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110-544: The word Mauricie was coined by local priest and historian Albert Tessier and is based on the Saint-Maurice river which runs through the region on a North-South axis. Mauricie administrative region was created on August 20, 1997 from the split of Mauricie–Bois-Francs administrative region into Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec . However, the concept of Mauricie as a traditional region long predates this. 10 Francophones: Part of Anglophone: Priest A priest

220-647: A mantle plume (the Iceland Plume ), a column of anomalously hot rock in the Earth's mantle which is likely to be partly responsible for the island's creation and continued existence. For comparison, it is estimated that other volcanic islands, such as the Faroe Islands have existed for about 55 million years, the Azores (on the same ridge) about 8 million years, and Hawaii less than a million years. The younger rock strata in

330-461: A quorum . Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. The priesthood includes the power Jesus gave his apostles to perform miracles such as the casting out of devils and the healing of sick ( Luke 9:1). Latter Day Saints believe that the Biblical miracles performed by prophets and apostles were performed by the power of the priesthood, including the miracles of Jesus, who holds all of

440-414: A theocracy , a society is governed by its priesthood. The word "priest", is ultimately derived from Latin via Greek presbyter , the term for "elder", especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in late antiquity . The Latin presbyter ultimately represents Greek πρεσβύτερος presbúteros , the regular Latin word for "priest" being sacerdos , corresponding to ἱερεύς hiereús . It

550-496: A "person authorized to perform the sacred rituals." For example, clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests , as with certain synods of Lutheranism and Anglicanism , though other branches of Protestant Christianity , such as Methodists and Baptists, use minister and pastor . The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in an anthropological sense to describe

660-412: A birth, and at consecrations , teaching the wisdom and dogma of the faith at any regular worship service, and mediating and easing the experience of grief and death at funerals – maintaining a spiritual connection to the afterlife in faiths where such a concept exists. Administering religious building grounds and office affairs and papers, including any religious library or collection of sacred texts ,

770-598: A bishop. The Church of Sweden has a threefold ministry of bishop, priest, and deacon and those ordained to the presbyterate are referred to as priests. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , ordained presbyters are referred to by various publications, including Finnish ones, as pastors, or priests. In the United States, denominations like the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod use

880-639: A certain kami . Additionally, kannushi are aided by another priest class, miko ( 巫女 , "shrine maidens") , for many rites. The maidens may either be family members in training, apprentices, or local volunteers. Saiin were female relatives of the Japanese emperor (termed saiō ) who served as High Priestesses in Kamo Shrine . Saiō also served at Ise Shrine . Saiin priestesses usually were elected from royalty. In principle, Saiin remained unmarried, but there were exceptions. Some Saiin became consorts of

990-666: A chief, one that presides; proe, before, and sto, to stand, or sisto.]" https://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/priest In historical polytheism , a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity, often in highly elaborate ritual . In the Ancient Near East , the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. Priestesses in antiquity often performed sacred prostitution , and in Ancient Greece, some priestesses such as Pythia , priestess at Delphi , acted as oracles . In ancient Egyptian religion ,

1100-473: A civil war between the religious groups seemed likely, the Alþingi appointed one of the chieftains, Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi , to decide the issue of religion by arbitration. He decided that the country should convert to Christianity as a whole, but that pagans would be allowed to worship privately. The first Icelandic bishop, Ísleifur Gissurarson , was consecrated by bishop Adalbert of Hamburg in 1056. During

1210-523: A climate shift occurred—a phenomenon now called the Little Ice Age . Areas near the Arctic Circle such as Iceland and Greenland began to have shorter growing seasons and colder winters. Since Iceland had marginal farmland in good times, the climate change resulted in hardship for the population. A serfdom-like institution called the vistarband developed, in which peasants were bound to landowners for

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1320-757: A few priestly and Levitical functions, such as the pidyon haben (redemption of a first-born son) ceremony and the Priestly Blessing , have been retained. Especially in Orthodox Judaism, kohanim remain subject to a number of restrictions concerning matters related to marriage and ritual purity . Orthodox Judaism regard the kohanim as being held in reserve for a future restored Temple . Kohanim do not perform roles of propitiation, sacrifice, or sacrament in any branch of Rabbinical Judaism or in Karaite Judaism . The principal religious function of any kohanim

1430-578: A form of governance, the Althing , making it one of the world's oldest parliaments. Towards the end of the tenth century, Christianity came to Iceland through the influence of the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason . During this time, Iceland remained independent, a period known as the Old Commonwealth, and Icelandic historians began to document the nation's history in books referred to as sagas of Icelanders . In

1540-537: A judicial body and had been abolished in 1800. In 1874, a thousand years after the first acknowledged settlement, Denmark granted Iceland a constitution and limited home rule over domestic matters, which was expanded in 1904. The constitution was revised in 1903, and a minister for Icelandic affairs, residing in Reykjavík , was made responsible to the Althing, the first of whom was Hannes Hafstein . Iceland and Denmark signed

1650-545: A land inhabited almost entirely by farmers who could ill-afford to travel far from their farms, across the island to fight for their leaders. In 1220, Snorri Sturluson became a vassal of Haakon IV of Norway ; his nephew Sturla Sighvatsson also became a vassal in 1235. Sturla used the power and influence of the Sturlungar family clan to wage war against the other clans in Iceland. The Norwegian king's power of Iceland increased over

1760-490: A long time, one of the world's last uninhabited larger islands (alongside New Zealand and Madagascar ). It has been suggested that the land called Thule by the Greek geographer Pytheas (fourth century BCE) was actually Iceland, although it seems highly unlikely considering Pytheas' description of it as an agricultural country with plenty of milk, honey, and fruit; the name is more likely to have referred to Norway , or possibly

1870-405: A male only hereditary Taoist priesthood until more recent times (p. 550,551). The Shinto priest is called a kannushi ( 神主 , lit. "Master of the kami ") , originally pronounced kamunushi , sometimes referred to as a shinshoku ( 神職 ) . A kannushi is the person responsible for the maintenance of a Shinto shrine, or jinja , purificatory rites, and for leading worship and veneration of

1980-512: A minority of provinces (10 out of the 38 worldwide) retain an all-male priesthood. Most Continuing Anglican churches do not ordain women to the priesthood. As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the Roman Catholic Church, and a minority who prefer to use the title presbyter in order to distance themselves from

2090-426: A need for peaceful settlement in other lands. It is also believed that the western fjords of Norway were simply overcrowded in this period. The settlement of Iceland is thoroughly recorded in the aforementioned Landnámabók , although the book was compiled in the early 12th century when at least 200 years had passed from the age of settlement. Ari Þorgilsson 's Íslendingabók is generally considered more reliable as

2200-478: A number of natural disasters. Iceland is a relatively young island in the geological sense, being formed about 20 million years ago by a series of volcanic eruptions in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , but it is still growing from fresh volcanic eruptions. The oldest stone specimens found in Iceland date back to c.  16 million years ago. In geological terms, Iceland is a young island. It started to form in

2310-481: A place he named Reykjavík "Smoke Cove", probably from the geothermal steam rising from the earth. This place eventually became the capital and the largest city of modern Iceland. It is recognized, however, that Ingólfur Arnarson may not have been the first one to settle permanently in Iceland—that may have been Náttfari , one of Garðar Svavarsson 's men who stayed behind when Garðar returned to Scandinavia. Much of

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2420-596: A republic. Following the Second World War, Iceland was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and joined the United Nations one year after its establishment. Its economy grew rapidly largely through fishing, although this was marred by disputes with other nations. Vigdis Finnbogadottir assumed Iceland's presidency on August 1, 1980, the first elected female head of state in

2530-416: A result of agricultural surplus and consequent social stratification . The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in many early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of Judaism , Christianity , Buddhism , Shinto , and Hinduism . They are generally regarded as having privileged contact with the deity or deities of

2640-582: A secondary sense to presbyters , began in the 6th century to be used of presbyters, and is today commonly used of presbyters, distinguishing them from bishops. Today, the term "priest" is used in the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Oriental Orthodoxy , the Church of the East , and some branches of Lutheranism to refer to those who have been ordained to a ministerial position through receiving

2750-508: A source and is probably somewhat older, but it is far less thorough. It does say that Iceland was fully settled within 60 years, which likely means that all arable land had been claimed by various settlers. In 2016, archaeologists uncovered a longhouse in Stöðvarfjörður that has been dated to as early as 800. Other, similar finds in Iceland have been dated to a similar time, preceding the traditional settlement date significantly. In 930,

2860-484: A temple. These rituals include bathing the murti s (the statues of the gods/goddesses), performing puja , a ritualistic offering of various items to the gods, the waving of a ghee or oil lamp also called an offering in light, known in Hinduism as aarti , before the murtis . Pujaris are often married. A purohita , on the other hand, performs rituals and saṃskāras (sacraments), yajnas (sacrifices) outside of

2970-416: A year at a time. It became more difficult to raise barley , the primary cereal crop, and livestock required additional fodder to survive longer and colder winters. Icelanders began to trade for grain from continental Europe, which was an expensive proposition. Church fast days increased demand for dried codfish , which was easily caught and prepared for export, and the cod trade became an important part of

3080-426: Is kohen (singular כהן kohen , plural כּהנִים kohanim ), hence the family names Cohen , Cahn , Kahn , Kohn , Kogan , etc. Jewish families with these names belong to the tribe of Levi ( Levites – descended from Levi , the great-grandfather of Aaron) and in twenty-four instances are called by scripture as such. In Hebrew, the word for "priesthood" is kehunnah . The Hebrew word kohen comes from

3190-425: Is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities . They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities. Their office or position is the "priesthood", a term which also may apply to such persons collectively. A priest may have

3300-403: Is also commonly a responsibility – for example, the modern term for clerical duties in a secular office refers originally to the duties of a cleric . The question of which religions have a "priest" depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters, and less of

3410-531: Is largely the same as within the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity , except that canon law in almost every Anglican province restricts the administration of confirmation to the bishop , just as with ordination . Although Anglican priests who are members of religious orders must remain celibate (although there are exceptions, such as priests in the Anglican Order of Cistercians ),

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3520-717: Is possible that the Latin word was loaned into Old English , and only from Old English reached other Germanic languages via the Anglo-Saxon mission to the continent, giving Old Icelandic prestr , Old Swedish präster , Old High German priast . Old High German also has the disyllabic priester, priestar , apparently derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre . An alternative theory makes priest cognate with Old High German priast , prest , from Vulgar Latin * prevost "one put over others", from Latin praepositus "person placed in charge". That English should have only

3630-558: Is to perform the Priestly Blessing , although an individual kohen may also become a rabbi or other professional religious leader. The traditional Beta Israel community in Israel had little direct contact with other Jewish groups after the destruction of the temple and developed separately for almost two thousand years. While some Beta Israel now follow Rabbinical Jewish practices, the Ethiopian Jewish religious tradition ( Haymanot ) uses

3740-530: Is unknown whether they were brought there at that time or came later with Vikings after circulating for centuries. There is some literary evidence that monks from a Hiberno-Scottish mission may have settled in Iceland before the arrival of the Norsemen . The Landnámabók ("Book of Settlements"), written in the 1100s, mentions the presence of Irish monks, called the Papar , prior to Norse settlement and states that

3850-490: Is usually considered to have been a Norwegian chieftain named Ingólfur Arnarson and his wife, Hallveig Fróðadóttir . According to the Landnámabók , he threw two carved pillars ( Öndvegissúlur ) overboard as he neared land, vowing to settle wherever they landed. He then sailed along the coast until the pillars were found in the southwestern peninsula, now known as Reykjanesskagi . There he settled with his family around 874, in

3960-461: The staðamál , two major disputes over whether secular aristocrats should benefit from the tithes of proprietary churches they had founded. The latter, concluded in 1297, saw a significant shift of wealth and power from the aristocracy to the Church, which was increasingly independent of secular influence. Little changed in the decades following the treaty. Norway's consolidation of power in Iceland

4070-664: The Danish–Icelandic Act of Union on 1 December 1918, recognizing the Kingdom of Iceland as a fully sovereign state joined with Denmark in a personal union with the Danish king. Iceland established its own flag. Denmark was to represent its foreign affairs and defense interests. Iceland had no military or naval forces, and Denmark was to give notice to other countries that it was permanently neutral. The act would be up for revision in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement

4180-589: The Eastern Catholic Churches , but in neither case may they marry after ordination, even if they become widowed. Candidates for bishop are chosen only from among the celibate. Orthodox priests will either wear a clerical collar similar to the above-mentioned, or simply a very loose black robe that does not have a collar. The role of a priest in the Anglican Communion and the Free Church of England

4290-430: The Faroe Islands or Shetland . Many of the early settlers were Thelir , fleeing the recent union of Norway under Harald Fairhair and came from Telemark . A similar argument explains the name of Greenland from Grenland , neighbouring Telemark and also populated by Thelir . The exact date that humans first reached the island is uncertain. Roman currency dating to the third century has been found in Iceland, but it

4400-544: The Kalmar Union (1397–1523), but on its dissolution, Iceland fell under Danish rule. The subsequent strict Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was detrimental to the economy. Iceland's resultant poverty was aggravated by severe natural disasters like the Móðuharðindin or "Mist Hardships". During this time, the population declined. Iceland remained part of Denmark, but in keeping with

4510-643: The Miocene era about 20 million years ago from a series of volcanic eruptions on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , where it lies between the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate . These plates spread at a rate of approximately 2.5 centimeters per year. This elevated portion of the ridge is known as the Reykjanes Ridge . The volcanic activity is attributed to a hotspot , the Iceland hotspot , which in turn lies over

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4620-525: The Turkish Abductions . After the end of the Kalmar Union, the royal government asserted greater control of Iceland. In particular, it took stronger actions to stop the involvement of English traders with Iceland. English and German merchants became more prominent in Iceland at the start of the 15th century. Some historians refer to the 15th century as the "English Age" in Iceland's history, due to

4730-732: The United Kingdom invaded and peacefully occupied it in 1940 to forestall a Nazi occupation, after Denmark was overrun by the German Wehrmacht . Due to the island's strategic position in the North Atlantic, the Allies occupied the island until the end of the war, with the United States taking over occupation duties from the British in 1941. In 1944, Iceland severed its remaining ties with Denmark (then still under Nazi occupation) and declared itself

4840-471: The canonical minimum age is twenty-five. Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger. Dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the Holy See (Can. 1031 §§ 1, 4.) A Catholic priest must be incardinated by his bishop or his major religious superior in order to engage in public ministry. Secular priests are incardinated into a diocese , whereas religious priests live

4950-495: The colophons of many Mandaean texts . The position is not hereditary, and any Mandaean male who is highly knowledgeable about religious matters is eligible to become a priest. A Hindu priest traditionally comes from the Brahmin community. Priests are ordained and trained as well. There are two types of Hindu priests, pujaris ( swamis , yogis , and gurus ) and purohitas ( pandits ). A pujari performs rituals in

5060-676: The consecrated life and can work anywhere in the world that their specific community operates. In Orthodoxy, the normal minimum age is thirty (Can. 11 of Neocaesarea) but a bishop may dispense with this if needed. In neither tradition may priests marry after ordination. In the Catholic Church, priests in the Latin Church must be celibate except under special rules for married clergy converting from certain other Christian confessions. Married men may become priests in Eastern Orthodoxy and

5170-541: The imāms and the mullāhs . A Mandaean priest refers to an ordained religious leader in Mandaeism . In Mandaean scriptures , priests are referred to as Naṣuraiia ( Naṣoraeans ). All priests must undergo lengthy ordination ceremonies, beginning with tarmida initiation. Mandaean religious leaders and copyists of religious texts hold the title Rabbi or in Arabic ' Sheikh '. All Mandaean communities traditionally require

5280-564: The root KWN/KON כ-ו-ן 'to stand, to be ready, established' in the sense of "someone who stands ready before God", and has cognates in other Semitic languages , e.g. Phoenician KHN 𐤊𐤄𐤍 "priest" or Arabic kahin كاهن "priest". Since the destruction of the Second Temple , and (therefore) the cessation of the daily and seasonal temple ceremonies and sacrifices, kohanim have become much less prominent. In traditional Judaism ( Orthodox Judaism and to some extent, Conservative Judaism )

5390-604: The sacrament of Holy Orders , although "presbyter" is also used. Since the Protestant Reformation , non-sacramental denominations are more likely to use the term " elder " to refer to their pastors. The Christian term "priest" does not have an entry in the Anchor Bible Dictionary , but the dictionary does deal with the above-mentioned terms under the entry for "Sheep, Shepherd.". The most significant liturgical acts reserved to priests in these traditions are

5500-540: The secular clergy —bishops, priests, and deacons who are not members of religious orders—are permitted to marry before or after ordination (although in most provinces they are not permitted to marry a person of the same sex ). The Anglican churches, unlike the Roman Catholic or Eastern Christian traditions, have allowed the ordination of women as priests (referred to as "priests" not "priestesses") in some provinces since 1971. This practice remains controversial, however;

5610-532: The "German Age" by Icelandic historians due to the prominence of German traders. The Germans did not engage in much fishing themselves, but they owned fishing boats, rented them to Icelanders and then bought the fish from Icelandic fishermen to export to the European Continent. An illicit trade continued with foreigners after the Danes implemented a trade monopoly. Dutch and French traders became more prominent in

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5720-606: The 11th and 12th centuries, the centralization of power had worn down the institutions of the commonwealth, as the former, notable independence of local farmers and chieftains gave way to the growing power of a handful of families and their leaders. The period from around 1200 to 1262 is generally known as the Age of the Sturlungs . This refers to Sturla Þórðarson and his sons, Sighvatr Sturluson , and Snorri Sturluson , who were one of two main clans fighting for power over Iceland, causing havoc in

5830-605: The Christian Nobility of the German Nation in order to dismiss the medieval Christian belief that Christians were to be divided into two classes: "spiritual" and "temporal" or non-spiritual. Conservative Lutheran reforms are reflected in the theological and practical view of the ministry of the church. Much of European Lutheranism follows the traditional Catholic governance of deacon, presbyter, and bishop. The Lutheran archbishops of Finland, Sweden, etc. and Baltic countries are

5940-413: The Danish government, which at this time pursued mercantilist policies. The Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly remained in effect until 1786. In the 18th century, climatic conditions in Iceland reached an all-time low since the original settlement. On top of this, Laki erupted in 1783, spitting out 12.5 cubic kilometres (3.0 cu mi) of lava. Floods, ash, and fumes killed 9,000 people and 80% of

6050-569: The Middle Ages. They may also have been hermits. An archaeological excavation has revealed the ruins of a cabin in Hafnir on the Reykjanes peninsula (close to Keflavík International Airport ). Carbon dating reveals that the cabin was abandoned somewhere between 770 and 880, suggesting that Iceland was populated well before 874. This archaeological find may also indicate that the monks left Iceland before

6160-558: The Norse arrived. According to the Landnámabók , Iceland was discovered by Naddodd , one of the first settlers in the Faroe Islands, who was sailing from Norway to the Faroes but lost his way and drifted to the east coast of Iceland. Naddodd called the country Snæland "Snowland". Swedish sailor Garðar Svavarsson also accidentally drifted to the coast of Iceland. He discovered that the country

6270-534: The Western tradition Confirmation is ordinarily celebrated by a bishop . In the East, Chrismation is performed by the priest (using oil specially consecrated by a bishop) immediately after Baptism, and Unction is normally performed by several priests (ideally seven), but may be performed by one if necessary. In the West, Holy Baptism may be celebrated by anyone. The Vatican catechism states that "According to Latin tradition,

6380-456: The actual threefold immersion together with the scriptural words may be performed by a layperson or deacon. The remainder of the rite, and Chrismation , must still be performed by a priest, if the person survives. The only sacrament which may be celebrated only by a bishop is that of Ordination ( cheirotonia , "Laying-on of Hands"), or Holy Orders . In these traditions, only men who meet certain requirements may become priests. In Catholicism,

6490-699: The administration of the Sacraments , including the celebration of the Holy Mass or Divine Liturgy (the terms for the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin and Byzantine traditions, respectively), and the Sacrament of Reconciliation , also called Confession . The sacraments of Anointing of the Sick ( Extreme Unction ) and Confirmation are also administered by priests, though in

6600-564: The age of 12 can be ordained to the priesthood. However, prior to a policy change in 1978 , the LDS Church did not ordain men or boys who were of black African descent. The LDS Church does not ordain women to any of its priesthood offices. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ), the second largest denomination of the movement, began ordaining women to all of its priesthood offices in 1984. This decision

6710-426: The chieftains were titled goði , a word meaning "priest". As seen in the saga of Hrafnkell Freysgoði , however, being a priest consisted merely of offering periodic sacrifices to the Norse gods and goddesses; it was not a full-time role, nor did it involve ordination. In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by human election or human choice. In Judaism, the priesthood is inherited in familial lines. In

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6820-425: The coastal and island areas of Ireland and/or Scotland and to Norway. The traditional explanation for the exodus from Norway is that people were fleeing the harsh rule of the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair , whom medieval literary sources credit with the unification of some parts of modern Norway during this period. Viking incursions into Britain were also expelled thoroughly during this time, potentially leading to

6930-403: The course of the 13th century. After decades of internal conflict, the Icelandic chieftains agreed to accept the sovereignty of Norway and signed the Old Covenant ( Gamli sáttmáli ) establishing a union with the Norwegian monarchy. The end of the Icelandic Commonwealth is typically dated to the signing of the Old Covenant (1262–1264) or to the adoption of Jónsbók in 1281. The period also saw

7040-413: The duty to hear confessions periodically, give marriage counseling, provide prenuptial counseling, give spiritual direction, teach catechism , or visit those confined indoors, such as the sick in hospitals and nursing homes. According to the trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society , priests have existed since the earliest of times and in the simplest societies, most likely as

7150-427: The early thirteenth century, the internal conflict known as the age of the Sturlungs weakened Iceland, which eventually became subjugated to Norway over the 13th century. The Old Covenant (1262–1264), and the adoption of Jónsbók (1281) effectively ended the Icelandic Commonwealth. Norway, in turn, was united with Sweden (1319) and then Denmark (1376). Eventually all of the Nordic states were united in one alliance,

7260-454: The economy. Iceland remained under Norwegian kingship until 1380, when the death of Olaf II of Denmark extinguished the Norwegian male royal line. Norway (and thus Iceland) then became part of the Kalmar Union , along with Sweden and Denmark , with Denmark as the dominant power. Unlike Norway, Denmark did not need Iceland's fish and homespun wool. This created a dramatic deficit in Iceland's trade. The small Greenland colony , established in

7370-405: The elder brother of Moses . In Exodus 30:22–25 God instructs Moses to make a holy anointing-oil to consecrate the priests "for all of eternity". During the times of the two Jewish Temples in Jerusalem , the Aaronic priests performed the daily and special Jewish-holiday offerings and sacrifices within the temples; these offerings are known as the korbanot . In Hebrew, the word for "priest"

7480-427: The emperor, called Nyōgo in Japanese. The Saiin order of priestesses existed throughout the Heian and Kamakura periods. History of Iceland The recorded history of Iceland began with the settlement by Viking explorers and the people they enslaved from Western Europe , particularly in modern-day Norway and the British Isles , in the late ninth century. Iceland was still uninhabited long after

7590-483: The historic national primates and some ancient cathedrals and parishes in the Lutheran church were constructed many centuries before the Reformation. Indeed, ecumenical work within the Anglican Communion and among Scandinavian Lutherans mutually recognize the historic apostolic legitimacy and full communion . Likewise in America, Lutherans have embraced the apostolic succession of bishops in the full communion with Episcopalians and most Lutheran ordinations are performed by

7700-460: The information on Ingólfur comes from the Landnámabók , written some three centuries after the settlement. Archeological findings in Reykjavík are consistent with the date given there: there was a settlement in Reykjavík around 870. According to Landnámabók, Ingólfur was followed by many more Norse chieftains, their families and slaves who settled all the habitable areas of the island in the next decades. Archeological evidence strongly suggests that

7810-413: The keys of the priesthood. The priesthood is formally known as the "Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God", but to avoid the too frequent use of the name of deity, the priesthood is referred to as the Melchizedek priesthood ( Melchizedek being the high priest to whom Abraham paid tithes). As an authority, the priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in

7920-582: The late 10th century, died out completely before 1500. With the introduction of absolute monarchy in Denmark–Norway in 1660 under Frederick III of Denmark , the Icelanders relinquished their autonomy to the crown, including the right to initiate and consent to legislation. Denmark, however, did not provide much protection to Iceland, which was raided in 1627 by a Barbary pirate fleet that abducted almost 300 Icelanders into slavery , in an episode known as

8030-415: The livestock. The ensuing starvation killed a quarter of Iceland's population. This period is known as the Móðuharðindin or " Mist Hardships ". In 1809 Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrived in Iceland, declared the country independent from Denmark–Norway and pronounced himself its ruler. However, with the arrival of HMS Talbot two months later, Danish rule in Iceland was restored and Jørgensen

8140-458: The mid-17th century. By the middle of the 16th century, Christian III of Denmark began to impose Lutheranism on his subjects. Jón Arason and Ögmundur Pálsson , the Catholic bishops of Skálholt and Hólar respectively, opposed Christian's efforts at promoting the Protestant Reformation in Iceland. Ögmundur was deported by Danish officials in 1541, but Jón Arason put up a fight. Opposition to

8250-599: The monks left behind Irish books, bells, and crosiers, among other things. According to the same account, the Irish monks abandoned the country when the Norse arrived or had left prior to their arrival. The twelfth-century scholar Ari Þorgilsson 's Íslendingabók reasserts that items including bells corresponding to those used by Irish monks were found by the settlers. No such artifacts have been discovered by archaeologists, however. Some Icelanders claimed descent from Cerball mac Dúnlainge , King of Osraige in southeastern Ireland, at

8360-542: The more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word priest . While priest is the official title of a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide (retained by the Elizabethan Settlement), the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the Church of England ) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters). Even though both words mean 'elders' historically

8470-475: The name of God. Latter Day Saints believe that acts (and in particular, ordinances ) performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven, on earth, and in the afterlife. There is some variation among the Latter Day Saint denominations regarding who can be ordained to the priesthood. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), all worthy males above

8580-462: The presence of a priest, since priests are required to officiate over all important religious rituals, including masbuta , masiqta , birth and wedding ceremonies. Priests also serve as teachers, scribes, and community leaders. There are three types of priests in Mandaeism : Priests have lineages based on the succession of ganzibria priests who had initiated them. Priestly lineages, which are distinct from birth lineages, are typically recorded in

8690-564: The principles of Yin-Yang 5 elements (fire, water, soil, wood, and metal p. 53) school of ancient Chinese philosophy, as they relate to marriage, death, festival cycles, and so on. The Taoist priest seeks to share the benefits of meditation with his or her community through public ritual and liturgy (p. 326). In the ancient priesthood before the Tang, the priest was called Jijiu ("libationer" p. 550), with both male and female practitioners selected by merit. The system gradually changed into

8800-531: The prominence of English traders and fishing fleets. What drew foreigners to Iceland was primarily fishing in the fruitful waters off the coast of Iceland. The Icelandic trade was important to some British ports; for example, in Hull, the Icelandic trade accounted for more than ten percent of Hull's total trade. The trade has been credited with raising Icelandic living standards. The 16th century has been referred to as

8910-510: The reformation ended in 1550 when Jón Arason was captured after being defeated in the Battle of Sauðafell by loyalist forces under the leadership of Daði Guðmundsson . Jón Arason and his two sons were subsequently beheaded in Skálholt. Following this, the Icelanders became Lutherans and remain largely so to this day. In 1602, Iceland was forbidden to trade with countries other than Denmark, by order of

9020-488: The religion to which they subscribe, often interpreting the meaning of events and performing the rituals of the religion. There is no common definition of the duties of priesthood between faiths; but generally it includes mediating the relationship between one's congregation, worshippers , and other members of the religious body, and its deity or deities, and administering religious rituals and rites. These often include blessing worshipers with prayers of joy at marriages, after

9130-415: The religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, ruling out any other career. Many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases, it is a part-time role. For example, in the early history of Iceland

9240-406: The rest of Western Europe had been settled. Recorded settlement has conventionally been dated back to 874, although archaeological evidence indicates Gaelic monks from Ireland, known as papar according to sagas , may have settled Iceland earlier. The land was settled quickly, mainly by Norsemen who may have been fleeing conflict or seeking new land to farm. By 930, the chieftains had established

9350-439: The right and obligation to interact with the gods belonged to the pharaoh . He delegated this duty to priests, who were effectively bureaucrats authorized to act on his behalf. Priests staffed temples throughout Egypt, giving offerings to the cult images in which the gods were believed to take up residence and performing other rituals for their benefit. Little is known about what training may have been required of priests, and

9460-456: The rise of nationalism around Europe in the nineteenth century, an independence movement emerged. The Althing, which had been suspended in 1799, was restored in 1844, and Iceland gained sovereignty after World War I , becoming the Kingdom of Iceland on 1 December 1918. However, Iceland shared the Danish Monarchy until World War II . Although Iceland was neutral in the Second World War,

9570-483: The ruling chiefs established an assembly called the Alþingi ( Althing ). The parliament convened each summer at Þingvellir , where chieftains ( Goðorðsmenn or Goðar) amended laws, settled disputes and appointed juries to judge lawsuits. Laws were not written down but were instead memorized by an elected Lawspeaker ( lǫgsǫgumaðr ). The Alþingi is sometimes said to be the world's oldest existing parliament. Importantly, there

9680-491: The sacred fire to the accompaniment of ritual chants. The Mobad also prepare drinks for the haoma ritual. In Indian Zoroastrianism , the priesthood is reserved for men and is a mostly hereditary position, but women have been ordained in Iran and North America as a mobedyar, meaning an assistant mobed. The Taoist priests (道士 "master of the Dao " p. 488) act as interpreters of

9790-458: The selection of personnel for positions was affected by a tangled set of traditions, although the pharaoh had the final say. In the New Kingdom of Egypt , when temples owned great estates, the high priests of the most important cult—that of Amun at Karnak —were important political figures. High-ranking priestly roles were usually held by men. Women were generally relegated to lower positions in

9900-739: The settlers' exploits. The settlers of Iceland were predominantly pagans and worshiped the Norse gods , among them Odin , Thor , Freyr , and Freyja . By the tenth century, political pressure from Europe to convert to Christianity mounted. As the end of the first millennium grew near, many prominent Icelanders had accepted the new faith. Around 961, Eldgjá , a volcano in Southern Iceland, erupted 7.7 square miles of lava and lifted up huge clouds of sulfuric gas that affected all of Northern Europe and spanned out as far as Northern China. It also created rare hazes and multiple food crises in different parts of

10010-456: The single term priest to translate presbyter and sacerdos came to be seen as a problem in English Bible translations . The presbyter is the minister who both presides and instructs a Christian congregation, while the sacerdos , offerer of sacrifices , or in a Christian context the eucharist , performs "mediatorial offices between God and man". The feminine English noun, priestess ,

10120-485: The southwest of Iceland and the central highlands are only about 700,000 years old. The Geological history of the Earth is divided into ice ages , based on temperature and climate. The last glacial period , commonly referred to as The Ice Age is thought to have begun about 110,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago. While covered in ice, Iceland's icefalls , fjords and valleys were formed. Iceland remained, for

10230-460: The spouses as ministers of Christ's grace mutually confer upon each other the sacrament of Matrimony ". Thus marriage is a sacrament administered by the couple to themselves, but may be witnessed and blessed by a deacon, or priest (who usually administers the ceremony). In the East, Holy Baptism and Marriage (which is called "Crowning") may be performed only by a priest. If a person is baptized in extremis (i.e., when in fear of immediate death), only

10340-551: The temple hierarchy, although some held specialized and influential positions, especially that of the God's Wife of Amun , whose religious importance overshadowed the High Priests of Amun in the Late Period . In ancient Rome and throughout Italy, the ancient sanctuaries of Ceres and Proserpina were invariably led by female sacerdotes , drawn from women of local and Roman elites. It

10450-521: The temple. There are special purohitas who perform only funeral rites. In many cases, a purohita also functions as a pujari . While only men have traditionally been ordained as priests in the past, recent developments such as feminism in India have led to the opening of training schools for women to become priests. A Zoroastrian priest are called a Mobad and they officiate the Yasna , pouring libations into

10560-557: The term priest has been more associated with the " High Church " or Anglo-Catholic wing, whereas the term " minister " has been more commonly used in " Low Church " or Evangelical circles. The general priesthood or the priesthood of all believers , is a Christian doctrine derived from several passages of the New Testament . It is a foundational concept of Protestantism . It is this doctrine that Martin Luther adduces in his 1520 To

10670-462: The terms "reverend" and "pastor" interchangeably for ordained members of the clergy. Methodist clergy often have the title of pastor , minister , reverend , etc. In the Latter Day Saint movement , the priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man, including the authority to perform ordinances and to act as a leader in the church. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as

10780-487: The time of the Landnámabók ' s creation. Another source mentioning the Papar is Íslendingabók , dating from between 1122 and 1133. According to this account, the previous inhabitants, a few Irish monks known as the Papar, left the island since they did not want to live with pagan Norsemen. One theory suggests that those monks were members of a Hiberno-Scottish mission , Irish and Scottish monks who spread Christianity during

10890-526: The timing is roughly accurate; "that the whole country was occupied within a couple of decades towards the end of the 9th century." These people were primarily of Norwegian, Irish, and Scottish origin. Some of the Irish and Scots were slaves and servants of the Norse chiefs, according to the sagas of Icelanders , the Landnámabók , and other documents. Some settlers coming from the British Isles were " Hiberno-Norse ," with cultural and family connections both to

11000-506: The word Kahen to refer to a type non-hereditary cleric. Aaronic Kohanim also officiated at the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim . The Samaritan kohanim have retained their role as religious leaders. With the spread of Christianity and the formation of parishes , the Greek word ἱερεύς (hiereus), and Latin sacerdos , which Christians had since the 3rd century applied to bishops and only in

11110-461: The world, including that year and many years that followed. Early Norse settlers in Iceland followed Paganism, however, after the Eldgjá volcano eruption, many thought of it as an act from God and started to convert to Christianity instead with the help of Alþingi. It is also believed they converted to Christianity to maintain peace with their European neighbors and the Catholic church. In the year 1000, as

11220-514: The world. Following rapid financial growth, the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis occurred. Iceland continues to remain outside the European Union . Iceland is very remote, and so has been spared the ravages of European wars but has been affected by other external events, such as the Black Death and the Protestant Reformation imposed by Denmark. Iceland's history has also been marked by

11330-580: Was an island and called it Garðarshólmi "Garðar's Islet" and stayed for the winter at Húsavík . The first Norseman who deliberately sailed to Iceland was Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson . Flóki settled for one winter at Barðaströnd . After the cold winter passed, the summer came and the whole island became green, which stunned Flóki. Realizing that this place was in fact habitable, despite the horribly cold winter, and full of useful resources, Flóki restocked his boat. He then returned east to Norway with resources and knowledge. The first permanent settler in Iceland

11440-619: Was arrested. When the two kingdoms of Denmark and Norway were separated by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars , Denmark kept Iceland, as well as Faroe and Greenland , as dependencies. Throughout the 19th century, the country's climate continued to grow worse, resulting in mass emigration to the New World , particularly Manitoba in Canada. However, a new national consciousness

11550-533: Was coined in the 17th century, to refer to female priests of the pre-Christian religions of classical antiquity. In the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the women ordained in the Anglican communion , who are referred to as "priests", irrespective of gender, and the term priestess is generally considered archaic in Christianity. Webster's 1829 Dictionary stated "PRIEST, noun [Latin proestes,

11660-469: Was no central executive power, and therefore laws were enforced by the chieftains. This gave rise to feuds , which provided the writers of the sagas with plenty of material. Iceland enjoyed a mostly uninterrupted period of growth in its commonwealth years. Settlements from that era have been found in southwest Greenland and eastern Canada, and sagas such as Saga of Erik the Red and Greenland saga speak of

11770-477: Was one of the reasons that led to a schism in the church, which prompted the formation of the independent Restoration Branches movement from which other denominations have sprung, including the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . Islam has no sacerdotal priesthood. There are, however, a variety of academic and administrative offices which have evolved to assist Muslims with this task, such as

11880-577: Was revived in Iceland, inspired by romantic nationalist ideas from continental Europe . This revival was spearheaded by the Fjölnismenn , a group of Danish-educated Icelandic intellectuals. An independence movement developed under the leadership of a lawyer named Jón Sigurðsson . In 1843, a new Althing was founded as a consultative assembly. It claimed continuity with the Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth, which had remained for centuries as

11990-502: Was slow, and the Althing intended to hold onto its legislative and judicial power. Nonetheless, the Christian clergy had unique opportunities to accumulate wealth via the tithe , and power gradually shifted to ecclesiastical authorities as Iceland's two bishops in Skálholt and Hólar acquired land at the expense of the old chieftains. Around the time Iceland became a vassal state of Norway,

12100-561: Was the only public priesthood attainable by Roman matrons and was held in great honor. A Roman matron was any mature woman of the upper class, married or unmarried. Females could serve public cult as Vestal Virgins but few were chosen, and then only from young maidens of the upper class. After the departure of the Israelites from Egypt , priests in ancient Israel were required by the Law of Moses to be direct patrileneal descendants of Aaron ,

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