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64-494: Messapian may refer to: Messapians , an Iapygian tribe which inhabited Apulia in classical antiquity Messapian language , spoken by the Iapygian tribes An inhabitant of Messapia, Greece Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Messapian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

128-506: A Western Greek model and dating from the mid-6th to at least the 2nd century BC, when it went extinct following the Roman conquest of the region. The term 'Messapic' or 'Messapian' is traditionally used to refer to a group of languages spoken by the Iapygians , a "relatively homogeneous linguistic community" of non- Italic -speaking tribes ( Messapians , Peucetians and Daunians ) dwelling in

192-572: A Messapic variant like the ethnonym Graeci which may have been used in its original form by Illyrians for their Greek neighbours in Epirus. A Messapic morphological intermediary has been proposed for Latin lancea (spear) and balaena (from Greek phallaina ). In literature, Horace and Ennius who came from the region are the only authors of Roman antiquity who have preserved the non-Italic word laama (swamp) which might be Messapic. The Messapic verbal form eipeigrave ('wrote, incised'; variant ipigrave )

256-517: A dental affricate or spirant /ts/ or /tš/). Proto-Indo-European * s was rather clearly reflected in initial and intervocalic positions as Messapic h , with notable examples including klaohi and hipa , but note Venas with * s in final position. The Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates *bh and *dh are certainly represented by the simple unaspirated voiced obstruents /b/ and /d/ in Messapic (e.g., 'berain' < *bher-; '-des' < *dʰeh₁). On

320-944: A gloria recare. Platone il Dio de’ filosofi costumava sovente di ringraziare i Numi per queste tre cose: che Uomo e non bruto, che Maschio, e non Donna, che Greco e non barbaro fusse nato, e cresciuto. Il suo servidore, Eccellenza, che la Giapiggia descrive non da’ Mauri, non dalli Ethiopi, non dalli Allobrogi, o Sicambri, ma dalla Greca Nazione sorge, e deriva. Il Progenitore di chi tal dettaglio della Giapiggia li porge, non ignorò il Greco, e molto meno l’idioma Latino. Fù celebre non per valore dell’armi, ma fù difeso, e scortato dall’integrità della vita, e dalla bontà de’ costumi. Mi vergogno, Eccellenza, parlando seco lei senz’Arbitri dirle, come io nell’Italia abbia tratta la mia origine, e derivati i miei natali, sebbene alcuni scrittori posero il suolo Giapiggio fuor dell’Italia. Messapic language Messapic ( / m ɛ ˈ s æ p ɪ k , m ə -, - ˈ s eɪ -/ ; also known as Messapian ; or as Iapygian )

384-495: A god) Since its settlement, Messapic was in contact with the Italic languages of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and Oscan ran through Frentania- Irpinia - Lucania -Apulia. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and

448-514: A large Daunian element intermixed in different ways. Larinum , a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and Horace who was from Venusia in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in

512-508: A link between the two languages, as some towns in Apulia have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources. Other linguistic elements such as particles , prepositions , suffixes , lexicon , but also toponyms , anthroponyms and theonyms of the Messapic language find singular affinities with Albanian. Some phonological data can also be compared between the two languages, and it seems likely that Messapic belongs, like Albanian, to

576-464: A local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet rather than in the older Messapic script) only begins in the 4th century BC. The Greek letter Φ (/pʰ/) was not adopted, because it would have been superfluous for Messapic. While zeta "normally" represented the voiced counterpart to /s/, it may have been an affricate in some cases. The value of Θ is unclear, but is clearly dental; it may be an affricate or

640-408: A relatable group with Messapian, due to toponyms in Apulia, some of towns that have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources. However, Messapic is to be considered as an independent Indo-European language . The language became extinct following the Roman conquest of the region, which began during the late 4th century BC. It has been preserved in about 300 inscriptions written in

704-558: A result of linguistic contacts between Proto-Messapic and Pre-Proto-Albanian within the Balkan peninsula in prehistoric times, or of a closer relation as shown by the quality of the correspondences in the lexical area and shared innovations between Messapic and Albanian. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) identify Messapic as the closest language to Albanian, with which it forms a common branch titled Illyric . Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as

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768-512: A specific subgroup of the Indo-European languages that shows distinct reflections of all the three dorsal consonant rows. In the nominal context, both Messapic and Albanian continue, in the masculine terms in -o- , the Indo-European ending *-osyo (Messapic -aihi , Albanian -i / -u ). Regarding the verbal system, both Messapic and Albanian have formally and semantically preserved the two Indo-European subjunctive and optative moods. If

832-614: A spirant. In any case it appears to have arisen partly as the reflex of the segment * ty . The script used in northern Apulia was rather peculiar, and some consider it to be a distinct writing system named Apulian . A notable difference between the Apulian alphabet and the Laconian-Tarentinian Messapic alphabet was the use of Η ( eta ) for /ē/ rather than /h/. The Messapic language is a 'fragmentary language' ( Trümmersprache ), preserved only in about 600 inscriptions from

896-432: Is a notable loanword from Greek (with the initial stem eipigra- , ipigra- deriving from epigrá-phō , ἐπιγράφω, 'inscribe, engrave'), and is probably related to the fact that the Messapic alphabet has been borrowed from an Archaic Greek script. Other Greek loanwords include argora-pandes ('coin officials', with the first part deriving from ἄργυρος), and names of deities like Athana and perhaps Aprodita , however

960-695: Is also possible that the Messapians were the result of the fusion between Cretans and, subsequently, Illyrians. According to this hypothesis, the Cretans arrived in Italy in 3300 BC. and the Illyrians would conquer them centuries later. The Cretan origin was essentially based on tradition and derived from a famous passage by Herodotus on the origins of the Iapygians : «It is said, in fact, that Minos, who arrived in Sicania (which

1024-721: Is an extinct Indo-European Paleo-Balkanic language of the southeastern Italian Peninsula , once spoken in Salento by the Iapygian peoples of the region: the Calabri and Salentini (known collectively as the Messapians ), the Peucetians and the Daunians . Messapic was the pre- Roman , non- Italic language of Apulia . It has been preserved in about 600 inscriptions written in an alphabet derived from

1088-469: Is frequently used before the sounds ao- or o- , where it is most likely a replacement for the older letter [REDACTED] . Another special letter, [REDACTED] , occurs almost exclusively in Archaic inscriptions from the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Multiple palatalizations have also taken place, as in ' Zis ' < *dyēs, 'Artorres' < *Artōryos, or 'Bla(t)θes' < *Blatyos (where '(t)θ' probably denoted

1152-461: Is now called Sicily) in search of Daedalus, died there by a violent death. After some time had passed, at the incitement of a god, all the Cretans, en masse, except those of Polychne and Praesus, who came with a large fleet to Sicania, besieged the city of Camicus for five years, which, at in my time, it was inhabited by Agrigentines. In the end, however, not being able to conquer it, nor to stay longer to fight against hunger, they would leave, abandoning

1216-592: Is supported by a series of similar personal and place names from both sides of the Adriatic Sea . Proposed cognates in Illyrian and Messapic, respectively, include: ' Bardyl(l)is /Barzidihi', ' Teuta /Teutā', 'Dazios/Dazes', 'Laidias/Ladi-', 'Platōr/Plator-', ' Iapydes / Iapyges ', 'Apulus/Apuli', ' Dalmata /Dalmathus', 'Peucetioe/ Peucetii ', 'Ana/Ana', 'Beuzas/Bozat', 'Thana/Thana', ' Dei-paturos / Da-matura '. The linguistic data of Albanian can be used to compensate for

1280-499: Is the name (exonym) which the Tarentine Greeks used to refer collectively to the Iapygian communities which referred to themselves as Calabri (Ancient Greek: Καλαβροί ) and Salentini (Ancient Greek: Σαλεντίνοι ) (endonyms) and to their land as Iapygia . The exonym Messapia in Italy corresponds to other toponyms in areas of ancient Greece (e.g. Messapio ). The Messapic tribal name Kalabroi/Calabri has been connected to

1344-661: The Adriatic belonged to the Kalabroi and extended from Otranto to Egnatia with its hinterland. After the conquest of the Salento by the Roman Republic in 266 BC the distinction between the Iapygian tribes blurred as they were assimilated into ancient Roman society. Strabo makes it clear that in his time, the end of the first century BC, most people used the names Messapia , Iapygia , Calabria and Salentina interchangeably for

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1408-596: The Dardanian Galabroi/Galabri in the Balkans. The origin of the Messapians is uncertain; it is probably due to uncertain and never clearly demonstrated migratory flows of Illyrian or Aegean-Anatolian origin that arrived in Salento on the threshold of the Iron Age around the 9th century BC. The Illyrian hypothesis, today the most accepted by scholars, is supported above all by linguistic considerations. It

1472-789: The Greek alphabet and dating from the 6th to the 1st century BC. Messapia was relatively urbanized and more densely populated compared to the rest of Iapygia. It possessed 26–28 walled settlements, while the remainder of Iapygia had 30–35 more dispersed walled settlements. The Messapian population has been estimated at 120,000 to 145,000 people before the Roman conquest. The main Messapic cities included: Other Messapic settlements have been discovered near Francavilla Fontana , San Vito dei Normanni and in Vaste ( Poggiardo ). Non mi vergogno punto di propalare l’origine de’ nostri Maggiori. Siam Greci ed ognuno lo si deve

1536-513: The Illyrian languages , some scholars contend that Messapic may have developed from a dialect of pre-Illyrian, meaning that it would have diverged substantially from the Illyrian language(s) spoken in the Balkans by the 5th century BC, while others considered it a direct dialect of Iron Age Illyrian. Messapic is today considered an independent language and not a dialect of Illyrian. Although the unclear interpretation of Messapic inscriptions cannot warrant

1600-542: The 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia and marking the beginning of Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic records, in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet that replaced the older Messapic script. Along with Messapic, Greek and Oscan were spoken and written during the Romanization period all over Apulia , and bilingualism in Greek and Messapic was probably common in southern Apulia at that time. Based upon

1664-561: The Herodotean one regarding the Cretan origin of the Messapians is provided by Marcus Terentius Varro from Rieti (116 BC – 27 BC). In fact, the Latin author tells of how the monarch Idomeneus, expelled from Crete following a civil uprising, had sought refuge together with his army in the Illyrian kingdom of King Divitius. From here, joining a further army generously offered by the Illyrian monarch, to which

1728-522: The IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. Although the Illyrian languages – and to some extent Messapic itself – are too scarcely attested to allow for an extensive linguistic comparison, the Messapic language is generally regarded as related to, though distinct from, the Illyrian languages . This theory

1792-502: The Latinization of the area. A small corpus of Messapic vocabulary did pass into Latin. They include baltea from balta (swamp), deda (nurse), gandeia (sword), horeia (small fishing boat), mannus (pony/small horse) from manda . Messapic was an intermediary for the passing of several, mostly ancient Greek words, into Latin such as paro (small ship) from Greek paroon . The Latin form of Odysseus , Ulixes might derive from

1856-492: The Messapic inscriptions are accessible in the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (MLM), published in print in 2002. Only Messapic words regarded as 'inherited' from its precursor are hereunder listed, thus excluding loanwords from Greek, Latin or other languages. Proto-Albanian: *bardza ; Albanian: bardhë/bardhi , Bardha ('white', found also in anthroponyms, e.g., Bardh-i , Bardhyl ) Taotor (name of

1920-580: The Messapii and Brundisium . This city became Rome's port for sailing to the eastern Mediterranean. Subsequently, the Messapii were rarely mentioned in the historical record. They became Romanised. During Hannibal 's invasion of Italy in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), the Messapii remained loyal to the Romans. The Battle of Cannae , where Hannibal routed the forces of the Romans and their Italic allies,

1984-443: The Messapii, but after their defeat by Rome it dwindled and became a small village. The nearby Lupiae (Lecce) flourished at its expense. The Messapi did not have a centralised form of government. Their towns were independent city-states . They had trade relationships with the Greek cities of Magna Graecia . In 473 BC, the Greek city of Tarentum (which was on the border with Messapia) and its ally, Rhegion , tried to seize some of

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2048-563: The Messapii. He died in a battle against the Lucani in 330 BC. After the campaign of Alexander I, the Messapii switched allegiance. They allied with Tarentum and Cleonymus of Sparta , who campaigned in the region in 303–02 BC to help Tarentum against, again, the Lucani. During the Second Samnite War (327–304 BC) between Rome and the Samnites , the Messapii, Iapyges and Peucetii sided with

2112-497: The Romans. According to ancient historians, his aim was to conquer Italy. Pyrrhus fought battles against the Romans and a campaign in Sicily. He had to give up the latter and was defeated by the Romans and left Italy. The Messapii were mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus as fighting for Pyrrhus in the Battle of Asculum . In 272 BC, the Romans captured Tarentum. In 267 BC, Rome conquered

2176-718: The Salento. The name Calabria for the entire peninsula was made official when the Roman emperor Augustus divided Italy in regions and gave the whole region of Apulia the name Regio II Apulia et Calabria . Archaeology still follows the original Greek tripartite division of tribes based on the archaeological evidence. The names Messapii (Ancient Greek: Μεσσάπιοι ) and Messapia are usually interpreted as "(the place) Amid waters", Mess- from Proto-Indo-European *medhyo- , "middle" (cf. Albanian mes- , "middle") (cf. Ancient Greek μέσος méssos "middle"), and -apia from Proto-Indo-European *ap- , " water " (cf. another toponym , Salapia , "salt water"). As Strabo writes, this

2240-660: The Samnites. Some of the cities of the Dauni sided with Rome and some of them sided with the Samnites. The city of Canusium went over to the Romans in 318 BC. Silvium, a Peucetii frontier town, was under Samnite control, but it was captured by Rome in 306 BC. During the Pyrrhic Wars (280–275 BC), the Messapii sided with Tarentum and Pyrrhus the king of Epirus , in Greece, who landed at Tarentum, ostensibly to help this city in her conflict with

2304-598: The beginning of the 5th century BC. After two victories of the Tarentines, the Iapygians inflicted a decisive defeat on them, causing the fall of the aristocratic government and the implementation of a democratic one in Taras. It also froze relations between Greeks and the indigenous people for about half a century. Only in the late-5th and 6th centuries did they re-establish relationships. The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during

2368-456: The camp. When, during the navigation, they found themselves near the coast of Iapygia, a violent storm would have surprised them and slammed them against the land: so, the ships having broken, and no longer seeing any way to return to Crete, the city of Iria was founded in that place. , they remained there and became Iapygians-Messapians (changing their name) rather than Cretans and continentals rather than islanders. From Iria, they say, they founded

2432-437: The category of aorists formed with the suffix -v- . However, except for the dorsal consonant rows, these similarities do not provide elements exclusively relating Messapic and Albanian, and only a few morphological data are comparable. The development of a distinct Iapygian culture in southeastern Italy is widely considered to be the result of a confluence of local Apulian material cultures with Balkanic traditions following

2496-610: The cross- Adriatic migrations of proto-Messapic speakers in the early first millennium BC. The Iapygians most likely left the eastern coasts of the Adriatic for the Italian Peninsula from the 11th century BC onwards, merging with pre-existing Italic and Mycenean cultures and providing a decisive cultural and linguistic imprint. Throughout the second half of the 8th century, contacts between Messapians and Greeks must have been intense and continuous; they began to intensify after

2560-603: The dawn goddess, goddess of love, beauty, fertility, health and protector of women, in the Albanian pagan mythology , the equivalent of Ancient Greek Aphrodite. The origin of the Messapic goddess Damatura/Damatira is debated: scholars like Vladimir I. Georgiev (1937), Eqrem Çabej , Shaban Demiraj (1997), or Martin L. West (2007) have argued that she was an Illyrian goddess eventually borrowed into Greek as Demeter , while others like Paul Kretschmer (1939), Robert S. P. Beekes (2009) and Carlo De Simone (2017) have argued for

2624-538: The ethnogenesis of the Messapian people in the mixing between the Cretan settlers and the local indigenous people Salento. The sallentine humanist Antonio de Ferrariis , referring to the ancient Messapic language, defines it as "the language used by the Sallentines before the coming of Idomeneus", thus using the figure of the latter as a symbol of Greek Salento of which he himself boasted belonging. This additional version to

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2688-591: The first stable settlements were identified in the cities of Oria , Cavallino , Vaste and Muro Leccese and can be dated back to the 8th century BC). . Around the 7th-6th century BC. we move from constructions in huts with a plinth in irregular stones, elevation in raw bricks (clay and straw) and roofing with intertwined branches (one was rebuilt in Vaste for educational purposes) to constructions with multiple rooms, quadrangular in shape, with low walls dry stone and brick and tile roofing. The pre-Italic settlement of Gnatia

2752-453: The foundation of Taras by Spartan colonists around the end of the century. Despite its geographical proximity with Magna Graecia , however, Iapygia was generally not encompassed in Greek colonial territories, and with the exception of Taras, the inhabitants were evidently able to avoid other Greek colonies in the region. During the 6th century BC Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from

2816-538: The lack of fundamental information on Illyrian, since Proto-Albanian (the ancestor language of Albanian ) was likewise an Indo-European language certainly spoken in the Balkans in antiquity, and probably since at least the 7th century BC, as suggested by the presence of archaic loanwords from Ancient Greek . A number of linguistic cognates with Albanian have been proposed, such as Messapic aran and Albanian arë ("field"), biliā and bijë ("daughter"), or menza- and mëz (" foal "). The toponomy points to

2880-578: The latter name is considered to be a Messapic theonym of an Indo-European goddess. It coincides with the Proto-Albanian *apro dītā 'come forth brightness of the day/dawn', which could be the original source of the Ancient Greek Aphrodite , and which is preserved in the Albanian phrase afro dita 'come forth the day/dawn', referring to the planet Venus , and also used to refer to Prende ,

2944-407: The legends of the local currencies promoted by Rome, Messapic appears to have been written in the southern zone, Oscan in the northern area, while the central sector was a trilingual area where Messapic, Greek and Oscan co-existed in inscriptions. Messapic epigraphic records seem to have ended by the 2nd century BC. During the 1st century BCE, the language was replaced by Latin, which is the origin of

3008-424: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messapian&oldid=1011164208 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Messapians Starting in

3072-448: The mid-6th up until the late-2nd century BC. Many of them consist of the personal names of the deceased engraved in burial sites (36% of the total), and only a few inscriptions have been definitely deciphered. Some longer texts are also available, including those recently found in the Grotta della Poesia ( Roca Vecchia ), although they have not been fully exploited by scholars yet. Most of

3136-508: The modern Italian Sallentine dialects of the region. A characteristic feature of Messapic is the absence of the Indo-European phonological opposition between the vowels /u/ and /o/, the language featuring only an o/u phoneme . Consequently, the superfluous letter /u/ ( upsilon ) was not taken over following the initial period of adaption of the Western ("red") Greek alphabet . The 'o/u' phoneme existed in opposition to an 'a/o' phoneme formed after

3200-474: The nearby Taras. The use of writing systems was introduced during this period, with the acquisition of the Laconian-Tarantine alphabet and its progressive adaptation to the Messapic language. The oldest known Messapic texts date to the 6th century–early 5th century BCE. The relationship between Messapians and Tarantines deteriorated over time, resulting in a series of clashes between the two peoples from

3264-420: The other colonies, which the Tarentines long after attempted to destroy, but suffered such a terrible defeat that there then occurred the most serious massacre of Greeks of all those we know of; not only of Tarentines, but also of citizens of Reggio: of the latter, who had come to give aid to the Tarentines forced by Micito son of Chero, 3000 died; the losses of the Tarentines could not even be counted. Micitus, who

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3328-506: The other hand, the outcomes of the Indo-European palatal, velar, and labiovelar stops remain unclear, with slender evidence. The Messapic alphabet is an adaptation of the Western ("red") Greek alphabets , specifically the Laconian - Tarantinian version. The actual Messapic inscriptions are attested from the 6th century BC onward, while the Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic record (written in

3392-542: The phonological distinction between *o and *a was abandoned. The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowel /o/ regularly appears as /a/ in inscriptions (e.g., Venas < *Wenos; menza < *mendyo; tabarā < *to-bhorā). The original PIE phonological opposition between ō and o is still perceptible in Messapic. The diphthong *ou , itself reflecting the merged diphthongs *ou and eu , underwent sound change to develop into ao , then into ō (e.g., *Toutor > Taotor > Θōtor). The dental affricate or spirant written Θ

3456-446: The placement of Messapic in any specific Indo-European subfamily, some scholars place Illyrian and Messapic in the same branch. Eric Hamp has grouped them under "Messapo-Illyrian", which is further grouped with Albanian under "Adriatic Indo-European". Other schemes group the three languages under "General Illyrian" and "Western Paleo-Balkan". A number of shared features between Messapic and Proto-Albanian may have emerged either as

3520-405: The reconstructions are correct, we can find, in the preterital system of Messapic, reflections of a formation in *-s- (which in other Indo-European languages are featured in the suffix of the sigmatic aorist), as in the 3rd sg. hipades/opades ('he dedicated' < *supo-dʰeh₁-s-t ) and in the 3rd pl. stahan ('they placed' < *stah₂-s-n°t ). In Albanian, this formation was likewise featured in

3584-625: The region of Apulia before the Roman conquest. However, some scholars have argued that the term ' Iapygian languages' should be preferred for referring to the group of languages spoken in Apulia, with the term 'Messapic' being reserved to the inscriptions found in the Salento peninsula , where the specific tribe of the Messapians had been living in the pre-Roman era. The name Apulia itself derives from Iapygia after passing from Greek to Oscan to Latin and undergoing subsequent morphological shifts. Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Albanian Messapic

3648-523: The third century BC, Greek and Roman writers distinguished the indigenous population of the Salento peninsula differently. According to Strabo , the names Iapygians , Daunians , Peucetians and Messapians were exclusively Greek and not used by the natives, who divided the Salento in two parts. The southern and Ionian part of the peninsula was the territory of the Salentinoi , ranging from Otranto to Leuca and from Leuca to Manduria . The northern part on

3712-624: The towns of the Messapii and Peucetii. However, the Iapyge tribes defeated them thanks to the superiority of their cavalry. The war against Tarentum continued until 467 BC. During the Second Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta , the Mesapii were allies of Athens. They provided archers for Athens' massive expeditionary force sent to attack Syracuse in Sicily (415–13 BC). The expedition

3776-434: Was a disaster and the entire force was destroyed. In 356 BC, an alliance between Messapii and Lucani led to the conquest of Heraclea and Matapontus . In 342 BC, Tarentum called for the aid of Archidamus III of Sparta. Archidamus died in battle under the walls of the Messapian city of Manduria in 338 BC. In 333 BC, Tarentum called Alexander I of Epirus to help them in their war with their Lucani . Alexander defeated

3840-541: Was a non- Italic and non-Greek Indo-European language of Balkan origin. Modern archeological and linguistic research and some ancient sources hold that the ancestors of the Iapygians came to Southeastern Italy (present-day Apulia ) from the Western Balkans across the Adriatic Sea during the early first millennium BC. Messapic forms part of the Paleo-Balkan languages . Based upon lexical similarities with

3904-535: Was added a large group of Locrian refugees, he set sail for Salento and settled there, displacing his army in twelve cities and thus giving life to the Messapic dodecapolis. The Cretan, Illyrian and Locrian refugees led by King Idomeneus, who became permanent inhabitants of the Salento districts, would finally collectively recognize themselves with the ethnonym of "Sallentines", since they had made friends "in salo", at sea". The oldest findings were made in archaeological excavations in some caves near Otranto and Roca ;

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3968-499: Was fought in the heart of the neighbouring Peucetii territory. The Roman survivors were welcomed into nearby Canusium. Part of the final stages of the war were fought out at Monte Gargano , in the northernmost part of Apulia, in the territory of the Dauni. The Messapian language is generally considered similar to the Illyrian languages , although this has been debated as a mostly speculative grouping, as Illyrian languages are themselves poorly attested. Albanian dialects are still

4032-503: Was founded in the fifteenth century BC during the Bronze Age. It was captured and settled by the Iapyges, as they occupied large tracts of territory in Apulia. The Messapii developed a distinct identity from the Iapyges. Rudiae was first settled from the late ninth or early eighth centuries BC. In the late sixth century BC, it developed into a much more important settlement. It flourished under

4096-622: Was from the house of Anassilaus, had been left by him as regent of Rhegium and is the same one who, driven out from Rhegium and settled in Tegea in Arcadia, consecrated the numerous statues in Olympia, which everyone knows.» In addition to the Herodothean story, there is the story of the Cretan king Idomeneus , another piece of what we could define as the "Minoan cycle", that is, that literary tradition which sees

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