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43-740: The Lucani spoke a variety of the Umbrian - Oscan language , like their neighbours, the Samnites , who had absorbed the Osci in the 5th century BC. The few Oscan inscriptions and coins in the area that survive from the 4th or 3rd century BC use the Greek alphabet . Around the middle of the 5th century BC, the Lucani moved south into Oenotria , driving the indigenous tribes, known to the Greeks as Oenotrians , Chones, and Lauternoi, into

86-447: A decidedly medieval aspect: the town is austere in appearance because of the dark grey stone, narrow streets, and Gothic architecture. Many houses in central Gubbio date to the 14th and 15th centuries, and were originally the dwellings of wealthy merchants. They often have a second door fronting on the street, usually just a few centimetres from the main entrance. This secondary entrance is narrower, and 30 centimetres (1 ft) or so above

129-496: A dominating position. Gubbio is home to the Corsa dei Ceri, a run held every year always on Saint Ubaldo Day , the 15th day of May, in which three teams, devoted to Ubald, Saint George and Saint Anthony the Great run through throngs of cheering supporters clad in the distinctive colours of yellow, blue and black, with white trousers and red belts and neckbands, up much of the mountain from

172-857: A number of innovations , some of them shared by its neighbor to the west, Latin. (Below, following convention, bold text for Umbrian and Oscan indicates words written in the native, Etruscan derived script, while italics represents words written in Latin-derived script.) All diphthongs are simplified into monophthongs , a process only partly seen in Latin, and only very rarely in Oscan. So Proto-Italic * ai and * ei become Umbrian low ē : kvestur  : Oscan kvaísstur , Latin quaestor 'official in charge of public revenue and expenditure'; prever 'single' : Oscan preivatud , Latin prīvus ; furthermore, Proto-Italic * oi , * ou and * au become ō (written u in

215-630: A popular cook on the Italian daytime TV series " La Prova del Cuoco " discusses Gubbio in many of her TV segments. She often cooks dishes from the region on TV, and she featured Gubbio in her first book. A.S. Gubbio 1910 football club play in Serie C at the Pietro Barbetti Stadium . The city is served by Fossato di Vico–Gubbio railway station located in Fossato di Vico ; until 1945 it also operating

258-469: Is known from about 30 inscriptions dated from the 7th through 1st centuries BC. The largest cache by far is the Iguvine Tablets , seven inscribed bronze tablets found in 1444 near the village of Scheggia or, according to another tradition, in an underground chamber at Gubbio (ancient Iguvium ). The seven tablets contain notes on the ceremonies and statutes for priests of the ancient religion in

301-808: Is located in northern Umbria , near the border with Marche . The municipality borders Cagli ( PU ), Cantiano (PU), Costacciaro , Fossato di Vico , Gualdo Tadino , Perugia , Pietralunga , Scheggia e Pascelupo , Sigillo , Umbertide and Valfabbrica . The frazioni (territorial subdivisions) of the comune of Gubbio are the villages of: Belvedere, Bevelle, Biscina, Branca, Burano, Camporeggiano, Carbonesca, Casamorcia-Raggio, Cipolleto, Colonnata, Colpalombo, Ferratelle, Loreto, Magrano, Mocaiana, Monteleto, Monteluiano, Nogna, Padule, Petroia, Ponte d'Assi, Raggio, San Benedetto Vecchio, San Marco, San Martino in Colle, Santa Cristina, Scritto, Semonte, Spada, Torre Calzolari and Villa Magna. The historical centre of Gubbio has

344-530: Is related in the 14th-century Little Flowers of St. Francis . Gubbio is also known among geologists and palaeontologists as the discovery place of what was at first called the "Gubbio layer", a sedimentary layer enriched in iridium that was exposed by a roadcut outside of town. This thin, dark band of sediment marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary , also known as the K–T boundary or K–Pg boundary, between

387-559: The Bronze Age . As Ikuvium , it was an important town of the Umbri in pre-Roman times, made famous for the discovery there in 1444 of the Iguvine Tablets , a set of bronze tablets that together constitute the largest surviving text in the Umbrian language . After the Roman conquest in the 2nd century BC – it kept its name as Iguvium – the city remained important, as attested by its Roman theatre,

430-475: The Cretaceous and Paleogene geological periods about 66 million years ago, and was formed by infalling debris from the gigantic meteor impact probably responsible for the mass extinction of the dinosaurs . Its iridium , a heavy metal rare on Earth's surface, is plentiful in extraterrestrial material such as comets and asteroids . It also contains small globules of glassy material called tektites , formed in

473-579: The Italic languages it is closely related to the Oscan group and is therefore associated with it in the group of Osco-Umbrian languages , a term generally replaced by Sabellic in modern scholarship. Since that classification was first formulated, a number of other languages in ancient Italy were discovered to be more closely related to Umbrian. Therefore, a group, the Umbrian languages, was devised to contain them. Umbrian

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516-779: The Papal States in 1631, when the della Rovere family, to whom the Duchy of Urbino had been granted, was extinguished. In 1860 Gubbio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy along with the rest of the Papal States. The name of the Pamphili family , a great papal family, originated in Gubbio then went to Rome under the pontificate of Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492), and is immortalized by Diego Velázquez and his portrait of Pope Innocent X . The town

559-559: The Social War , in which the Lucanians took part with the Samnites against Rome (91 - 88 BC), gave the finishing stroke. In the time of Strabo (63 BC – 24 AD) the Greek cities on the coast had fallen into insignificance and, owing to the decrease of population and cultivation, malaria began to obtain the upper hand. The few towns of the interior were of no importance. A large part of the province

602-580: The 3rd person: singular primary -ter , singular secondary -(n)tur , plural -endi . Perfect stems are derived from the present stem in different ways. Latin -vī- perfects are not attested in Umbrian. Instead, Umbrian uses its own set of forms, including reduplicated perfects such as dede 'gave', the -s- suffix, as in sesu-s-t 'will have sat', and the -nçi- suffix, as in purdi-nçi-ust 'will have presented'. Some verbs also use suppletive forms. Other tenses are formed by suffixation: The following non-finite forms are attested (all of them are based on

645-475: The Latin alphabet on the tablet): In Latin: In English: Gubbio Gubbio ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈɡubbjo] ) is an Italian town and comune in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia ( Umbria ). It is located on the lowest slope of Mt. Ingino, a small mountain of the Apennines . The city's origins are very ancient. The hills above the town were already occupied in

688-535: The Lucanians suffered by choosing the losing side in the various wars on the peninsula in which Rome took part. During the Samnite wars they were sometimes in alliance with Rome but more frequently engaged in hostilities. The Lucanians and Bruttians laid siege to Thurii in 282 BC and a Roman army sent to its relief under Gaius Fabricius Luscinus defeated them. When Pyrrhus of Epirus landed in Italy in 281, they were among

731-698: The Neo-Etruscan, but using a letter shaped like a 'P' from the Archaic Etruscan alphabet for the unique Umbrian sound discussed below. The newer was written in the Latin script . The texts are sometimes called Old Umbrian and New Umbrian. The differences are mainly orthographic. For example, rs in the Latin alphabet is represented by a single character in the native script (generally transcribed as ř ; this represents an unknown sound that developed regularly from intervocalic *-d- in most cases). To clearly distinguish them,

774-433: The actual street level. This type of door is called a porta dei morti (door of the dead) because it was proposed that they were used to remove the bodies of any who might have died inside the house. This is almost certainly false, but there is no agreement as to the purpose of the secondary doors. A more likely theory is that the door was used by the owners to protect themselves when opening to unknown persons, leaving them in

817-474: The city" (note that Umbrian continues the PIE case, while Latin innovates here to -ae); Dat. tute "to the city"; Abl. asa "from the altar"; Loc. tote "in the city"; Voc. Prestota "Oh, Prestota" Plural: Nom. fameřias "families"; Acc. porca "pigs"; Gen. pracatarum "of the ramparts"?; Dat.-Abl. plenasier "for the annual festival" (with final rhotacism from -s; thought to be related to Latin plenus "full" with

860-596: The decline of the political prestige of the Gabrielli, Gubbio was thereafter incorporated into the territories of the House of Montefeltro . The lord of Urbino, Federico da Montefeltro rebuilt the ancient Palazzo Ducale in Gubbio, incorporating in it a studiolo veneered with intarsia like his studiolo at Urbino . The maiolica industry at Gubbio reached its apogee in the first half of the 16th century, with metallic lustre glazes imitating gold and copper. Gubbio became part of

903-459: The first to declare in his favour and after his abrupt departure they were reduced to subjection in a ten-year campaign (272). Enmity continued to run deep; they espoused the cause of Hannibal during the Second Punic War (216), and Lucania was ravaged by both armies during several campaigns. The region never recovered from these disasters and under the Roman government fell into decay to which

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946-510: The heraldic emblem on the coat of arms of Umbria as a modern administrative region. A celebration like the Corsa dei Ceri is held also in Jessup, Pennsylvania . In this small town the people carry out the same festivities as the residents of Gubbio do by "racing" the three statues through the streets during the Memorial Day weekend. This remains an important and sacred event in both towns. Gubbio

989-471: The initial impact. Discovered at Gubbio, the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary is also visible at many places all over the world. The characteristics of this boundary layer support the theory that a devastating meteorite impact, with accompanying ecological and climatic disturbance, was directly responsible for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event . In Hermann Hesse 's novel Steppenwolf (1927)

1032-432: The initial syllable of words as a stress accent, since non-initial syllables are regularly lost or weakened. Since the same pattern occurs in the history of Etruscan , this must be assumed to be an areal feature. (By the time of classical Latin, the accent had shifted in that language to more of an Ancient Greek pattern--on the third syllable from the end (antepenult) unless the last syllable was long, in which case it fell on

1075-604: The isolated and tormented protagonist – a namesake of the wolf – consoles himself at one point by recalling a scene that the author might have beheld during his travels: "(...) that slender cypress on the hill over Gubbio that, though split and riven by a fall of stone, yet held fast to life and put forth with its last resources a new sparse tuft at the top". The town is a backdrop in Antal Szerb 's novel Journey by Moonlight (1937) as well as Danièle Sallenave 's Les Portes de Gubbio (1980). The TV series Don Matteo , where

1118-456: The language, final -s also becomes -r (a change not seen in Latin). For example, the genitive plural ending of -ā stems: Umbrian -arum , Latin -arum vs Oscan -asúm (compare Sanskrit - āsām ). While initial * d- is preserved (spelled t in the native alphabet), earlier intervocalic *-d- (and sometimes *-l-) show up in the native alphabet as a character generally transliterated as ř , but as

1161-510: The lord of Gubbio. His rule was short, and he was forced to hand over the town to Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz , representing the Papal states (1354). A few years later, Gabriello Gabrielli , the bishop of Gubbio , also proclaimed himself lord of Gubbio ( Signor d'Agobbio ). Betrayed by a group of noblemen which included many of his relatives, the bishop was forced to leave the town and seek refuge at his home castle at Cantiano. With

1204-516: The main square in front of the Palazzo dei Consoli to the basilica of St. Ubaldo, each team carrying a statue of their saint mounted on a wooden octagonal prism, similar to an hour-glass shape 4 metres (13 ft) tall and weighing about 280 kg (617 lb). The race has strong devotional, civic, and historical overtones and is one of the best-known folklore manifestations in Italy; the Ceri were chosen as

1247-564: The mountainous interior. The Lucanians were engaged in hostilities with the Greek colony of Taras/Tarentum and with Alexander, king of Epirus who was called in by the Tarentine people to their assistance in 334 BC. In 331, treacherous Lucanian exiles killed Alexander of Epirus. In 298 they made alliance with Rome, and Roman influence was extended by the colonies of Venusia (291), Paestum (Greek Posidonia, refounded in 273), and above all Roman Tarentum (refounded in 272). Subsequently, however,

1290-653: The native script is generally transcribed in bold, the Latin in italics. The exact phonetics of much of what follows are not completely clear. The consonant inventory of Umbrian is as follows: Pure: i, e, a, o, u; ā, ē, ī, ō, ū Diphthongs: ai, ei, ou Classes of nouns roughly match those in Latin: long a-stems matching Latin first declension, historical o-stems matching Latin second declension, consonant- and i-stems matching Latin third declension, with some more sparse attestation of u-stem (Latin fourth) and long e-stem (Latin fifth) declensions. There are seven attested cases in

1333-637: The native script) in initial syllables: unu 'one' : Old Latin oinus ; ute 'or' : Oscan auti , Latin aut ; tuta 'city' : Oscan touto . Velars are palatalized and spirantized before front vowels and the front glide /j/ to probably a palatalized sibilant (perhaps the postalveolar /ʃ/), written ç , ś or simply s . (A similar change happened later in most Romance languages.) For example: Umbrian śesna 'dinner' : Oscan kersnu , Latin cēna ; Umbrian façiu 'I do, I make' : Latin faciō . Like Latin, but unlike Oscan, intervocalic -s- rhotacized to -r- in Umbrian. In late forms of

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1376-580: The neighboring towns of Umbria. One of these wars saw the miraculous intervention of its bishop, Ubald , who secured Gubbio an overwhelming victory (1151) and a period of prosperity. In the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines , the Gabrielli, such as the condottiero Cante dei Gabrielli (c. 1260–1335), fought for the Guelph faction, supporting the papacy. As Podestà of Florence, Cante exiled Dante Alighieri , ensuring his own lasting notoriety. In 1350 Giovanni Gabrielli, count of Borgovalle seized power as

1419-421: The present stem): Umbrian shares some phonological changes with its sister language Oscan. This change is shared with Umbrian, and so is a common Sabellic change, reminiscent of the k/p split between Goidellic (Irish, etc) and Cymric (Welsh, etc). piře , pirse "what"; Oscan pídum vs Latin quid. At some point early in the history of all Indo-European Italic languages, the accent seems to have shifted to

1462-527: The region. Sometimes they are called the Eugubian tablets after the medieval name of Iguvium/Eugubium. The tablets contain 4000–5000 words. Other minor inscriptions are from Todi , Assisi and Spoleto . The Iguvine tablets were written in two alphabets. The older, the Umbrian alphabet, like other Old Italic script , was derived from the Etruscan alphabet , and was written right-to-left, essentially equivalent to

1505-599: The second to last syllable (the penult).) The degree to which these shifts can be connected to similar shifts to initial stress in Celtic and Germanic is unclear; for discussion see J. Salmons' Accentual Change and Language Contact . Examples: Loss of unstressed short -e-: * onse "shoulder" < * omesei , compare Latin umerus ; destre "on the right" < * deksiterer ; ostendu "present" (imperative) < * obs-tendetōd , compare Latin ostendito . But compared to its highly conservative sister language Oscan, Umbrian exhibits

1548-666: The second-largest surviving in the world. Gubbio became very powerful in the beginning of the Middle Ages . The town sent 1000 knights to fight in the First Crusade under the lead of Girolamo of the prominent Gabrielli family , who, according to an undocumented local tradition, were the first to reach the Church of the Holy Sepulchre when Jerusalem was seized (1099). The following centuries in Gubbio were turbulent, featuring wars against

1591-405: The semantic development > "of the full (year)"). Verbs in Umbrian are inflected for the following categories: Present, future and future perfect forms in the active voice use the following set of personal endings (primary): Imperfect, perfect indicative and all tenses of the subjunctive in the active voice use a different set of endings (secondary): Passive endings are attested only for

1634-443: The sequence rs in Umbrian texts using the Latin alphabet. The exact pronunciation is unknown: piře , pirse "what" vs. Oscan pídum , Latin quid. Proto-italic *ū became /i/, sim (accusative singular) <PI *sūm "pig" Taken from the Iguvine Tablets , tablet Va, lines 6–10 (written in the native alphabet on the tablet): In Latin: In English: Taken from the Iguvine Tablets , tablet VIa, lines 25–31 (written in

1677-603: The singular: nominative , accusative (along with the nom-acc neuter case), genitive , dative , ablative , locative , and vocative . In the plural, there are only four distinct cases: nominative; accusative; genitive; and dative-and-ablative combined into one form. There are no attested locative or vocative plurals. Examples from long a-stems (for use of bold versus italic script, see above under "Alphabet"): Singular: Nom. muta/mutu "fine" (related to Latin molta "fine"); Acc. tuta / totam "city, state"; Gen. tutas / totar (the later with rhotacism, on which see below) "of

1720-521: The title character ministers to his parish while solving crimes, was shot on location in Gubbio between 2000 and 2011. The 2024 novel What We Buried by Robert Rotenberg takes place in Canada and Gubbio. In particular, the novel involves the 40 "Martyrs of Gubbio", civilians seized from their homes by German soldiers late in WW2 and shot, in reprisal for the shooting of a German officer by partisans. Anna Moroni ,

1763-469: Was also one of the centres of production of the Italian pottery ( maiolica ), during the Renaissance . The most important Italian potter of that period, Giorgio Andreoli , was active in Gubbio during the early 16th century. The town's most famous story is that of "The Wolf of Gubbio "; a man eating wolf that was tamed by St. Francis of Assisi and who then became a docile resident of the city. The legend

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1806-539: Was given up to pasture , and the mountains were covered with forests, which abounded in wild boars, bears and wolves. Lucanian art mainly survives in Lucanian vase painting and paintings from tombs, which the elite commissioned in rather large numbers, like the Etruscans but unlike their Roman and Greek neighbours. There is a good display in the museum at Paestum . A high proportion feature horses, often racing. Vase painting

1849-459: Was practiced between about 420 BC and 335 BC, and at its height vases were exported to all Apulia . The painters, some of whom have been assigned notnames , were probably Greek emigres, or trained in Greece - probably Athens to judge by their styles. Umbrian language Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria . Within

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