Brooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City , United States. It is part of the City University of New York system and as of 2019 enrolls over 17,000 undergraduate and over 2,800 graduate students on a 35-acre (14 ha) campus in the Midwood and Flatbush sections of Brooklyn.
140-826: New York City's first public coeducational liberal arts college , the college was formed in 1930 by the merger of the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College (centered in Manhattan ), then a women's college , and of the City College of New York (also Manhattan), then a men's college , both established in 1926. Once tuition-free, the city's 1975 fiscal crisis ended the free tuition policy. The college also consolidated to its main campus. Prominent alumni of Brooklyn College include US senators, federal judges, US financial chairmen, Olympians, CEOs, and recipients of Academy Awards , Emmy Awards , Pulitzer Prizes , and Nobel Prizes . Brooklyn College
280-419: A harbinger of a new anti-authoritarian , anti-repressive sensibility. According to the modern stereotype, earlier middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. To this mentality are attributed strongly defined gender roles, which led to a minority reaction in the form of the free-love movement. While the phrase free love is often associated with promiscuity in
420-837: A high school education. Effat University in Saudi Arabia, a women's institution, is a member of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance. Israel's first liberal arts college, Shalem College , was established in 2013. Three institutions in Africa are members of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance: Al Akhawayn University in Morocco, American University of Cairo in Egypt, and American University of Nigeria . The Egyptian and Nigerian schools are universities with
560-444: A "special revolutionary militant section": he saw this as "corrupt and degenerate". Despite the traditional marital lives of Lenin and most Bolsheviks, they believed that sexual relations were outside the jurisdiction of the state. The Soviet government abolished centuries-old Czarist regulations on personal life, which had prohibited homosexuality and made it difficult for women to obtain divorce permits or to live singly. However, by
700-507: A Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship of up to $ 4,000 for every year of their undergraduate study at Brooklyn College and a laptop computer. The Coordinated Honors Engineering Program offers a course of study equivalent to the first two years at any engineering school. Students who maintain the required academic level are guaranteed transfer to one of the three coordinating schools— New York University Tandon School of Engineering , City College of New York School of Engineering, and
840-732: A Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship that provides full tuition for their two years of full-time undergraduate study in the Coordinated Engineering Program. As members of the Honors Academy, Engineering Honors students take advantage of individual advising, faculty consultation, and early registration. In the Commons they find study facilities, computer access, academic, scholarship, internship, and career opportunities, and, above all, intellectual stimulation among other talented students like themselves. Students applying to
980-585: A Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969, Saint Louis University Madrid Campus , established in 1967, and Richmond, The American International University in London , established in 1972 only recently have efforts been made to import the American liberal arts college model to Europe. In the Netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology " university college " since
1120-446: A book of nearly 350 pages comprising most of his writings on sexuality. In a text from 1937, he mentioned among the individualist objectives the practice of forming voluntary associations for purely sexual purposes of heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual nature or of a combination thereof. He also supported the right of individuals to change sex and stated his willingness to rehabilitate forbidden pleasures, non-conformist caresses (he
1260-1176: A commitment to truth and reconciliation with indigenous communities. Most liberal arts colleges are private institutions, but a handful of public liberal arts schools exist (such as the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia). According to U.S. News & World Report , the top ten ranked Liberal Arts Colleges in America for 2022 were: Williams College , Amherst College , Swarthmore College , Pomona College , Wellesley College , Bowdoin College , United States Naval Academy , Claremont McKenna College , Carleton College , and Middlebury College , based on institutional stats and proprietary questionnaires . Liberal arts colleges in Canada include Acadia University , Bishop's University , Glendon College of York University , Mount Allison University , St. Francis Xavier University , St. Thomas University , Trent University , University of Lethbridge , and
1400-518: A fellow inmate. Wollstonecraft makes it clear that "women had strong sexual desires and that it was degrading and immoral to pretend otherwise." Wollstonecraft felt that women should not give up freedom and control of their sexuality, and thus did not marry her partner, Gilbert Imlay , despite the two conceiving and having a child together in the midst of the Terror of the French Revolution. Though
1540-420: A form of prostitution. The best-known British advocate of free love was the philosopher Bertrand Russell , later Third Earl Russell, who said that he did not believe he really knew a woman until he had made love with her. Russell consistently addressed aspects of free love throughout his voluminous writings, and was not personally content with conventional monogamy until extreme old age. His most famous work on
SECTION 10
#17328511496701680-449: A liberal arts component, but Al Akhawayn was founded on the model of an American liberal arts college. Ashesi University is a liberal arts college located in Berekuso, Ghana , established in 2002. The school's president, Patrick Awuah , described the school's mission as "educating a new generation of leaders in Africa who think ethically and who are problem solvers and have the ability and
1820-652: A merger between Yale-NUS College and the NUS University Scholars Programme. Kalayaan College in the Philippines is one of the best examples of a liberal arts college in the country. Located in the New Manila district of Quezon City , it was founded in 2000 by former educators from the University of the Philippines led by José Abueva , President of the University from 1987 to 1993 and current Chairman of
1960-444: A natural impulse like hunger or thirst, involves more than that, because no one is "satisfied by the bare sexual act". He argued that abstinence enhances the pleasure of sex, which is better when it "has a large psychical element than when it is purely physical". Russell noted that for a marriage to work requires that there "be a feeling of complete equality on both sides; there must be no interference with mutual freedom; there must be
2100-511: A newly-appointed dean of administration, Dante Negro, said he was not bothered by the students' more casual dress "that makes it hard to distinguish between the sexes," calling it "a passing fad." On October 21, 1967, a front-page story in The New York Times reported that the college was virtually closed down by a strike of thousands of students angered by police action against antiwar demonstrators protesting U.S. Navy recruiters earlier in
2240-703: A number of Pulitzer Prize winners: author Frank McCourt (M.A. 1967), playwrights Howard Sackler (B.A. 1950) and Annie Baker (M.F.A. 2009), journalists Sylvan Fox (B.A. 1951), Stanley Penn (1947), and Harold C. Schonberg (B.A. 1937), photographer Max Desfor , and historian Oscar Handlin (B.A. 1934). Other notable alumni include Olympic fencers Ralph Goldstein and Nikki Franke (B.S. 1972), chess grandmaster and five-time U.S. champion Gata Kamsky (B.A. 1999), Jewish Defense League founder Meir Kahane (B.A. 1954), and civil rights activist Al Sharpton (1975). Liberal arts college A liberal arts college or liberal arts institution of higher education
2380-715: A number of "communistic" movements throughout the Middle Ages also rejected marriage. Typical of such movements, the Cathars of 10th to 14th century Western Europe freed followers from all moral prohibition and religious obligation, but respected those who lived simply, avoided the taking of human or animal life, and were celibate. Women had an uncommon equality and autonomy, even as religious leaders. The Cathars and similar groups (the Waldenses , Apostle brothers, Beghards and Beguines , Lollards , and Hussites ) were branded as heretics by
2520-1050: A proper college in the SNU, it has become the only college that allows students to create their own major. Liberal arts colleges in India include undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master's degree/diploma as well as doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic discipline. The highly ranked IIT Guwahati offers a "Master's Degree in Liberal Arts" . There are also programs such as Ajeenkya DY Patil University in Pune , India , Forman Christian College in Lahore , Pakistan , Aga Khan University and Habib University in Karachi , Pakistan and FLAME University in Pune , Maharashtra , India , referred to as India's 'first college of Liberal Education '. The University
2660-490: A rigorous selection process, with a maximum of 15 students selected every year. Each student selected to the program receives a Brooklyn College Presidential Scholarship. B.A.–M.D. students must engage in community service for three years, beginning in their lower sophomore semester. During one summer of their undergraduate studies, students are required to volunteer in a clinical setting where they are involved in direct patient care . B.A.–M.D. students are encouraged to major in
2800-510: A second wife into the house. His poetry suggests that external demands for marital fidelity reduce love to mere duty rather than authentic affection, and decries jealousy and egotism as a motive for marriage laws. Poems such as "Why should I be bound to thee, O my lovely Myrtle-tree?" and "Earth's Answer" seem to advocate multiple sexual partners. In his poem " London " he speaks of "the Marriage-Hearse" plagued by "the youthful Harlot's curse",
2940-553: A severe budget crunch in the 1988-1989 school year due to reductions in state financing; this resulted in fewer courses, larger classes, no new faculty and staff hirings, supply shortages, and deferral of maintenance of buildings and grounds. Vernon Lattin was the seventh president of Brooklyn College, from 1992 to 2000. During Lattin's tenure, Brooklyn College began a complete overhaul of campus buildings and vastly improved computer and Internet access for students and faculty. The college returned to intercollegiate sports competition and
SECTION 20
#17328511496703080-534: A specialty in non-technical coursework. It may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university. Most liberal arts colleges outside the United States follow this model. Liberal arts colleges are distinguished from other types of higher education chiefly by their generalist curricula and small size. These attributes have various secondary effects in terms of administration as well as student experience. For example, class size
3220-412: A stringent entrance exam. In 1932, architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a substantial plot that his employer owned in Brooklyn's Midwood section. Evans sketched a Georgian campus facing a central quadrangle , and anchored by a library building with a tower. Evans presented the sketches to the college's then president, Dr. William A. Boylan , who approved the layout. The land
3360-506: A strong general education, and was the only public institution among the top five. As of 1989, Brooklyn College ranked 11th in the US, and ahead of six of the eight Ivy League universities, by number of graduates who had acquired doctoral degrees. At Brooklyn College being called “the poor man’s Harvard,” President Hess quipped, “I like to think of Harvard as the rich man’s Brooklyn College.” Even as Brooklyn College rebounded academically, it suffered
3500-717: A two-year M.F.A. in Cinema Arts in the discipline of Producing , and a three-year M.F.A in Cinema Arts with five disciplines of Cinematography , Directing , Post-production , Screenwriting , and Digital Arts and Visual Effects. The school opened in the fall of 2015. The first graduating class was in Spring 2018. U.S. News & World Report ranked the school tied for 62nd overall as a Regional college (North region), 6th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", 15th in "Top Public Schools", and tied for 33rd in "Best Colleges for Veterans" for 2021. Brooklyn College athletic teams are nicknamed
3640-445: A vague free love but also multiple partners, which he called "plural love". In the individualist anarchist journal L'en dehors he and others continued in this way. Armand seized this opportunity to outline his theses supporting revolutionary sexualism and camaraderie amoureuse that differed from the traditional views of the partisans of free love in several respects. Later Armand submitted that from an individualist perspective nothing
3780-744: A woman. Of the four major free-love periodicals in the Reconstruction era , half had woman editors. To proponents of free love, the act of sex was not just about reproduction. Access to birth control was considered a means to women's independence, and leading birth-control activists also embraced free love. Sexual radicals remained focused on their attempts to uphold a woman's right to control her body and to freely discuss issues such as contraception , marital-sex abuse (emotional and physical), and sexual education . These people believed that by talking about female sexuality, they would help empower women. To help achieve this goal, such radical thinkers relied on
3920-442: Is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts of humanities and science. Such colleges aim to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional or vocational curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects, including general sciences as well as
4060-471: Is a member of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance has also recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) with Nuffield College , University of Oxford . Also, Ahmedabad University , a private, non-profit university offers its students a liberal education which is focused on research and interdisciplinary learning . Baghdad College has offered a liberal arts curriculum since the early 20th century, but despite its name it has never offered more than
4200-439: Is also a concern—for example, some jurisdictions do not recognize spousal rape , or they treat it less seriously than non-spousal rape. Free-love movements since the 19th century have also defended the right to publicly discuss sexuality and have battled obscenity laws. The history of free love is entwined with the history of feminism . From the late 18th century, leading feminists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft , have challenged
4340-464: Is bound In spells of law to one she loathes? and must she drag the chain Of life in weary lust? (5.21-3, E49) Blake believed that humans were "fallen", and that a major impediment to a free love society was corrupt human nature, not merely the intolerance of society and the jealousy of men, but the inauthentic hypocritical nature of human communication. He also seems to have thought that marriage should afford
Brooklyn College - Misplaced Pages Continue
4480-408: Is like to have the worst of it, for the man will be gone and leave them ... after he hath had his pleasure. ..... By seeking their own freedom they embondage others. The ideals of free love found their champion in one of the earliest English feminists , Mary Wollstonecraft . In her writings, Wollstonecraft challenged the institution of marriage, and advocated its abolition. Her novels criticized
4620-412: Is not to take away. In an act understood to support free love, the child of Wollstonecraft and Godwin, Mary , took up with the then still-married English romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1814 at the young age of sixteen. Shelley wrote in defence of free love in the prose notes of Queen Mab (1813), in his essay On Love ( c. 1815 ), and in the poem Epipsychidion (1821). Sharing
4760-569: Is the School of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. It offers a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts in which students can choose to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature. A new School of Liberal Arts has been formed in the University of Wollongong ; the new Arts course entitled 'Western Civilisation' was first offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on
4900-612: Is usually much lower at liberal arts colleges than at universities, and faculty at liberal arts colleges typically focus on teaching more than research. From a student perspective, a liberal arts college typically differs from other forms of higher education in the following areas: higher overall student satisfaction, a general feeling that professors take a personal interest in the student's education, and perception of encouragement to participate in discussion. Many students select liberal arts colleges with precisely this sense of personal connection in mind. From an administrative standpoint,
5040-764: The Association d'Études sexologiques and the Ligue mondiale pour la Réforme sexuelle sur une base scientifique . After the October Revolution in Russia, Alexandra Kollontai became the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration. Kollontai was also a champion of free love. However, Clara Zetkin recorded that Lenin opposed free love as "completely un-Marxist, and moreover, anti-social". Zetkin also recounted Lenin's denunciation of plans to organise Hamburg's women prostitutes into
5180-862: The Ernesto de la Cárcova Museum . From 1983 to 2013 the institute was part of the IUNA National University Institute for the Arts, and since 2014, the Ruanova Institute of Performing Arts and Higher Education, named after Maria Ruanova , became part of the UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes , (UNA) National University of the Arts With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland , established as
5320-634: The Faculty of Humanities, Charles University , a part of Charles University started providing liberal arts education in 1994 as the Institute for Liberal Education and gained full academic autonomy in 2000. Although liberal arts colleges as such remain rare, liberal arts degree programs are beginning to establish themselves in Europe. For example, University College Dublin offers the degree, as does St. Marys University College Belfast , both institutions coincidentally on
5460-475: The Global Liberal Arts Alliance , an international consortium and "matching service" to help liberal arts colleges in different countries deal with their shared problems. Keep in mind, U.S. News & World Report no longer provides rankings for liberal arts colleges at "global" universities. These colleges are members of the top 2,000 universities U.S. News & World Report ranks around
5600-589: The Kent State shootings and the Cambodian Campaign . President Kneller terminated classes, but kept campus buildings open for students and faculty, obtaining a court order against students occupying buildings. In October 1974, 200 Hispanic students took over the registrar's office to protest President Kneller's appointment of a chair of the Puerto Rican Studies Department different from that of
5740-858: The Leuphana University of Lüneburg with their Bachelor program Studium Individuale and the University College Freiburg in Germany. Bard College Berlin was founded in Berlin in 1999 as the European College of Liberal Arts, and in 2009 it introduced a 4-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English and leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities. In the Czech Republic,
Brooklyn College - Misplaced Pages Continue
5880-891: The University of California campuses in Santa Cruz and San Diego , developed a cluster colleges model in which small liberal-arts-college-like units within a larger university form a "honeycomb of residential colleges ". In addition, some universities have maintained a sub-unit that preserves many aspects of the liberal arts college, such as Columbia College within Columbia University. Liberal arts colleges themselves sometimes cluster to offer greater curricular breadth or share other resources (for instance Colgate University and Hamilton College in New York allow cross enrollment). In academia, liberal arts generally refer to subjects or skills that aim to provide general knowledge and comprise
6020-514: The University of King's College . The leading organization is the National Institute of Educators of Liberal Arts and Artistic Education "Instituto Nacional Superior del Profesorado en Artes" located in Buenos Aires , Argentina, initially created in 1923 by Ernesto de la Cárcova , under the name "Escuela Nacional Superior de Bellas Artes", the original school of Liberal Arts building became
6160-481: The age of consent ) are legitimate relations which should be respected by all third parties whether they are emotional or sexual relations. In addition, some free love writing has argued that both men and women have the right to sexual pleasure without social or legal restraints. In the Victorian era , this was a radical notion. Later, a new theme developed, linking free love with radical social change and depicting it as
6300-832: The humanities or social sciences . The Scholars Program is home to a small number of students with strong writing ability and academic record. Being the oldest honors program in the CUNY system, The Scholars Program has served as a model for many other honors programs nationwide. It was established in 1960 and is an interdisciplinary liberal arts program. The program offers honors-level Core courses and seminars as well as small, personalized classes. Upon graduation from Brooklyn College, many Scholars continue their education in competitive programs at top-ranked universities like Princeton, Yale, and New York University. The program accepts incoming freshmen in addition to matriculated sophomores and transfer students (up to 48 credits). Once admitted, they receive
6440-533: The 1967 Summer of Love , acknowledged in 2007 how many of the men who participated in the event viewed women as prone. A number of utopian social movements throughout history have shared a vision of free love. An early Christian sect known as the Adamites existed in North Africa in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries and rejected marriage. They practiced nudism and believed themselves to be without original sin . In
6580-402: The 1991–92 academic year. Men's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball. Their basketball program would find infamy for being the first reported incident of a potential bribe to fix a game against
6720-478: The 19th century; some 212 small liberal arts colleges were established between 1850 and 1899. As of 1987, there were about 540 liberal arts colleges in the United States. The oldest liberal arts college in America is considered to be Washington College , the first college chartered after American independence. Other prominent examples in the United States include the so-called Little Ivy colleges in New England ,
6860-539: The 2003 edition of The Best 345 Colleges , the Princeton Review named Brooklyn College as the most beautiful campus in the country and ranked it fifth in the nation for "Best Academic Bang for the Buck". Karen L. Gould was named the ninth president of Brooklyn College in 2009. Among her accomplishments were creating a new graduate film school and four new academic schools, new athletic fields, and increasing enrollment in
7000-603: The 26-acre campus bought in 2011. This increased the campus size to 35 acres. For four straight years, starting in 2018, U.S. News & World Report named Brooklyn College the most ethnically diverse college in the North Region. Brooklyn College has five schools: Beginning in 1981, the college instituted a group of classes that all undergraduates were required to take, called "Core Studies". The classes were: Classical Origins of Western Culture, Introduction to Art, Introduction to Music, People, Power, and Politics, The Shaping of
7140-538: The 6th century, adherents of Mazdakism in pre-Muslim Persia apparently supported a kind of free love in the place of marriage. One folk story from the period that contains a mention of a free-love (and nudist ) community under the sea is "The Tale of Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman" from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( c. 10th–12th century ). Karl Kautsky , writing in 1895, noted that
SECTION 50
#17328511496707280-579: The Beatniks in this new counterculture social rebellion, it has been acknowledged that the New Left movement was arguably the most prominent advocate of free love during the late 1960s. Many among the counterculture youth sided with New Left arguments that marriage was a symbol of the traditional capitalist culture which supported war. " Make Love Not War " became a popular slogan in the counterculture movement which denounced both war and capitalism. Images from
7420-767: The Bulldogs. The college is a member at the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); primarily competing in the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC) since the 1996–97 academic year (which they also competed in a previous stint from 1978–79 to 1979–80). The Bulldogs previously competed in the East Coast Conference at the Division I level during
7560-514: The Christian socialist writer John Humphrey Noyes , although he preferred to use the term ' complex marriage '. Noyes founded the Oneida Community in 1848, a utopian community that "[rejected] conventional marriage both as a form of legalism from which Christians should be free and as a selfish institution in which men exerted rights of ownership over women". He found scriptural justification: "In
7700-525: The College of Staten Island Engineering Science Program—to complete their bachelor's degree in engineering. Coordinating Engineering students have also transferred to the New York Institute of Technology , Stony Brook University , University of Wisconsin , University of Michigan , Cooper Union , and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Students admitted as incoming First-Year receive
7840-405: The Engineering Honors Program will also be considered for the Scholars Program. Barry R. Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema is the first public graduate film school in New York City. It is the only film school in America to have its own classroom on a film lot with the collaboration of Steiner Studios , the largest soundstage on the East Coast. The program offers a two-year M.A. in Cinema Studies,
7980-434: The Humanities also launched a new liberal education programme. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students. The first Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011, followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University 's Campus Gotland in
8120-452: The KC Board of Trustees. It offers the same kind of education provided by UP to qualified students who are unable to enter the country's premier state university because of its limited college quotas. The curriculum and grading system is patterned after the academic programs and the grade structure offered by the University of the Philippines and is composed of administrators and faculty members who graduated from UP, and/or are also members of
8260-415: The Light-Bearer (ed. Moses Harman ) and the German-language Detroit newspaper Der Arme Teufel (ed. Robert Reitzel). Organisations included the New England Free Love League, founded with the assistance of American libertarian socialist Benjamin Tucker as a spin-off from the New England Labor Reform League (NELRL). A minority of freethinkers also supported free love. The most radical free love journal
8400-474: The Midwood campus as the Brooklyn College's only campus. In the fall of 1976, with some 30,000 undergraduates enrolled, the college charged tuition for the first time. In January 1978, the college's Faculty Council approved a vote of "no confidence" in President Kneller on Wednesday and recommended to the Board of Higher Education that he be replaced. Brooklyn College's sixth president was Robert Hess , who served from 1979 to 1992. Hess initiated major changes in
8540-408: The Modern World, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning and Computer Programming, Landmarks of Literature, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geology, Studies in African, Asian, and Latin American Cultures, and Knowledge, Existence and Values. In 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11. In
SECTION 60
#17328511496708680-437: The Municipal University of Akron (now just the University of Akron ) on January 29, 1945, leading to five arrests against Brooklyn College's players in question. Another former basketball player of theirs, a previous captain named David Budin, would later be involved as a part of the 1961 NCAA University Division men's basketball gambling scandal as a late addition for Jack Molinas ' rigging group in question. The football field
8820-599: The Plaza Building, the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly . The new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool. It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, and the Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science. The grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees. New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they once connected with Plaza Building. The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship men's basketball team now plays its home games in
8960-514: The Roman Catholic Church and suppressed. Other movements shared their critique of marriage but advocated free sexual relations rather than celibacy, such as the Brethren of the Free Spirit , Taborites , and Picards . Free love was an element in radical thinking during the " English Revolution " of 1640–1660, most strongly associated with the " Ranters ". There were also perceptive critiques, within these radical movements, such as Gerrard Winstanley : The mother and child begotten in this manner
9100-501: The Scottish intellectual Thomas Davidson . Fellowship members included many illustrious intellectuals of the day, who went on to radically challenge accepted Victorian notions of morality and sexuality, including poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson , animal rights activist Henry Stephens Salt , sexologist Havelock Ellis , feminists Edith Lees , Emmeline Pankhurst and Annie Besant and writers H. G. Wells , Bernard Shaw , Bertrand Russell and Olive Schreiner . Its objective
9240-445: The UP academic community. Sogang University was founded as South Korea 's first liberal arts college. In 1960, Jesuits founded Sogang College. Although, it became Sogang University in 1970, it is still following model of American liberal arts college in many aspects. Seoul National University in South Korea established the College of Liberal Studies in 2007, initially as an educational project. However, after being established as
9380-405: The West Quad Center. This followed a major $ 70 million library renovation completed in 2003 that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place. The Brooklyn College library is now located in its original location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall. From 2000 to 2009 when he retired, Christoph M. Kimmich was the eighth president of Brooklyn College. In
9520-685: The arts include Academy , Emmy , and Tony Award –winning director, writer, and actor Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; 1946), Golden Globe Award –winning actor James Franco (M.F.A. 2009), Emmy Award –winning actor Jimmy Smits (B.A. 1980), Academy Award–winning screenwriter Frank Tarloff (B.A.), Academy Award-nominated filmmakers Paul Mazursky (B.A. 1952) and Oren Moverman (B.A. 1992), Sopranos stars Steve Schirripa (B.A. 1980) and Dominic Chianese (B.A. 1961), director Joel Zwick (1962; M.A. 1968), Grammy Award winner Peter Nero (born Bernard Nierow; B.A. 1956), O. Henry Award –winning author Irwin Shaw (born Irwin Shamforoff; B.A. 1934); and
9660-414: The arts, humanities, general sciences, and social sciences (rather than professional or technical skills). Most liberal arts colleges, however, also offer courses in subjects that are not traditionally considered part of the liberal arts, such as computer science. Liberal arts colleges are found in all parts of the world. Notwithstanding the European origins of the concept of liberal arts education, today
9800-461: The autumn of 2013. Liberal arts colleges in Italy include John Cabot University and The American University of Rome in Rome. The University College of North Staffordshire, founded in 1950 in the United Kingdom, was frequently referred to as the "Keele Experiment" because of its innovative curriculum and emphasis on a scholarly community resident together on campus. The college became Keele University in 1962 and continues to reflect many features of
9940-458: The classic intellectual and artistic literature of the Western tradition . Courses in the liberal arts have also been developed at the University of Sydney and University of Notre Dame . Free love Free love is a social movement that accepts all forms of love . The movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual and romantic matters such as marriage , birth control , and adultery . It stated that such issues were
10080-609: The college chess team won U.S. and international championships. Lattin was also president at the time of the first individual million-dollar donation to the Brooklyn College Foundation. Brooklyn College's campus leafy East Quad looks much like it did when it was originally constructed. The campus also serves as home to BCBC/ Brooklyn College Presents complex and its four theaters, including the George Gershwin . Gershwin Hall
10220-615: The college curriculum, mandating a standard core for all students. Implementation of the new curriculum was aided by a large grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. By 1984, in a national report's otherwise gloomy assessment of humanities education, Brooklyn College was singled out as "a bright spot" among American universities for stressing the study of the humanities. In a 1988 survey of thousands of American college deans, Brooklyn College ranked 5th in providing students with
10360-508: The college's faculty union voted "no confidence" in Kneller, charging that he "consistently ignored faculty rights" and failed to provide leadership. Brooklyn College, along with the rest of CUNY, shut down for two weeks in May and June 1976 as the university was unable to pay its bills. Amid New York City's financial crisis, near bankruptcy, Brooklyn College's campus in downtown Brooklyn closed, leaving
10500-404: The concern of the people involved and no one else. The movement began during the 19th century and was advanced by hippies during the 1960s and early 70s. Much of the free love tradition reflects a liberal philosophy that seeks freedom from state regulation and church interference in personal relationships . According to this concept, the free unions of adults (or persons at or above
10640-506: The desire to confront problems on the continent". Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its kind in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy and theology. The Millis Institute
10780-509: The end of the 1920s, Stalin had taken control of the Communist Party and begun to implement socially conservative policies. Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder, and free love was further demonized. With the Summer of Love in 1967, the eccentricities of the beat generation became a nationally recognized movement. Despite the developing sexual revolution and the influence of
10920-474: The fall 1937 semester. In the 1940s, Boylan, Ingersoll, Roosevelt and La Guardia each became namesake of a campus building. During the tenure of its second president, Harry Gideonse , from 1939 to 1966, Brooklyn College ranked high nationally in number of alumni with doctorate degrees. As academics fled Nazi Germany , nearly a third of refugee historians who were female would at some point work at Brooklyn College. In 1944, sociologist Marion Vera Cuthbert became
11060-460: The fall of 2013, Brooklyn College embarked on CUNY's new general education alternative, the Pathways curriculum, consisting of three components: Required Core (four courses), Flexible Core (six courses) and College Option (four courses)—totaling 42 credits. Brooklyn College offers over a hundred majors varying from the visual arts to Women's Studies. The Division of Graduate Studies at Brooklyn College
11200-419: The first permanent black faculty member appointed at any of the New York municipal colleges. And in 1956, with John Hope Franklin joining, Brooklyn College became the first "white" college to hire on a permanent basis a historian who was black. In 1959, still tuition-free, about 8,000 undergraduates were enrolled. In 1962, the college joined six other colleges to form the City University of New York , creating
11340-520: The first woman to run for presidency in the U.S., in 1872, was also called "the high priestess of free love". In 1871, Woodhull wrote: "Yes, I am a Free Lover. I have an inalienable, constitutional and natural right to love whom I may, to love as long or as short a period as I can; to change that love every day if I please, and with that right neither you nor any law you can frame have any right to interfere". The women's suffrage movement , free love and Spiritualism were three strongly linked movements at
11480-732: The free love movement also saw free love as a way to get free sex. The term "sex radical" is often used interchangeably with the term "free lover". By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forced sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases. Laws of particular concern to free love movements have included those that prevent an unmarried couple from living together, and those that regulate adultery and divorce , as well as age of consent , birth control , homosexuality , abortion , and sometimes prostitution ; although not all free-love advocates agree on these issues. The abrogation of individual rights in marriage
11620-529: The free-love ideals of the earlier social movements—as well as their feminism, pacifism, and simple communal life—were the utopian socialist communities of early-nineteenth-century France and Britain, associated with writers and thinkers such as Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier in France, and Robert Owen in England. Fourier, who coined the term feminism, argued for true freedom, without suppressing passions:
11760-484: The front page of The New York Times when police broke up a 16-hour sit-in at the registrar's office to demand that more Black and Puerto Rican students be admitted to the school. At trial, a Black Brooklyn judge reacted angrily when one student said they had been reacting to racism and sentenced him and 32 other white students to five days in jail for the sit-in. In May 1969, 19 or 20 Brooklyn College students faced criminal charges in connection with campus disorders during
11900-571: The history of lack of respect for civil and political rights in the state of Singapore". In response, many existing faculty and students have noted that there has been little repression of freedom of expression at the college and that it provides a great opportunity to promote the liberal arts in Asia. In August 2021, NUS announced the closure of Yale-NUS College, with the Class of 2025 being the last cohort to receive an NUS degree. It will be replaced by NUS College,
12040-748: The innocents" into demanding more freedom on campus, leading the New York Civil Liberties Union to criticize Gideonse for "his efforts to smear student groups at the college with the Communist label." Also in 1965, student protests forced the Gideonse administration to rescind new, stricter dress rules that forbade male students from wearing dungarees or sweatshirts on campus at any time and mandated that female students wear skirts and blouses even in extremely cold weather. After Gideonse's retirement in June 1966,
12180-601: The institution of marriage, and many have advocated its abolition. According to feminist critique, a married woman was solely a wife and mother, denying her the opportunity to pursue other occupations; sometimes this was legislated, as with bans on married women and mothers being employed as teachers . In 1855, free love advocate Mary Gove Nichols (1810–1884) described marriage as the "annihilation of woman", explaining that women were considered to be men's property in law and public sentiment, making it possible for tyrannical men to deprive their wives of all freedom. For example,
12320-566: The island of Ireland. In 2010 the University of Winchester introduced its Modern Liberal Arts undergraduate program, the first of its kind in the UK. In 2012, University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students. King's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects. The New College of
12460-404: The joy of love, but that in reality it often does not, as a couple's knowledge of being chained often diminishes their joy: I never was attached to that great sect, Whose doctrine is, that each one should select Out of the crowd a mistress or a friend, And all the rest, though fair and wise, commend To cold oblivion ... True love has this, different from gold and clay, That to divide
12600-747: The late 1990s. This trend was spearheaded by Dutch sociologist Hans Adriaansens , who was "frustrated with the large-scale climate of university education in the Netherlands". Dutch university colleges of this kind include Leiden University College The Hague , University College Utrecht , University College Maastricht , Amsterdam University College , University College Roosevelt , Erasmus University College , University College Groningen and University College Tilburg . Other liberal arts colleges in continental Europe include The American University of Paris , Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts in Slovakia, Jacobs University Bremen , Bard College Berlin ,
12740-514: The law often allowed a husband to beat his wife. Free-love advocates argued that many children were born into unloving marriages out of compulsion, but should instead be the result of choice and affection—yet children born out of wedlock did not have the same rights as children with married parents. In 1857, in the Social Revolutionist , Minerva Putnam complained that "in the discussion of free love, no woman has attempted to give her views on
12880-585: The liberal arts college education system. International Christian University in Tokyo , which opened in 1953, defines itself as "Japan's first liberal arts college". Other Japanese liberal arts programs include the other four members of the Global Five which includes School of International Liberal Studies at Waseda University , Akita International University , Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University and Sophia University 's Faculty of Liberal Arts. Yale-NUS College
13020-480: The liberal arts college model. It has been described as the closest example of a liberal arts college in the UK. This distinctiveness was reinforced with the opening of the new Keele Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences in 2016. In September 2016 Chavagnes Studium , a Liberal Arts centre in France, began offering a 2-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts with a Catholic perspective. Lingnan University in Hong Kong
13160-420: The liberal arts fields of study". Other researchers have adopted similar definitions. Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate, some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as English , general biology , fine arts , and law . Similarly, the term "liberal arts college" most commonly refers to an independent institution with
13300-407: The loss of the latter union, legal union should lose all meaning and dissolve automatically, without the legal requirement for a divorce. Free love particularly stressed women's rights since most sexual laws discriminated against women: for example, marriage laws and anti-birth control measures. Free love began to coalesce into a movement in the mid- to late 19th century. The term was coined by
13440-549: The most complete physical and mental intimacy; and there must be a certain similarity in regard to standards of value". He argued that it was, in general, impossible to sustain this mutual feeling for an indefinite length of time, and that the only option in such a case was to provide for either the easy availability of divorce , or the social sanction of extra-marital sex. Russell's view on marriage changed as he went through personal struggles of subsequent marriages; in his autobiography he writes, "I do not know what I think now about
13580-542: The other parties to the contract from certain risks of the amorous experience, such as rejection, rupture, exclusivism, possessiveness, unicity, coquetry, whims, indifference, flirtatiousness, disregard for others, and prostitution." He also published Le Combat contre la jalousie et le sexualisme révolutionnaire (1926), followed over the years by Ce que nous entendons par liberté de l'amour (1928), La Camaraderie amoureuse ou "chiennerie sexuelle" (1930), and, finally, La Révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse (1934),
13720-408: The person selected by a faculty search committee. Defying a judge's temporary court order to leave the building, the protesters were supported at a rallies outside Boylan Hall by many student groups and the alumni association, but Kneller refused to rescind his controversial appointment. Protests flared up again in the spring 1975 semester with another takeover of the registrar's office. By January 1976,
13860-820: The political journal The Masses and its sister publication The Little Review , a literary journal. Incorporating influences from the writings of the English thinkers and activists Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis , women such as Emma Goldman campaigned for a range of sexual freedoms, including homosexuality and access to contraception. Other notable figures among the Greenwich-Village scene who have been associated with free love include Edna St. Vincent Millay , Max Eastman , Crystal Eastman , Floyd Dell , Mabel Dodge Luhan , Ida Rauh , Hutchins Hapgood , and Neith Boyce . Dorothy Day also wrote passionately in defense of free love, women's rights, and contraception—but later, after converting to Catholicism, she criticized
14000-459: The popular imagination, especially in reference to the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, historically, the free-love movement has not advocated multiple sexual partners or short-term sexual relationships. Rather, it has argued that sexual relations that are freely entered into should not be regulated by law, and may be initiated or terminated by the parties involved at will. Nevertheless, it has been acknowledged that many men who participated in
14140-417: The radically interdisciplinary curriculum of Marlboro . In addition, most liberal arts colleges are primarily residential, which means students live and learn away from home, often for the first time. The distinctiveness of these attributes is somewhat eroded by the tendency of universities to adopt aspects of the liberal arts college, and vice versa. For example, several American universities, including
14280-521: The relationship ended badly, due in part to the discovery of Imlay's infidelity, and not least because Imlay abandoned her for good, Wollstonecraft's belief in free love survived. She later developed a relationship with the anarchist William Godwin , who shared her free love ideals, and published on the subject throughout his life. However, the two did decide to marry, just months before her death from complications in parturition . A member of Wollstonecraft's circle of notable radical intellectuals in England
14420-477: The result alternately of false Prudence and/or Harlotry. Visions of the Daughters of Albion is widely (though not universally) read as a tribute to free love since the relationship between Bromion and Oothoon is held together only by laws and not by love. For Blake, law and love are opposed, and he castigates the "frozen marriage-bed". In Visions , Blake writes: Till she who burns with youth, and knows no fixed lot,
14560-521: The resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like the angels in heaven" (Matt. 22:30). Noyes also supported eugenics ; and only certain people (including Noyes himself) were allowed to become parents. Another movement was established in Berlin Heights, Ohio . In 1852, a writer named Marx Edgeworth Lazarus published a tract entitled "Love vs. Marriage pt. 1", in which he portrayed marriage as "incompatible with social harmony and
14700-442: The root cause of mental and physical impairments." Lazarus intertwined his writings with his religious teachings, a factor that made the Christian community more tolerable to the free love idea. Elements of the free-love movement also had links to abolitionist movements, drawing parallels between slavery and " sexual slavery " (marriage), and forming alliances with black activists. American feminist Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927),
14840-684: The sciences and academia include Nobel Prize –winning biochemist Stanley Cohen (B.A. 1943), Fields Medal –winning mathematician Paul Cohen (1953), social psychologists Stanley Milgram (B.A. 1954) and Philip Zimbardo (B.A. 1954), Harvard Law School professor and author Alan M. Dershowitz (A.B. 1959), Columbia Law School Dean Barbara Aronstein Black (B.A. 1953), California State University Chancellor Barry Munitz (B.A. 1963), City College of New York President Lisa Staiano-Coico (B.S. 1976), and NASA scientist and College of William & Mary professor Joel S. Levine (B.S. 1964). Notable alumni in
14980-513: The sciences. Her tenure was marked by repeated free speech controversies involving Israel that drew both criticism and praise. After 42 years in higher education, Gould announced her retirement in 2015. Michelle Anderson became the 10th president of Brooklyn College in 2016. In 2016, Brooklyn College announced a new home for the Koppelman School of Business, with the planned construction of a new building, Koppelman Hall, on property adjacent to
15120-523: The sexual revolution of the sixties. The development of the idea of free love in the United States was also significantly impacted by the publisher of Playboy magazine, Hugh Hefner , whose activities and persona over more than a half century popularized the idea of free love to some of the general public. Free love was a central tenet of the philosophy of the Fellowship of the New Life , founded in 1883 by
15260-461: The small size of liberal arts colleges contributes to their cohesion and ability to survive through difficult times. Job satisfaction is also typically higher in liberal arts colleges, for both faculty and staff. The smaller size also makes it feasible for liberal arts colleges to adopt relatively experimental or divergent approaches, such as the Great Books curriculum at St. John's or Shimer , or
15400-469: The social construction of marriage and its effects on women. In her first novel, Mary: A Fiction written in 1788, the heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons. She finds love in relationships with another man and a woman. The novel, Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman , never finished but published in 1798, revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an asylum by her husband. Maria finds fulfilment outside of marriage, in an affair with
15540-445: The social notion of marriage. These organizations and sex radicals believed that true equality would never exist between the sexes as long as the church and the state continued to work together, worsening the problem of subordination of wives to their husbands. Free-love movements continued into the early 20th century in bohemian circles in New York's Greenwich Village . A group of Villagers lived free-love ideals and promoted them in
15680-417: The spring semester, including raids in which students allegedly ransacked files and smoke-bombed the library. In late April 1970, students demanding more open admissions and racial diversity staged a sit-in at President Kneller's office, holding him and five deans there for several hours. The next week, in early May 1970, students seized the president's office and other buildings during a student strike upon
15820-605: The subject of marriage. There seem to be insuperable objections to every general theory about it. Perhaps easy divorce causes less unhappiness than any other system, but I am no longer capable of being dogmatic on the subject of marriage." Russell was also a very early advocate of repealing sodomy laws . An important propagandist of free love was individualist anarchist Émile Armand . He advocated naturism and polyamory in what he termed la camaraderie amoureuse . He wrote many propagandist articles on this subject such as "De la liberté sexuelle" (1907) where he advocated not only
15960-416: The subject was Marriage and Morals , published in 1929. The book heavily criticizes the Victorian notions of morality regarding sex and marriage. Russell argued that the laws and ideas about sex of his time were a potpourri from various sources, which were no longer valid with the advent of contraception , as the sexual acts are now separated from the conception. He argued that family is most important for
16100-417: The subject" and challenged every woman reader to "rise in the dignity of her nature and declare herself free." The figureheads of the free love movement were often men, both in leading organizations and contributing to its ideology. Almost all books endorsing free love in the 1850s were by men, except for Mary Gove Nichols 's 1855 autobiography. This was the first full-length case against marriage written by
16240-504: The suppression of passions is not only destructive to the individual, but to society as a whole. He argued that all sexual expressions should be enjoyed as long as people are not abused, and that "affirming one's difference" can actually enhance social integration. The eminent sociologist Herbert Spencer argued in his Principles of Sociology for the implementation of free divorce. Claiming that marriage consists of two components, "union by law" and "union by affection", he argued that with
16380-705: The surviving predominantly female Seven Sisters colleges along the northeastern seaboard, the Claremont Colleges in Southern California , and the Ohio Five , but similar institutions are found all over the country. The Maple League in Canada is a consortium of four universities – Acadia , Bishop's , Mount Allison and St. Francis Xavier – who together form an alliance of small, rural, undergraduate liberal arts education institutions with Francophone heritage and
16520-404: The term is largely associated with the United States, and most self-identified liberal arts colleges worldwide are built on the American model. The Global Liberal Arts Alliance, which incorporates institutions on five continents, refers to itself as "an international, multilateral partnership of American style liberal arts institutions". In 2009, liberal arts colleges from around the world formed
16660-605: The time, and Woodhull was also a spiritualist leader. Like Noyes, she also supported eugenics . Fellow social reformer and educator Mary Gove Nichols was happily married (to her second husband), and together they published a newspaper and wrote medical books and articles. Both Woodhull and Nichols eventually repudiated free love. Publications of the movement in the second half of the 19th century included Nichols' Monthly, The Social Revolutionist , Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (ed. Victoria Woodhull and her sister Tennessee Claflin ), The Word (ed. Ezra Heywood ), Lucifer,
16800-533: The topic of sexual education. For Carpenter, sexual education meant forwarding a clear analysis of the ways in which sex and gender were used to oppress women, contained in Carpenter's radical work Love's Coming-of-Age . In it he argued that a just and equal society must promote the sexual and economic freedom of women. The main crux of his analysis centred on the negative effects of the institution of marriage. He regarded marriage in England as both enforced celibacy and
16940-520: The traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts. Although it draws on European antecedents, the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model . There is no formal definition of a liberal arts college, but one American authority defines them as schools that "emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in
17080-523: The week. Five days later, another front-page Times story reported that students had agreed to return to classes after an agreement was reached with college administrators after negotiations. A few days after that, President Kilcoyne walked out when New York Mayor John V. Lindsay appeared at the college, citing Lindsay's insult in calling the school "Berkeley East." Around the same time, the college's students were involved in campus protests involving racial issues. In May 1968, Brooklyn College news again made
17220-547: The welfare of children, and as such, a man and a woman should be considered bound only after her first pregnancy. Marriage and Morals prompted vigorous protests and denunciations against Russell shortly after the book's publication. A decade later, the book cost him his professorial appointment at the City College of New York due to a court judgment that his opinions made him "morally unfit" to teach. Contrary to what many people believed, Russell did not advocate an extreme libertine position. Instead, he felt that sex, although
17360-513: The world's second-largest university. In 1983, Brooklyn College named its library the Harry D. Gideonse Library. Nevertheless, Gideonse remains a controversial figure in the college's history; as one account noted, he is "either lauded as a hero and great educator in hagiographic accounts . . . or decried by faculty and alumni as an autocrat who stifled academic freedom and students' rights." In addition to his curricular and student life reforms, Gideonse
17500-426: The world. The liberal arts college model took root in the United States in the 19th century, as institutions spread that followed the model of early schools like Harvard , Yale , and Dartmouth , although none of these early American schools are regarded as liberal arts colleges today. These colleges served as a means of spreading a basically European cultural model across the new country. The model proliferated in
17640-425: The written word, books, pamphlets, and periodicals, and by these means the movement was sustained for over fifty years, spreading the message of free love all over the United States. However, many feminists would point out that the 1960s free love movement did not significantly change views about women's role in mainstream America. Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic founder Dr. David Smith, who was a prominent participant in
17780-587: Was The Social Revolutionist , published in 1856–1857 by John Patterson. The first volume consisted of twenty writers, of which only one was a woman. Sex radicals were not alone in their fight against marriage ideals. Some other nineteenth-century Americans saw this social institution as flawed, but hesitated to abolish it. Groups such as the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Latter-day Saints were wary of
17920-505: Was "The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all," and believed in the transformation of society through setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Many of the Fellowship's members advocated pacifism , vegetarianism and simple living . Edward Carpenter was an early activist for the rights of homosexuals . He became interested in progressive education, especially providing information to young people on
18060-432: Was bought for $ 1.6 million (equivalent to $ 35.7 million in 2023), and construction allotment was $ 5 million (equivalent to $ 112 million in 2023). Construction began in 1935. At the groundbreaking ceremony was Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll. In 1936, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited and laid the gymnasium's cornerstone . The new campus opened for
18200-479: Was demolished and replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts, for which ground was broken in 2011. The performing arts center was named for alumni Leonard and Claire Tow, who gifted $ 10 million to the college. Other changes to the original design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation, and significant maintenance costs. To replace
18340-564: Was established as a liberal arts college in the early 20th century, although it subsequently became a full-fledged university . Ginling College in Nanjing similarly followed the model of an American liberal arts college from its founding in 1915 until forced to conform with the Nationalist educational system in the 1930s. In Zhuhai City, Hong Kong Baptist University and Beijing Normal University opened United International College , which adopted
18480-611: Was established in 1935 and offers more than seventy programs in the arts, education, humanities, sciences, and computer and social sciences. Among those programs is the Graduate theatre program, which is the top ranked in the CUNY system and 14th in the United States; faculty include Tony Award nominee Justin Townsend. The Brooklyn College B.A. – M.D. program is an eight-year program affiliated with SUNY Downstate Medical Center . The program follows
18620-795: Was founded in 1930. That year, as directed by the New York City Board of Higher Education on April 22, the college authorized the combination of the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College , at that time a women's college , and the City College of New York , then a men's college , both established in 1926. Meanwhile, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The school opened in September 1930, holding separate classes for men and women until their junior years. Admission would require passing
18760-849: Was known for his decades-long campaign to ferret out Communists among the college community and his testimony before congressional and state investigating committees during the Second Red Scare . On the other hand, perhaps retaining the memory of the time when, as a University of Chicago professor, he was unjustly accused of being a Communist and advocating " free love ," Gideonse also attacked those who, without evidence, charged faculty, staff and students with being subversives and defended faculty free speech rights against outside critics. The college's third president, Francis Kilcoyne , served from 1966 to 1967. The fourth president, Harold Syrett , resigned due to ill health in February 1969, when George A. Peck
18900-468: Was named acting president. John Kneller , Brooklyn College's fifth president, served from 1969 until 1979. These presidents served during what were perhaps the most tumultuous years for Brooklyn College. During the Vietnam War, as they did on other U.S. campuses, student protests rocked Brooklyn College. President Gideonse, in a 1965 television interview, blamed demonstrations on Communists who were "duping
19040-499: Was personally inclined toward voyeurism), as well as sodomy. This led him to allocate more and more space to what he called "the sexual non-conformists", while excluding physical violence. His militancy also included translating texts from people such as Alexandra Kollontai and Wilhelm Reich and establishments of free love associations which tried to put into practice la camaraderie amoureuse through actual sexual experiences. Free love advocacy groups active during this time included
19180-407: Was reprehensible about making "love", even if one did not have very strong feelings for one's partner. "The camaraderie amoureuse thesis", he explained, "entails a free contract of association (that may be annulled without notice, following prior agreement) reached between anarchist individualists of different genders, adhering to the necessary standards of sexual hygiene, with a view toward protecting
19320-483: Was started in 2011 as Singapore 's first liberal arts college as a collaboration between Yale University in the United States and the National University of Singapore . It attracted controversy over concerns that Yale was compromising on its liberal values by opening a college in a country where there are strong curbs on freedom of speech and assembly, with Yale faculty members expressing their "concern regarding
19460-557: Was the Romantic poet William Blake , who explicitly compared the sexual oppression of marriage to slavery in works such as Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793), published five years after Wollstonecraft's Mary . Blake was critical of the marriage laws of his day, and generally railed against traditional Christian notions of chastity as a virtue. At a time of tremendous strain in his marriage, in part due to Catherine's apparent inability to bear children, he directly advocated bringing
19600-1785: Was used for the outdoor scenes in the 1978 adult film Debbie Does Dallas . In 2010, Brooklyn College adopted the Bulldog as its new mascot. The athletic program was originally known as the Kingsmen. In 1994, the mascot was changed to the Bridges. However, after the school built new facilities and underwent other changes the athletic director pushed for a new name to reflect the new program. Notable alumni of Brooklyn College in government include Senate majority leader and 1996 Republican presidential nominee: Bob Dole (1943-1944), Senator Bernie Sanders (1959–1960), Senator Barbara Boxer (née Barbara Levy; B.A. 1962), Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm (B.A. 1946), Securities and Exchange Commission chairmen Manuel F. Cohen (B.S. 1933) and Harvey Pitt (B.A. 1965), and federal judges Rosemary S. Pooler (B.A. 1959), Jack B. Weinstein (B.A. 1943), Sterling Johnson Jr. (B.A. 1963), Edward R. Korman (B.A. 1963), Joel Harvey Slomsky (B.A. 1967), and Jason K. Pulliam (B.A. 1995; M.A. 1997). Notable alumni in business include Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CEO Barry Salzberg (B.S. 1974), Adobe Inc. CEO Bruce Chizen (B.S. 1978), Warner Bros. and Los Angeles Dodgers CEO Robert A. Daly , New York Mets President Saul Katz (B.A. 1960), Boston Celtics owner Marvin Kratter (1937), David Geffen , New Line Cinema CEO Michael Lynne (B.A. 1961), CBS Records CEO Walter Yetnikoff (B.A. 1953), Vanguard Records co-founder Maynard Solomon (B.A. 1950), and Gannett Chairman Marjorie Magner (B.S. 1969). Notable alumni in
#669330