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107-511: Melvin James Brooks ( né   Kaminsky ; born June 28, 1926) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. With a career spanning over seven decades, he is known as a writer and director of a variety of successful broad farces and parodies . A recipient of numerous accolades , he is one of 21 entertainers to win the EGOT , which includes an Emmy Award , a Grammy Award , an Academy Award , and

214-448: A Random House book launch of Moss Hart ' s autobiography, Act One , at Mamma Leone's , Mel Tolkin (standing in for Carl Reiner) and Mel Brooks performed, and it was later recalled by Kenneth Tynan . Reiner played the straight-man interviewer and set Brooks up as anything from a Tibetan monk to an astronaut. As Reiner explained: "In the evening, we'd go to a party and I'd pick a character for him to play. I never told him what it

321-606: A Robin Hood parody that lasted only 13 episodes. Nearly 20 years later, in response to the 1991 hit film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves , Brooks mounted another Robin Hood parody, Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993). It resurrected several pieces of dialogue from his TV series, and from earlier Brooks films. After his two hit films Brooks got a call from Ron Clark who had an audacious idea:

428-586: A Tony Award . He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2009, a Hollywood Walk of Fame star in 2010, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2013, a British Film Institute Fellowship in 2015, a National Medal of Arts in 2016, a BAFTA Fellowship in 2017, and the Honorary Academy Award in 2024. Brooks began his career as a comic and a writer for Sid Caesar 's variety show Your Show of Shows from 1950 to 1954. With Carl Reiner , he created

535-582: A corporal . After the war, Brooks's mother had secured him a job as a clerk at the Brooklyn Navy Yard , but Brooks "got into a taxi and ordered the driver to take him to the Catskills", where he started working in various Borscht Belt resorts and nightclubs in the Catskill Mountains as a drummer and pianist. When a regular comic at one of the clubs was too sick to perform, Brooks started working as

642-480: A musical , which was hugely successful on Broadway and received an unprecedented 12 Tony awards. In 2000, Roger Ebert included The Producers in his canon of Great Movies, and remembered being in an elevator with Brooks and Anne Bancroft shortly after the movie was released: "A woman got on the elevator, recognized him and said, 'I have to tell you, Mr. Brooks, that your movie is vulgar.' Brooks smiled benevolently. 'Lady', he said, 'it rose below vulgarity. ' " With

749-442: A woman's surname at birth that has been replaced or changed. In most English-speaking cultures, it is specifically applied to a woman's maiden name after her surname has changed due to marriage. The term né can be used to denote a man's surname at birth that has subsequently been replaced or changed. The diacritic mark (the acute accent ) over the e is considered significant to its spelling, and ultimately its meaning, but

856-587: A Dirty Rotten Fraud was an autobiographical script based on his marriage. By 1966, Brooks was "living in a fairly old but comfortable New York town house". Brooks married actress Anne Bancroft in 1964, and they remained together for 41 years until her death in 2005. They met at a rehearsal for the Perry Como Variety Show in 1961, and were married three years later on August 5, 1964, at the Manhattan Marriage Bureau . Their son, Max Brooks ,

963-405: A Nobel Prize–winning psychologist who suffers from " high anxiety ". By 1980, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert had referred to Mel Brooks and Woody Allen as "the two most successful comedy directors in the world today ... America's two funniest filmmakers". Released that year was the dramatic film The Elephant Man directed by David Lynch and produced by Brooks. Knowing that anyone seeing

1070-506: A black hero." When Gene Wilder replaced Gig Young as the Waco Kid, he did so only when Brooks agreed that his next film would be a script that Wilder had been working on: a spoof of the Universal series of Frankenstein films from several decades earlier. After the filming of Blazing Saddles was completed, Wilder and Brooks began writing the script for Young Frankenstein and shot it in

1177-504: A cameo appearance as an alcoholic ex-serf who "yearns for the regular beatings of yesteryear". The film was shot in Yugoslavia with a budget of $ 1.5 million. It received poor reviews and was not financially successful. Brooks then wrote an adaptation of Oliver Goldsmith 's She Stoops to Conquer , but was unable to sell the idea to any studio and believed that his career was over. In 1972, he met agent David Begelman , who helped him set up

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1284-492: A character from Dostoevsky's The Idiot . And the name Leo Bloom is a reference to Leopold Bloom, hero of Joyce 's Ulysses . Regarding religion, Brooks stated, "I'm rather secular. I'm basically Jewish. But I think I'm Jewish not because of the Jewish religion at all. I think it's the relationship with the people and the pride I have. The tribe surviving so many misfortunes, and being so brave and contributing so much knowledge to

1391-662: A comedian at the age of 16, filling in for an ill MC. During his teens, he changed his name to Melvin Brooks, influenced by his mother's maiden name Brookman, after being confused with trumpeter Max Kaminsky . Brooks graduated from Eastern District High School in Williamsburg in January 1944 and intended to follow his older brother and enroll in Brooklyn College to study psychology. In early 1944, in his senior year in high school, Brooks

1498-444: A crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first." Starring Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, the series ran from 1965 until 1970, although Brooks had little involvement after the first season. It was highly rated for most of its production and won seven Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. During

1605-444: A dart out of the window in a scene with Kenneth Mars. Composer John Morris again provided the score, and Universal monsters special effects veteran Kenneth Strickfaden worked on the film. Young Frankenstein was the third-highest-grossing film domestically of 1974, just behind Blazing Saddles with a gross of $ 86 million. It also received two Academy Award nominations for Adapted Screenplay and Best Sound . It received some of

1712-522: A deal with Warner Bros. to hire Brooks (as well as Richard Pryor , Andrew Bergman , Norman Steinberg , and Alan Uger ) as a script doctor for an unproduced script called Tex-X . Eventually, Brooks was hired as director for what became Blazing Saddles (1974), his third film. Blazing Saddles starred Cleavon Little , Gene Wilder , Harvey Korman , Slim Pickens , Madeline Kahn , Alex Karras , and Brooks himself, with cameos by Dom DeLuise and Count Basie . It had music by Brooks and John Morris, and

1819-597: A far warmer realm in which affection always outweighs irony." The production broke the Tony Award record with 12 wins, a record previously held for 37 years by Hello, Dolly! with 10 wins including the Tony Award for Best Musical . It led to a 2005 big-screen version of the Broadway adaptation/remake with Lane, Broderick, Gary Beach , and Roger Bart reprising their stage roles, and new cast members Uma Thurman and Will Ferrell . In early April 2006, Brooks began composing

1926-491: A little cash to throw him gags....At 24, Brooks got his break as a full-time writer. Brooks found more rewarding work behind the scenes, becoming a comedy writer for television. In 1949, his friend Sid Caesar hired him to write jokes for the DuMont/NBC series The Admiral Broadway Revue , paying him, off-the-books, $ 50 a week. In 1950, Caesar created the innovative variety comedy series Your Show of Shows and hired Brooks as

2033-429: A million copies in 1961. They eventually expanded their routine with two more albums in 1961 and 1962, a revival in 1973, a 1975 animated TV special, and a reunion album in 1998. At one point, when Brooks had financial and career struggles, the record sales from the 2000 Year Old Man were his chief source of income. Brooks adapted the 2000 Year Old Man character to create the 2500-Year-Old Brewmaster for Ballantine Beer in

2140-468: A mind.' The book was Dead Souls by the magnificent genius Nikolai Gogol . It was a revelation. I'd never read anything like it. It was hysterically funny and incredibly moving at the same time... It was a life-changing gift, and I still read it once a year to remind myself of what great comic writing can be." Brooks and co-writer Reiner had become close friends and began to casually improvise comedy routines when they were not working. In October 1959, for

2247-587: A modest budget of $ 2.6 million. A satire on the Western film genre, it references older films such as Destry Rides Again (1939), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), High Noon (1952) and Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). In a surreal sequence towards the end, it references the extravagant musicals of Busby Berkeley . Despite mixed reviews, Blazing Saddles was a success with younger audiences. It became

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2354-494: A nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance for his role as the narrator in the series. Brooks is one of the few people who have received an Oscar , an Emmy , a Tony , and a Grammy . He won his first Grammy for Best Spoken Comedy Album in 1999 for his recording of The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 with Carl Reiner . His two other Grammys came in 2002 for Best Musical Show Album for

2461-423: A parody of science fiction, mainly Star Wars . It starred Bill Pullman , John Candy , Rick Moranis , Daphne Zuniga , Dick Van Patten, Joan Rivers , Dom DeLuise, and Brooks. In 1989, Brooks (with co-executive producer Alan Spencer ) made another attempt at television success with the sitcom The Nutt House , featuring Brooks regulars Harvey Korman and Cloris Leachman. It was originally broadcast on NBC, but

2568-409: A person's name include middle names , diminutive forms, changes relating to parental status (due to one's parents' divorce or adoption by different parents), and gender transition . The French and English-adopted née is the feminine past participle of naître , which means "to be born". Né is the masculine form. The term née , having feminine grammatical gender , can be used to denote

2675-451: A poster reading "Mel Brooks presents The Elephant Man " would expect a comedy, he set up the company Brooksfilms . It has since produced a number of non-comedy films, including Frances (1982), The Fly (1986), and 84 Charing Cross Road (1987) starring Anthony Hopkins and Anne Bancroft—as well as comedies, including Richard Benjamin 's My Favorite Year (1982), partially based on Mel Brooks's real life. Brooks sought to purchase

2782-531: A press conference for All American , a reporter asked, "What are you going to do next?" and Brooks replied, "Springtime for Hitler," perhaps riffing on Springtime for Henry . For several years, Brooks toyed with a bizarre and unconventional idea about a musical comedy of Adolf Hitler . He explored the idea as a novel and a play before finally writing a script. He eventually found two producers to fund it, Joseph E. Levine and Sidney Glazier , and made his first feature film, The Producers (1968). The Producers

2889-528: A reputation in New York City. Kenneth Tynan saw the comedy duo perform at a party in 1959 and wrote that Brooks "was the most original comic improvisor I had ever seen". In 1960, Brooks, without his family, moved from New York to Hollywood, returning in 1961. He and Reiner began performing the "2000 Year Old Man" act on The Steve Allen Show . Their performances led to the release of the comedy album 2000 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks that sold over

2996-552: A salary of $ 5,000 a week on Your Show of Shows and Caesar's Hour , his salary dropped to $ 85 a week as a freelance writer. For five years he had few gigs , and was living in Greenwich Village on Perry Street in a fourth-floor walk-up. In 1960, to escape his situation, Brooks moved in with a friend, in Los Angeles. In 1961, after his return to New York, he found that Baum had begun suing him for legal separation. Marriage Is

3103-413: A southern science professor at a large university who uses the principles of engineering on the college's football team and the team begins to win games. It was directed by Joshua Logan , who script-doctored the second act and added a gay subtext to the plot. It ran for 80 performances and received two Tony Award nominations. The animated short film The Critic (1963), a satire of arty, esoteric cinema,

3210-485: A specialist. Brooks has stated that when he heard Germans singing over loudspeakers, he responded by singing into a bullhorn , Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye!) by American-Jewish singer Al Jolson . Brooks spent time in the stockade after taking an anti-Semitic heckler's helmet off and smashing him in the head with his mess kit. His unit constructed the first Bailey bridge over the Roer River , later building bridges over

3317-675: A stand-up comic, telling jokes and doing movie-star impressions. He also began acting in summer stock in Red Bank, New Jersey, and did some radio work. He eventually worked his way up to the comically aggressive job of tummler at Grossinger's , one of the Borscht Belt's most famous resorts. In the years after the war, Brooks's hero was comedian Sid Caesar. Back in New York, Brooks would slink around trying to catch Caesar in between meetings to pitch him joke ideas. Eventually Caesar cracked and paid Brooks

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3424-445: A writer along with Carl Reiner , Neil Simon , Danny Simon , and head writer Mel Tolkin . The writing staff proved widely influential. Reiner, as creator of The Dick Van Dyke Show , based Morey Amsterdam 's character Buddy Sorell on Brooks. Likewise, the film My Favorite Year (1982) is loosely based on Brooks's experiences as a writer on the show including an encounter with the actor Errol Flynn . Neil Simon's play Laughter on

3531-494: Is an homage to silent comedians Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton , among others. It was not as successful as Brooks's previous two films but did gross $ 36 million. Later that year, he was named fifth on the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll . Reviews were generally favorable; Roger Ebert praised it as "not only funny, but fun. It's clear at almost every moment that the filmmakers had a ball making it." Regarding

3638-466: Is based on anger and hostility. Growing up in Williamsburg, I learned to clothe it in comedy to spare myself problems—like a punch in the face." Brooks was a small, sickly boy who often was bullied and teased by his classmates because of his size. At age nine, he saw Anything Goes with William Gaxton , Ethel Merman and Victor Moore at the Alvin Theater . After the show, he told his uncle that he

3745-430: Is filled with one-liners and the occasional breaking of the fourth wall . Robin Hood: Men in Tights was Brooks's second time exploring the life of Robin Hood (the first, as mentioned above, being his 1975 TV show When Things Were Rotten ). Life Stinks was a financial and critical failure, but is notable as the only film Brooks directed that is neither a parody nor a film about other films or theater. ( The Twelve Chairs

3852-489: Is his godfather. DeLuise's father Dom DeLuise was a frequent costar of Brooks in his earlier career. Brooks is a voracious reader; in a profile for The New Yorker , Kenneth Tynan describes "Brooks the secret connoisseur, worshiper of good writing, and expert on the Russian classics , with special reverence to Gogol , Turgenev , Dostoevski , and Tolstoy ." In The Producers , Bialystock refers to Bloom as "Prince Myshkin",

3959-417: Is sometimes omitted. According to Oxford University 's Dictionary of Modern English Usage , the terms are typically placed after the current surname (e.g., " Margaret Thatcher , née Roberts" or " Bill Clinton , né Blythe"). Since they are terms adopted into English (from French), they do not have to be italicized , but they often are. In Polish tradition , the term z domu (literally meaning "of

4066-532: The 78th Infantry Division as a forward artillery observer . In December 1944, a short while later, Brooks was transferred to the 1104th  Engineer Combat Battalion as a combat engineer , participating in the Battle of the Bulge . Of his experience there, Brooks noted: Along the roadside, you'd see bodies wrapped up in mattress covers and stacked in a ditch, and those would be Americans, that could be me. I sang all

4173-709: The AFI Life Achievement Award , in June 2013. In 2014 Brooks was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at TCL Chinese Theatre . His concrete handprints include a six-fingered left hand as he wore a prosthetic finger when making his prints. On March 20, 2015, he received a British Film Institute Fellowship from the British Film Institute . Brooks met Florence Baum, a dancer in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , on Broadway. They were married from 1953 until their divorce in 1962. They had three children. After earning

4280-744: The American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 comedy films of the past 100 years (1900–2000) , all of which were ranked in the top 15: Blazing Saddles at number 6, The Producers at number 11, and Young Frankenstein at number 13. Brooks was born Melvin James Kaminsky on a tenement kitchen table on June 28, 1926, in Brownsville, Brooklyn , to Kate ( née Brookman) and Max Kaminsky, and grew up in Williamsburg . His father's family were Polish Jews from Danzig (Gdańsk, Poland); his mother

4387-846: The Fort Dix , New Jersey , induction center, and was sent to the Field Artillery Replacement Training Center at Fort Sill, Oklahoma for basic training and radio operator training. Brooks was then sent back to Fort Dix for overseas assignment. Brooks says he boarded SS  Sea Owl at the Brooklyn Navy Yard around February 15, 1945. A reporter for the United States Department of Defense writes that Brooks arrived in France in November 1944, and later in Belgium, serving with

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4494-584: The Imperial Russian Army , dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History , no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations. The concentration of Jews in

4601-531: The Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Brooks has said that the film "has to do with love more than anything else. I mean when that black guy rides into that Old Western town and even a little old lady says 'Up yours, nigger!', you know that his heart is broken. So it's really the story of that heart being mended." Brooks described the film as "a Jewish western with

4708-536: The North Caucasus were removed from the Pale. Nicholas tried to remove all Jews from within 80 kilometres (50 mi) of the Austrian Empire 's border in 1843. In practice, this was very difficult to enforce, and the restrictions were lessened in 1858. Tsar Alexander II , who ruled 1855 to 1881, expanded the rights of rich and educated Jews to leave and live beyond the Pale, which led many Jews to believe that

4815-651: The Rhine river . In April 1945, Brooks's unit conducted its last reconnaissance missions in the Harz mountains , Germany. With the end of the war in Europe , Brooks joined the Special Services as a comic touring Army bases and he was made acting corporal , put in charge of entertainment at Wiesbaden , and performed at Fort Dix. In June 1946, Brooks was honorably discharged from the Army as

4922-482: The abdication of Nicholas II , and as revolution gripped Russia . On March 20 (April 2 N.S. ), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government decree, On the abolition of religious and national restrictions . The Second Polish Republic was reconstituted from much of the former territory of the Pale in the aftermath of World War I. Subsequently, most of the Jewish population of

5029-512: The 1960s. Interviewed by Dick Cavett in a series of ads, the Brewmaster (in a German accent, as opposed to the 2000 Year Old Man's Yiddish accent) said he was inside the original Trojan horse and "could've used a six-pack of fresh air". Brooks was involved in the creation of the Broadway musical All American which debuted on Broadway in 1962. He wrote the play with lyrics by Lee Adams and music by Charles Strouse . It starred Ray Bolger as

5136-433: The 23rd Floor (1993) is also loosely based on the production of the show, and the character Ira Stone is based on Brooks. Your Show of Shows ended in 1954 when performer Imogene Coca left to host her own show. Caesar then created Caesar's Hour with most of the same cast and writers (including Brooks and adding Woody Allen and Larry Gelbart ). It ran from 1954 until 1957. Brooks told The New York Times , "When I

5243-750: The Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of Hasidic dynasties flourished in the Pale. Thousands of followers of rebbes such as the Gerrer Rebbe Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (known as the Sfas Emes ), the Chernobyler Rebbe , and the Vizhnitzer Rebbe flocked to their towns for the Jewish holidays and followed their rebbes' minhagim ( Hebrew : מנהגים , Jewish practices) in their own homes. The tribulations of Jewish life in

5350-483: The Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture , especially in Yiddish , developed in the shtetls (small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshivot (religious schools) and was also carried abroad. The Russian Empire during

5457-483: The Pale might soon be abolished. These hopes vanished when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 . Rumors spread that he had been assassinated by Jews, and in the aftermath anti-Jewish sentiment skyrocketed. Anti-Jewish pogroms rocked the country from 1881 through 1884 . The reactionary Temporary regulations regarding the Jews of 1881 prohibited any new Jewish settlement outside of the Pale. The laws also granted peasants

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5564-496: The Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholem Aleichem , whose novel Tevye der Milkhiger ( Yiddish : טבֿיה דער מילכיקער , Tevye the Milkman , in the form of the narration of Tevye from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production Fiddler on the Roof . Because of

5671-510: The Pale, and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations. This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving dowries to poor brides, kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans. One outgrowth of

5778-502: The Pale, and reignited the study of the Talmud in Russia. After 1886, the Jewish quota was applied to education, with the percentage of Jewish students limited to no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kiev. The quotas in the capitals, however, were increased slightly in 1908 and 1915. Amid the difficult conditions in which

5885-710: The Pale, coupled with Tsar Alexander III 's "fierce hatred of the Jews", and the rumors that Jews had been involved in the assassination of his father Tsar Alexander II, made them easy targets for pogroms and anti-Jewish riots by the majority population. These, along with the repressive May Laws , often devastated whole communities. Though attacks occurred throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating Russian pogroms occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906, targeting hundreds of communities, assaulting thousands of Jews, and causing considerable property damage. Jews typically could not engage in agriculture due to restrictions on Jews owning land and farming in

5992-469: The Recruit Charter of 1810), and their families had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. In some periods, special dispensations were given for Jews to live in the major imperial cities, but these were tenuous, and several thousand Jews were expelled to the Pale from Moscow as late as 1891. The extremely restrictive decrees and recurrent pogroms led to much emigration from the Pale, mainly to

6099-747: The Russian Empire. At times, by imperial decree Jews were forbidden to live in agricultural communities, or certain cities, (as in Kiev , Sevastopol and Yalta ), and were forced to move to small provincial towns, thus fostering the rise of the shtetls . Jewish merchants of the First Guild ( купцы первой гильдии , the wealthiest sosloviye of merchants in the Russian Empire), people with higher or special education, university students, artisans , army tailors, ennobled Jews, soldiers (drafted in accordance with

6206-568: The United States and Western Europe. However, emigration could not keep up with birth rates and expulsion of Jews from other parts of the Russian Empire, and thus the Jewish population of the Pale continued to grow. During World War I, the Pale lost its rigid hold on the Jewish population when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army. The Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when

6313-468: The administrator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of the ministers of the imperial court and the military (that is, palace suburbs of Petrograd and the frontline). The Pale formally came to an end soon after

6420-564: The area would perish in the Holocaust one generation later. Jewish life in the shtetls ( Yiddish : שטעטלעך shtetlekh "little towns") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and poverty-stricken. Following the Jewish religious tradition of tzedakah (charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewish soldiers conscripted into

6527-447: The best reviews of Brooks's career. Even notoriously hard-to-please critic Pauline Kael liked it, saying: "Brooks makes a leap up as a director because, although the comedy doesn't build, he carries the story through ... [He] even has a satisfying windup, which makes this just about the only comedy of recent years that doesn't collapse." In 1975, at the height of his movie career, Brooks tried TV again with When Things Were Rotten ,

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6634-692: The cast album of The Producers and for Best Long Form Music Video for the DVD Recording the Producers: A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks . He won his first of four Emmy awards in 1967 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety for a Sid Caesar special, and won Emmys in 1997, 1998, and 1999 for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role of Uncle Phil on Mad About You . He won his Academy Award for Original Screenplay (Oscar) in 1968 for The Producers . He won his three Tony awards in 2001 for his work on

6741-463: The comedy sketch The 2000 Year Old Man , and together, they released several comedy albums, starting with 2000 Year Old Man in 1960. With Buck Henry , he created the hit television comedy series Get Smart , which starred Don Adams and ran from 1965 to 1970. Brooks won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for The Producers (1967). He then rose to prominence becoming one of

6848-524: The concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern yeshiva system. Prior to the Pale, schools to study the Talmud were a luxury. This began to change when the rabbi Chaim of Volozhin began a sort of national-level yeshiva. In 1803, he founded the Volozhin Yeshiva and began to attract large number of students from around the Pale. The Tsarist authorities were not pleased with

6955-662: The country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire ) and Austria-Hungary . Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Cossack Hetmanate , the Ottoman Empire (with Yedisan ), Crimean Khanate , and eastern Principality of Moldavia ( Bessarabia ). Life in

7062-482: The edge of a diving board wearing a derby and a large alpaca overcoat with two suitcases full of rocks, and then announced: "Business is terrible! I can't go on!" before jumping, fully clothed into the pool. He was taught by Buddy Rich (who had also grown up in Williamsburg) how to play the drums, and started to earn money as a musician when he was 14. During his time as a drummer, he was given his first opportunity as

7169-456: The empire's (former Muscovy's) Jewish population had been rather limited. The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of Polish–Lithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population. At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world's Jewish population at that time. The freedom of movement of non-Jewish imperial subjects

7276-653: The end of the Russian Empire as a result of the February Revolution . The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus , a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Imperial Russian hands in 1772, with the First Partition of Poland . At the time, most Jews (and in fact most imperial subjects) were restricted in their movements. The Pale came into being under

7383-446: The entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth register may by that fact alone become the person's legal name . The assumption in the Western world is often that the name from birth (or perhaps from baptism or brit milah ) will persist to adulthood in the normal course of affairs—either throughout life or until marriage. Some reasons for changes of

7490-416: The existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian , in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy ,

7597-688: The film's inside jokes, Ebert wrote that "the thing about Brooks's inside jokes is that their outsides are funny, too." High Anxiety (1977), Brooks's parody of Freudian psychoanalysis , as well as the films of Alfred Hitchcock , was written by Brooks, Ron Clark, Rudy De Luca , and Barry Levinson , and was the first movie Brooks produced himself. Starring Brooks, Madeline Kahn, Cloris Leachman , Harvey Korman, Ron Carey , Howard Morris , and Dick Van Patten , it satirizes such Hitchcock films as Vertigo , Spellbound , Psycho , The Birds , North by Northwest , Dial M for Murder and Suspicion . Brooks plays Professor Richard H. (Harpo) Thorndyke,

7704-442: The first feature-length silent comedy in four decades. Silent Movie (1976) was written by Brooks and Clark, and starred Brooks in his first leading role, with Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Sid Caesar , Bernadette Peters , and in cameo roles playing themselves: Paul Newman , Burt Reynolds , James Caan , Liza Minnelli , Anne Bancroft , and the mime Marcel Marceau , who uttered the film's only word of audible dialogue: "Non!" It

7811-403: The following areas were added: After 1805 the Pale gradually shrank, and became limited to the following areas: Rural areas for 50 versts (53 km) from the western border were closed for new settlement of the Jews. In 1917 Congress Poland did not belong to the Pale of Settlement but Jews were allowed to settle there. According to the 1897 census, the governates or guberniyas had

7918-492: The full company sings, "next year, Blazing Saddles !" In 2010, Brooks confirmed this, saying that the musical could be finished within a year; however, no creative team or plan has been announced. In 2021, at age 95, Brooks published a memoir titled All About Me! . On October 18, 2021, it was announced that Brooks would write and produce History of the World, Part II , a follow-up TV series on Hulu to his 1981 movie . He received

8025-592: The harsh conditions of day-to-day life in the Pale, some two million Jews emigrated from there between 1881 and 1914, mainly to the United States . The Pale of Settlement included the following areas. The ukase of Catherine the Great of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to: After the Second Partition of Poland , the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added: After the Third Partition of Poland ,

8132-415: The house", de domo in Latin ) may be used, with rare exceptions, meaning the same as née . Pale of Settlement The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day Belarus and Moldova , much of Lithuania , Ukraine and east-central Poland , and relatively small parts of Latvia and what is now the western Russian Federation . It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line inside

8239-562: The master inventor, in the animated film Robots (2005), and in the later animated film Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014) he had a cameo appearance as Albert Einstein . He returned, to voice Dracula's father, Vlad , in Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015) and Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018). Brooks joked about the concept of a musical adaptation of Blazing Saddles in the final number in Young Frankenstein , in which

8346-425: The moderate financial success of the film The Producers , Glazier financed Brooks's next film, The Twelve Chairs (1970). Loosely based on Ilf and Petrov 's 1928 Russian novel of the same name about greedy materialism in post-revolutionary Russia, it stars Ron Moody , Frank Langella and Dom DeLuise as three men individually searching for a fortune in diamonds hidden in a set of 12 antique chairs. Brooks makes

8453-504: The most successful film directors of the 1970s with The Twelve Chairs (1970), Blazing Saddles (1974), Young Frankenstein (1974), Silent Movie (1976), and High Anxiety (1977). Later Brooks made History of the World, Part I (1981), Spaceballs (1987), Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993), and Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995). A musical adaptation of his first film, The Producers , ran on Broadway from 2001 to 2007 and earned Brooks three Tony Awards . The project

8560-563: The musical The Producers , for Best Musical, Best Original Musical Score, and Best Book of a Musical. Brooks also won a Hugo Award and Nebula Award for Young Frankenstein . In a 2005 poll by Channel 4 to find The Comedian's Comedian , he was voted No. 50 of the top 50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. The American Film Institute (AFI) lists three of Brooks's films on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list: Blazing Saddles (#6), The Producers (#11), and Young Frankenstein (#13). On December 5, 2009, Brooks

8667-509: The nationwide college circuit , then in revivals and on home video. It premiered to a limited audience in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on November 22, 1967, before achieving a wide release in 1968. Peter Sellers personally championed the film, paying out of pocket to take out full page ads in Variety and The New York Times . Brooks, along with his collaborator Thomas Meehan , later adapted it into

8774-470: The network aired only five of the eleven produced episodes before canceling the series. During the next decade, Brooks directed Life Stinks (1991), Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993), and Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995). People magazine wrote, "Anyone in a mood for a hearty laugh couldn't do better than Robin Hood: Men in Tights , which gave fans a parody of Robin Hood , especially Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves ." Like Brooks's other films, it

8881-506: The right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns. The laws were anything but temporary, and would be in full effect until at least 1903. In 1910, Jewish members of the State Duma proposed the abolition of the Pale, but the power dynamic of Duma meant that the bill never had a realistic chance to pass. Far-right political elements in the Duma responded by proposing that all Jews be expelled from

8988-630: The rights to 84 Charing Cross Road for his wife, Anne Bancroft, for many years. He also produced the comedy Fatso (1980) that Bancroft directed. In 1981, Brooks joked that the only genres that he hadn't spoofed were historical epics and Biblical spectacles. History of the World Part I was a tongue-in-cheek look at human culture from the Dawn of Man to the French Revolution . Written, produced and directed by Brooks, with narration by Orson Welles , it

9095-486: The rule of Catherine the Great in 1791, initially as a measure to speed colonization of territory on the Black Sea recently acquired from the Ottoman Empire . Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do business in non-Pale Russia. The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since, until then,

9202-418: The run, chasing—and being pursued". Brooks endorsed Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election in his first-ever public endorsement of a political candidate. He endorsed Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election . Interviews Birth name#Maiden and married names A birth name is the name given to a person upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname , the given name , or

9309-448: The school and sought to make it more secular, eventually closing it in 1879. The authorities re-opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions and to teach Russian language and culture. This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892. Regardless, the school had great impact: its students went on to form many new yeshivas in

9416-693: The score to a Broadway musical adaptation of Young Frankenstein , which he says is "perhaps the best movie [he] ever made". The world premiere was at Seattle's Paramount Theater, between August 7, 2007, and September 1, 2007, after which it opened on Broadway at the former Lyric Theater (then the Hilton Theatre), New York, on October 11, 2007. It earned mixed reviews from the critics. In the 2000s, Brooks worked on an animated series sequel to Spaceballs called Spaceballs: The Animated Series , which premiered on September 21, 2008, on G4 TV . Brooks has also supplied vocal roles for animation. He voiced Bigweld,

9523-539: The second-highest US grossing film of 1974, grossing $ 119.5 million in the United States and Canada. It was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Madeline Kahn, Best Film Editing , and Best Music, Original Song . It won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen ; and in 2006 it was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by

9630-429: The spring of 1974. It starred Wilder, Marty Feldman , Peter Boyle , Teri Garr , Madeline Kahn , Cloris Leachman and Kenneth Mars , with Gene Hackman in a cameo role. Brooks' voice can be heard three times: as the wolf howl when the characters are on their way to the castle; as the voice of Victor Frankenstein, when the characters discover the laboratory; and as the sound of a cat when Gene Wilder accidentally throws

9737-432: The state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature. The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army, and then ultimately in 1917 with

9844-510: The time ... I never wanted to think about it ... Death is the enemy of everyone, and even though you hate Nazis, death is more of an enemy than a German soldier. Stationed in Saarbrücken and Baumholder , the battalion was responsible for clearing booby-trapped buildings and defusing land mines as the Allies advanced into Nazi Germany. Brooks was tasked with land mine location; defusing was done by

9951-431: The world and showing courage". Brooks has consistently expressed pride in his Jewish identity. In 2021, Brooks told NPR's Terry Gross : "I love being a Jew, I love Jewish humor..." On Jewish cinema, Brooks said, "They can be anything and anywhere ... if there's a tribal thing, like, the 'please God, protect us' feeling ... we don't know where and how it's gonna come out. Avatar was a Jewish movie ... these people on

10058-509: Was a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant from Kyiv , in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine). He had three older brothers: Irving, Lenny, and Bernie. His father died of tuberculosis of the kidney at 34 when Brooks was two years old. He has said of his father's death, "There's an outrage there. I may be angry at God, or at the world, for that. And I'm sure a lot of my comedy

10165-430: Was a fledgling comedy writer working for Sid Caesar on Your Show of Shows , our head writer was Mel Tolkin... I really looked up to him. (By the way, I was 5-foot-7 and he was six feet tall.) He was a bona fide intellectual, thoroughly steeped in the traditions of great Russian literature. One day he handed me a book. He said to me, 'Mel, you're an animal from Brooklyn, but I think you have the beginnings of something called

10272-463: Was a parody of the original novel.) Brooks created the musical adaptation of his film The Producers on the Broadway in 2001. The production starring Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick received critical acclaim and was a significant box office success. The New York Times theatre critic Ben Brantley praised the production writing, "Mr. Brooks has taken what could have been overblown camp into

10379-459: Was another modest financial hit, earning $ 31 million. It received mixed critical reviews. Critic Pauline Kael , who for years had been critical of Brooks, said, "Either you get stuck thinking about the bad taste or you let yourself laugh at the obscenity in the humor as you do Buñuel 's perverse dirty jokes." Brooks produced and starred in (but did not write or direct) a remake of Ernst Lubitsch 's 1942 film To Be or Not to Be . His 1983 version

10486-484: Was born in 1972. In 2010, Brooks credited Bancroft as "the guiding force" behind his involvement in developing The Producers and Young Frankenstein for the musical theater, saying of an early meeting with her: "From that day, until her death ... we were glued together." He has remained single since she died, stating in 2023 that "Once you are married to Anne Bancroft, others don't seem to be appealing". According to David DeLuise on Wizards of Waverley Pod , Brooks

10593-483: Was conceived by Brooks and directed by Ernest Pintoff . Brooks supplied running commentary as the baffled moviegoer trying to make sense of the obscure visuals. It won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film . With comedy writer Buck Henry , Brooks created a TV comedy show titled Get Smart , about a bumbling James Bond –inspired spy. Brooks said, "I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do

10700-411: Was directed by Alan Johnson and starred Brooks, Anne Bancroft, Charles Durning , Tim Matheson , Jose Ferrer and Christopher Lloyd . It generated international publicity by featuring a controversial song on its soundtrack—" To Be or Not to Be (The Hitler Rap) "—satirizing German society in the 1940s, with Brooks playing Hitler. The second movie Brooks directed in the 1980s was Spaceballs (1987),

10807-415: Was going to be." On one of these occasions, Reiner's suggestion concerned a 2000-year-old man who had witnessed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (who "came in the store but never bought anything"), had been married several hundred times and had "over forty-two thousand children, and not one comes to visit me". At first Brooks and Reiner only performed the routine for friends but, by the late 1950s, it gained

10914-421: Was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale. The name "Pale of Settlement" first arose under the rule of Tsar Nicholas I . Under his rule (1825 to 1855), the Pale gradually shrank and became more restrictive. In 1827, Jews living in Kiev were severely restricted by imperial decree. In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and

11021-464: Was not going to work in the garment district like everyone else but instead wanted to go into show business. When Brooks was 14 he gained employment as a pool-side tummler (entertainer) at the Butler Lodge, a second-rate Borscht Belt hotel, where he met 18-year-old Sid Caesar . Brooks kept his guests amused with his crazy antics. In a Playboy interview, he explained that one day he stood at

11128-628: Was one of five recipients of the 2009 Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC. He was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 23, 2010, with a motion pictures star located at 6712 Hollywood Boulevard . American Masters produced a biography on Brooks which premiered May 20, 2013, on PBS . The AFI presented Brooks with its highest tribute,

11235-693: Was recruited to take the Army General Classification Test , a Stanford-Binet -type IQ test . He made high scores and was sent to the Army Specialized Training Program at the Virginia Military Institute to be taught electrical engineering , horse riding, and saber fighting. In 1944, Brooks was drafted into the Army. Twelve weeks later, when he turned 18, he officially joined the United States Army at

11342-531: Was remade into a musical film in 2005 . He wrote and produced the Hulu series History of the World, Part II (2023). Brooks was married to actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death in 2005. Their son Max Brooks is an actor and author, known for his novel World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War (2006). In 2021, Mel Brooks published his memoir titled All About Me! . Three of his films are included on

11449-476: Was so brazen in its satire that major studios would not touch it, nor would many exhibitors. Brooks finally found an independent distributor who released it as an art film, a specialized attraction. At the 41st Academy Awards , Brooks won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film over fellow writers Stanley Kubrick and John Cassavetes . The Producers became a smash underground hit, first on

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