

2343-524: The Senior jüz ([Ұлы жүз] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ) inhabited the northern lands of the former Chagatai Ulus of the Mongol Empire , in the Ili River and Chu River basins, in today's South-Eastern Kazakhstan and China's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (northern Xinjiang ). It was also called Üisın jüz . The first record of the Senior jüz dates to 1748, due to

2414-636: The Soviet Union. Much of Tashkent was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake , but it was soon rebuilt as a model Soviet city. It was the fourth-largest city in the Soviet Union at the time, after Moscow , Leningrad and Kyiv . Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, it celebrated 2,200 years of its written history . During its long history, Tashkent has undergone various changes in names and political and religious affiliations. Abu Rayhan Biruni wrote that

2485-509: The Soviet industrial capacity. This led to great increase in industry during World War II. It also evacuated most of the German communist emigres to Tashkent. The Russian population increased dramatically; evacuees from the war zones increased the total population of Tashkent to well over a million. Russians and Ukrainians eventually comprised more than half of the total residents of Tashkent. Many of

2556-638: The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkestan ASSR ). The new regime was threatened by White forces, basmachi ; revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow. The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s. Violating the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The government worked to relocate factories from western Russia and Ukraine to Tashkent to preserve

2627-545: The USSR and a center of learning in the fields of science and engineering. Due to the 1966 earthquake and the Soviet redevelopment, little architectural heritage has survived of Tashkent's ancient history. Few structures mark its significance as a trading point on the historic Silk Road . Such countries of the Soviet Union as Azerbaijan and Armenia , Kazakhstan and Georgia , Belarus and Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan and Tajikistan , Latvia , Moldova , Estonia helped restore

2698-909: The Western part of their khanate, to the Kuban River steppes. In the 18th century, they endangered inner Russian cities, so the Russian Empire allied with the Mongolic Kalmyks to supplant the Alshyns and push them back to the Urals . There they formed the Lesser jüz. During the Kazakh-Kalmyk struggles, the Khiva Khanate annexed the Mangyshlak Peninsula to repel Kalmyk raids and managed it for two centuries before

2769-420: The apparent Chinese translation 石 shí "stone", of * kaŋk- (whence Chinese transcription 康居 EHC * kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ > standard Chinese Kāngjū ), which possibly meant "stone". Against Harold Walter Bailey 's and Edwin G. Pulleyblank 's suggested Tocharian origin for * kaŋk- , Ünal proposes that it was instead an Iranian word and compares it to Pashto kā́ṇay "stone". Tashkent was first settled between

2840-433: The city after the earthquake and erected many modern buildings. Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan, noted for its tree-lined streets, fountains and parks. In 2009, the local government initiated a controversial tree-cutting campaign. Since 1991, the city has changed economically, culturally, and architecturally. New development has superseded or replaced icons of the Soviet era. The largest statue ever erected for Lenin

2911-580: The city's name Tashkent comes from the turkic tash and persian kent , literally translated as "Stone City" or "City of Stones". Ilya Gershevitch (1974:55, 72) (apud Livshits, 2007:179) traces the city's old name Chach back to Old Iranian * čāiča- "area of water, lake" (cf. Čaēčista , the Aral Sea 's name in the Avesta ) (whence Middle Chinese transcription * źiäk > standard Chinese Shí with Chinese character 石 for "stone" ), and * Čačkand ~ Čačkanθ

Jüz - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-503: The clergy of Bukhara over that of Kokand. However, before the Emir of Bukhara could capitalize on this discontent, the Russian army arrived. In May 1865, Mikhail Grigorevich Chernyayev (Cherniaev), acting against the direct orders of the Tsar and outnumbered at least 15–1, staged a daring night attack against a city with a wall 25 km (16 mi) long with 11 gates and 30,000 defenders. While

3053-503: The construction of the Krasnodar Dam, but is still large in the middle and upper parts of the Kuban and its tributaries. The Kuban gudgeon and Little Kuban gudgeon are restricted to the sections with moderately fast flow and gravel or sandy bottoms; they are abundant in the middle part of the river. The Kuban gudgeon is unusual by having five anal branched rays . Aphips chub ( Squalius aphipsi ) occurs in southern tributaries of Kuban and

3124-459: The delta mostly consists of thickets of reeds, grassweed , sedges , bur-reed and cattail . Less frequent are tape-grasses , grass rush , arrowhead and other water-hungry plants. The estuaries have rich underwater vegetation in the form of stoneworts algae, pondweed , hornworts , lilies and other species. The total area of such vegetation is 40,000 to 50,000 hectares (150 to 190 sq mi). Some estuaries contain thickets of lotus which

3195-450: The densely populated areas of the old city where traditional adobe housing predominated. The Soviet republics, and some other countries, such as Finland, sent "battalions of fraternal peoples" and urban planners to help rebuild devastated Tashkent. Tashkent was rebuilt as a model Soviet city with wide streets planted with shade trees, parks, immense plazas for parades, fountains, monuments, and acres of apartment blocks. The Tashkent Metro

3266-499: The filling of the Krasnodar Reservoir in the 1980s. The annual outflow to the Azov Sea is about 12 to 13 cubic kilometres (2.9 to 3.1 cu mi) of water, 8 million tonnes of sediments and 4 million tonnes of dissolved salts. The average turbidity is 682 g/m . Water salinity increases toward the delta; it normally varies between 50 and 400 mg/L and may reach 1000 mg/L in some areas. All major tributaries flow into

3337-512: The first order Senior jüz tribes or clans are: The Middle jüz ([Орта Жүз] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) , also known as Arğyn Jüz [Арғын Жүз]), occupies the eastern lands of the former Golden Horde , in central, northern and eastern Kazakhstan. Some of Kazakhstan's famous poets and intellectuals were born in the Middle jüz territories, including Abay Qunanbayuli , Akhmet Baytursinuli , Shokan Walikhanuli and Alikhan Bokeikhanov . The Middle jüz consists of

3408-589: The following tribes: The Junior or Lesser jüz ([Кіші Жүз] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) , also known as Alşyn Jüz ) occupied the lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan. They originate from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde , which once was placed in Western Kazakhstan, but in the 16th century it was defeated by the Kazakhs and the Russians and Nogais retreated to

3479-421: The former refugees stayed in Tashkent to live after the war, rather than return to former homes. During the postwar period, the Soviet Union established numerous scientific and engineering facilities in Tashkent. On 10 January 1966, then Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed a pact in Tashkent with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin as the mediator to resolve

3550-657: The genera Gobio , Romanogobio , Squalius and Chondrostoma and contain species and genera such as carp, Prussian carp , roach , bream, silver bream , pike, perch, ruffe , Chalcalburnus , Sprattus , Mugil and others. Some species such as silver carp and grass carp were acclimatized in the last decade. Endemic species include the Kuban barbel ( Barbus kubanicus ), Gobio kubanicus , Little Kuban gudgeon ( Romanogobio parvus ), Kuban long-barbelled gudgeon ( R. pentatrichus ), Kuban nase ( Chondrostoma kubanicum ), Sabanejewia kubanica , Oxynoemacheilus merga and Aphips chub. Kuban barbel and Kuban nase are

3621-502: The healing water of the Zem-Zem spring, ordered to build a mausoleum for the saint. By order of Timur, the Zangiata mausoleum was built. In the 16th century, Tashkent was ruled by the Shaybanid dynasty . Shaybanid Suyunchkhoja Khan was an enlightened Uzbek ruler; following the traditions of his ancestors Mirzo Ulugbek and Abul Khair Khan , he gathered famous scientists, writers and poets at his court, among them: Vasifi, Abdullah Nasrullahi, Masud bin Osmani Kuhistani. Since 1518 Vasifi

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3692-408: The impulsive general as a loose cannon, and soon replaced him with General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman . Far from being granted independence, Tashkent became the capital of the new territory of Russian Turkistan , with Kaufman as first Governor-General. A cantonment and Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in. Tashkent

3763-405: The mouths of the rivers Laba and Afips the Adyghe marshes cover an area of about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi), and below the river Afips, about 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) is occupied by the Zakubanskie marshes. At 116 kilometres (72 mi) from the mouth, the Kuban converges with a major tributary, the Protoka, which is 130 kilometres (81 mi) long. Near its mouth

3834-416: The old city. On 10 March 1917, there was a parade with Russian workers marching with red flags, Russian soldiers singing La Marseillaise and thousands of local Central Asians. Following various speeches, Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin closed the events with words "Long Live a great free Russia". The First Turkestan Muslim Conference was held in Tashkent 16–20 April 1917. Like the Muslim Council, it

3905-458: The only species of their genera within the Kuban basin. They prefer mountainous streams with a rapid flow and sandy or rocky bottom on which they spawn. After the construction of the Krasnodar Dam in the 1980s, the Kuban barbel became rare in the lower Kuban. On the contrary, Kuban nase moves downstream to lower sections or larger tributaries in winter. It is rather sensitive to the water quality, especially turbidity. Its population also declined after

3976-500: The ruler Turk (7th century), in Nudjket in the middle of the 8th century, coins were issued with the obverse inscription “Nanchu (Banchu) Ertegin sovereign". Chach (Arabic: Shash) was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate at the beginning of the 8th century. According to the descriptions of the authors of the 10th century, Shash was structurally divided into a citadel , an inner city (madina) and two suburbs - an inner (rabad-dahil) and an outer (rabad-harij). The citadel, surrounded by

4047-420: The terms of peace after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . On the next day, Shastri died suddenly, reportedly due to a heart attack. It is widely speculated that Shastri was killed by poisoning the water he drank. Much of Tashkent's old city was destroyed by a powerful earthquake on 26 April 1966 . More than 300,000 residents were left homeless, and some 78,000 poorly engineered homes were destroyed, mainly in

4118-407: The upper stream the river is mostly fed by glaciers and high-mountain snow (49%). Near Krasnodar, this contribution drops to 32%; meanwhile, the water supply from the subsoil water increases from 21% to 32%, and that of rainwater from 27% to 32%. The river does not freeze over because of a relatively warm climate and rapid flow in the upper part. The Kuban River is characterized by numerous (6–7 through

4189-439: The year) floods due to rains and thaws, both in the winter and summer. The water level used to fluctuate by up to 5 metres (16 ft), with the maximum in July and the minimum in February. The amplitude of these fluctuations was reduced by construction of the Nevinnomyssk channel and the Tschikskoe, Krasnodar and Shapsug reservoirs. These measures also provided water for fish farming and rice fields. The average discharge of

4260-409: Was a center of espionage in the Great Game rivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom over Central Asia. The Turkestan Military District was established as part of the military reforms of 1874. The Trans-Caspian Railway arrived in 1889, and the railway workers who built it settled in Tashkent as well, bringing with them the seeds of Bolshevik Revolution . With the fall of the Russian Empire ,

4331-424: Was also built during this time. About 100,000 new homes were built by 1970, but the builders occupied many, rather than the homeless residents of Tashkent. Further development in the following years increased the size of the city with major new developments in the Chilonzor area, north-east and south-east of the city. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth-largest city in

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4402-403: Was born in Tashkent. He was an Islamic theologian, scholar, jurist of the Shafi'i madhhab , hadith scholar and linguist. After the 11th century, the name evolved from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand. The modern spelling of "Tashkent" reflects Russian orthography and 20th-century Soviet influence. At the end of the 10th century, Tashkent became part of the possessions of the Turkic state of

4473-451: Was brought to the area from Africa. The wide delta of Kuban, with its abundant estuaries, is especially rich in plankton and benthos . There are about 400 species of zooplankton, including rotifers , copepods , cladocerans , mollusks, worms, etc., providing abundant food for fish. The fish fauna of the Kuban differs from that of the nearby Don and Volga rivers and contains more than 65 species from 16 families. They are dominated by

4544-424: Was considered a strategic city. In 1391 Timur set out in the spring from Tashkent to Desht-i-Kipchak to fight the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh Khan . Timur returned from this victorious campaign through Tashkent. The most famous saint Sufi of Tashkent was Sheikh Khovendi at-Takhur (13th to the first half of the 14th century). According to legend, Amir Timur, who was treating his wounded leg in Tashkent with

4615-413: Was dominated by the Jadid , Muslim reformers. A more conservative faction emerged in Tashkent centered around the Ulema . This faction proved more successful during the local elections of July 1917. They formed an alliance with Russian conservatives, while the Soviet became more radical. The Soviet attempt to seize power in September 1917 proved unsuccessful. In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of

4686-421: Was much larger and covered the delta of the Kuban River. Deposition of silt by the Kuban gradually pushed out the sea and shaped the delta with numerous limans and shallow estuaries. Frequent eruptions of the mud volcanoes contributed to this deposition process. There are about 25 mud volcanoes in the area and some are still active. The ancient Greeks called the river Hypanis . Kuban River gave its name to

4757-419: Was rebuilt and profited from its location on the Silk Road . From the 18th to the 19th centuries, the city became an independent city-state , before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand . In 1865, Tashkent fell to the Russian Empire ; as a result, it became the capital of Russian Turkestan . In Soviet times, it witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout

4828-473: Was replaced with a globe, featuring a geographic map of Uzbekistan. Buildings from the Soviet era have been replaced with new modern buildings. The "Downtown Tashkent" district includes the 22-story NBU Bank building, international hotels, the International Business Center, and the Plaza Building. The Tashkent Business district is a special district, established for the development of small, medium and large businesses in Uzbekistan. In 2018, construction began on

4899-452: Was ruled by the Shaybanid Keldi Muhammad, who issued silver and copper coins on his behalf. In 1598, Kazakh Tauekel Khan was at war with the Khanate of Bukhara . The Bukhara troops sent against him were defeated by Kazakhs in the battle between Tashkent and Samarkand. During the reign of Yesim-Khan, a peace treaty was concluded between Bukhara and Kazakhs, according to which Kazakhs abandoned Samarkand, but left behind Tashkent, Turkestan and

4970-459: Was the basis for Turkic adaptation Tashkent, popularly etymologized as "stone city". Livshits proposes that Čač originally designated only the Aral Sea before being used for the Tashkent oasis. Ünal (2022) critiques Gershevitch's and Livshits's etymology as being "based on too many assumptions". He instead derives the name Čač from Late Proto-Turkic * t 1 iāt 2 (ă) "stone", which he proposes to be seemingly another translation, besides

5041-415: Was the educator of the son of Suyunchhoja Khan Keldi Muhammad, with whom, after the death of his father in 1525, he moved to Tashkent. After the death of his former pupil, he became the educator of his son, Abu-l-Muzaffar Hasan-Sultan. Later the city was subordinated to Shaybanid Abdullah Khan II (the ruler actually from 1557, officially in 1583–1598), who issued his coins here. From 1598 to 1604 Tashkent

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