Misplaced Pages

#374625

105-521: Marcial "Mars" Custodio Ravelo (October 9, 1916 – September 12, 1988) was a Filipino comic book cartoonist and graphic novelist . Dubbed as the " King of Pinoy Komiks ", he is notable for creating Darna , Dyesebel , Captain Barbell , Lastikman , Bondying , Varga , Wanted: Perfect Mother , Hiwaga , Maruja , Mariposa , Roberta , Rita , Buhay Pilipino, Jack and Jill , Flash Bomba , Tiny Tony , and Dragonna among others. Mars Ravelo

210-692: A demonym , was derived from the term las Islas Filipinas ' the Philippine Islands ' , the name given to the archipelago in 1543 by the Spanish explorer and Dominican priest Ruy López de Villalobos , in honor of Philip II of Spain . During the Spanish colonial period , natives of the Philippine islands were usually known in the Philippines itself by the generic terms indio ("Indian (native of

315-690: A building that had once been the Government Quarantine Station, along with other Western women and children. Harry was imprisoned nearby. They spent eight months there before Agnes and George were sent to Kuching in Sarawak . They left by a small steamer on January 12, 1943, and arrived eight days later. They were imprisoned in Batu Lintang camp near Kuching, unusual in that it accommodated both prisoners of war and civilian internees in between eight and ten separate compounds. Harry later arrived at

420-493: A class called Maginoo (royals) and defended by the Maharlika (Lesser nobles, royal warriors and aristocrats). These Royals and Nobles are descended from native Filipinos with varying degrees of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian , which is evident in today's DNA analysis among South East Asian Royals. This tradition continued among the Spanish and Portuguese traders who also intermarried with the local populations. The first census in

525-464: A decade when he visited California while on leave in 1934. However, as soon as they re-met they decided to get married, and were wed three days later. Three months after their marriage, following an operation to cure Agnes's eyesight, they sailed for Borneo. Their son, Henry George Newton Keith, was born on April 5, 1940. Their daughter Jean is mentioned, though not by name, in Keith's first book, Land Below

630-499: A delayed result of her injuries. During this period she studied dancing, modelled clothes and 'did bits in the movies'. In 1934, she married Henry G. Keith , known as "Harry Keith," an Englishman . He had been a friend of her brother Al when both boys had been at the same school in San Diego , and Agnes had first met him when she was eight years old. He had gone on to work for the government of North Borneo, and she had not seen him in

735-702: A period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish colonialism , the Philippines was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , which was governed and administered from Mexico City . Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious missionaries born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of Basque ancestry, but there were also settlers of Andalusian , Catalan , and Moorish descent. The Peninsulares (governors born in Spain), mostly of Castilian ancestry, settled in

840-676: A pervading charm ... An original and engaging description of a country and people of extraordinary interest." The Keiths were on leave in Canada when war was declared on September 3, 1939. Harry was immediately ordered back to Borneo. The Japanese invading forces landed in Sandakan on January 19, 1942. For the first few months of Japanese occupation of British Borneo , the Keiths were allowed to stay in their own home. On 12 May Agnes and George were imprisoned on Berhala Island (Pulau Berhala) near Sandakan, in

945-417: A proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%, Cavite at 13%, Laguna 2.28%, Batangas 3%, Bulacan 10.79%, Bataan 16.72%, Ilocos 1.38%, Pangasinan 3.49%, Albay 1.16%, Cebu 2.17%, Samar 3.27%, Iloilo 1%, Capiz 1%, Bicol 20%, and Zamboanga 40%. According to

1050-769: A short period on Labuan Island for rest and recuperation, the Keiths returned to Victoria, British Columbia , where Harry had had a small country house since his bachelor days. In February 1946 he was asked to return to Borneo by the new Colonial Administration, which had taken over from the Chartered Company. He was to be in charge of food production. He agreed to go, so he and his family were split yet again. The couple remained in Victoria, and Agnes worked on her second book, an autobiographical account of her imprisonment: on her release Agnes had gathered up her notes and diary entries from their various hiding places, and she used them as

1155-481: Is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of " Filipino " and adding the diminutive suffix " -y ". Or the non-gender or gender fluid form Pinxy. In 2020, the neologism Filipinx appeared; a demonym applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora and specifically referring to and coined by Filipino Americans imitating Latinx , itself a recently coined gender-inclusive alternative to Latino or Latina . An online dictionary made an entry of

SECTION 10

#1732858443375

1260-787: Is commonly referred to as the Agnes Keith House. In 1953 Harry joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations , and was posted to the Philippines , based in Manila . Agnes wrote Bare Feet in the Palace about post-war life in the Philippines, culminating in the 1953 election. It was published in 1955. Harry became FAO Representative in Libya , and served six years as forestry adviser in

1365-570: Is currently based upon the principle of jus sanguinis and, therefore, descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in

1470-744: The Aeta (including the Agta, Arta, Dumagat, etc.) of Luzon, the Ati of Western Visayas , the Batak of Palawan , and the Mamanwa of Mindanao . Today they comprise just 0.03% of the total Philippine population. After the Negritos, were two early Paleolithic migrations from East Asian (basal Austric , an ethnic group which includes Austroasiatics ) people, they entered the Philippines at around 15,000 and 12,000 years ago, respectively. Like

1575-513: The East Indies "). Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred today as mestizos . However, in common popular parlance, mestizos usually refer to Filipinos mixed with Spanish or any other European ancestry. Filipinos mixed with any other foreign ethnicities are named depending on the non-Filipino part. Historically though, it was the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese Mestizo ) that numbered

1680-627: The East Indies )") or indigena ' indigenous ' , while the generic term chino ("Chinese"), short for indio chino was used in Spanish America to differentiate from the Native American indios of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the West Indies . The term Filipino was sometimes added by Spanish writers to distinguish the indio chino native of the Philippine archipelago from

1785-555: The Late Pleistocene , c. 67,000 years old. The remains were initially identified as modern human, but after the discovery of more specimens in 2019, they have been reclassified as being members of a new species – Homo luzonensis . The oldest indisputable modern human ( Homo sapiens ) remains in the Philippines are the " Tabon Man " fossils discovered in the Tabon Caves in the 1960s by Robert B. Fox , an anthropologist from

1890-480: The Malay Srivijaya , Javanese Majapahit , Brunei , Malacca , Tamil Chola , Champa and Khmer empires , although de facto had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra , Borneo , Java , Cambodia , Malay Peninsula , Indochina , China , Japan , India and Arabia . A thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade. Even scattered barangays, through

1995-518: The National Museum . These were dated to the Paleolithic , at around 26,000 to 24,000 years ago. The Tabon Cave complex also indicates that the caves were inhabited by humans continuously from at least 47,000 ± 11,000 years ago to around 9,000 years ago. The caves were also later used as a burial site by unrelated Neolithic and Metal Age cultures in the area. The Tabon Cave remains (along with

2100-568: The Negrito people , although they are highly genetically divergent from each other. Philippine Negritos show a high degree of Denisovan Admixture , similar to Papuans and Indigenous Australians , in contrast to Malaysian and Andamanese Negritos (the Orang Asli ). This indicates that Philippine Negritos, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians share a common ancestor that admixed with Denisovans at around 44,000 years ago. Negritos include ethnic groups like

2205-758: The Neolithic at around 4,500 to 3,500 years ago, when a branch of Austronesians from Taiwan (the ancestral Malayo-Polynesian -speakers) migrated to the Batanes Islands and Luzon . They spread quickly throughout the rest of the islands of the Philippines and became the dominant ethnolinguistic group. They admixed with the earlier settlers, resulting in the modern Filipinos – which though predominantly genetically Austronesian still show varying genetic admixture with Negritos (and vice versa for Negrito ethnic groups which show significant Austronesian admixture). Austronesians possessed advanced sailing technologies and colonized

SECTION 20

#1732858443375

2310-529: The Niah Cave remains of Borneo and the Tam Pa Ling remains of Laos ) are part of the "First Sundaland People", the earliest branch of anatomically modern humans to reach Island Southeast Asia at the time of lowered sea levels of Sundaland , with only one 3km sea crossing. They entered the Philippines from Borneo via Palawan at around 50,000 to 40,000 years ago. Their descendants are collectively known as

2415-536: The Philippine nationality law . However, the term has been rejected as an identification in some instances by minorities who did not come under Spanish control, such as the Igorot and Muslim Moros . The lack of the letter " F " in the 1940–1987 standardized Tagalog alphabet ( Abakada ) caused the letter " P " to be substituted for " F ", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included

2520-688: The Spanish Empire . Many Indian Sepoy troops and their British captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the Ilocos and Cagayan . The Indian Filipinos in Manila settled at Cainta, Rizal and the ones in the north settled in Isabela . Most were assimilated into the local population. Even before the British invasion, there were already also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos as majority of

2625-646: The Spanish Navy . There were also significant numbers of Manilamen in Northern Australia and the Torres Strait Islands in the late 1800s who were employed in the pearl hunting industries. In Mexico (especially in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Colima ), Filipino immigrants arriving to New Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries via the Manila galleons were called chino , which led to

2730-518: The indio of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, which were free people and legally barred from being used as slaves, unlike those from the Philippines. The term Indio Filipino appears as a term of self-identification beginning in the 18th century. In 1955, Agnes Newton Keith wrote that a 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found. The idea that

2835-492: The 15th century, Arab and Indian missionaries and traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Before that, indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of Animism , Hinduism and Buddhism . Native villages, called barangays were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/freemen) and Alipin (servants and slaves). They were ruled by Rajahs , Datus and Sultans ,

2940-443: The 19th century. However, they eventually spread all over the islands and became traders, landowners and moneylenders. Today, their descendants still comprise a significant part of the Philippine population especially its bourgeois , who during the late Spanish Colonial Era in the late 19th century, produced a major part of the ilustrado intelligentsia of the late Spanish Colonial Philippines , that were very influential with

3045-436: The 20th century, now later came to compose the modern Spanish Filipino community and Chinese Filipino community respectively, where families of such background contribute a significant share of the Philippine economy today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise billionaires of either Chinese Filipino background or the old elite families of Spanish Filipino background. After

3150-773: The 20th century, that preserved at least some of their Chinese culture , integrated together with mainstream Filipino culture , are now in the form of the modern Chinese Filipino community, who currently play a leading role in the Philippine business sector and contribute a significant share of the Philippine economy today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise Taipan billionaires of Chinese Filipino background, mostly of Hokkien descent, where most still trace their roots back to mostly Jinjiang or Nan'an within Quanzhou or sometimes Xiamen (Amoy) or Zhangzhou , all within Southern Fujian ,

3255-799: The Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan , the Kingdom of Luzon now known as Pampanga which specialized in trade with most of what is now known as Southeast Asia and with China, Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa . From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay , Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and Luzon and Visayas indigenous populations. In

Mars Ravelo - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-620: The Malayan empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Brunei . Datu – The Tagalog maginoo , the Kapampangan ginu and the Visayan tumao were the nobility social class among various cultures of the pre-colonial Philippines. Among the Visayans, the tumao were further distinguished from the immediate royal families or a ruling class. Timawa – The timawa class were free commoners of Luzon and

3465-618: The Negritos, they entered the Philippines during the lowered sea levels during the last ice age , when the only water crossings required were less than 3km wide (such as the Sibutu strait ). They retain partial genetic signals among the Manobo people and the Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao . The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the Austronesian expansion which started in

3570-528: The Philippine Revolution to modern times, the term "Filipino" was expanded to include everyone born in the Philippines coming from any race, as per the Philippine nationality law . That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo, percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903. By the 20th century, the remaining ethnic Spaniards and ethnic Chinese, replenished by further Chinese migrants in

3675-527: The Philippines (Spanish Filipinos) in Spanish : " Filipino/s " (m) or " Filipina/s " (f) in relation to those born in Hispanic America called in Spanish : " Americano/s " (m) / " Americana/s " (f) or " Criollo/s " , whereas the Spaniards born in the Philippines themselves called the Spaniards from Spain as " Peninsular/es " with themselves also referred to as " Insular/es ". Meanwhile,

3780-414: The Philippines and during the Spanish period they were referred to as guachinangos and they readily intermarried and mixed with native Filipinos. Bernal, the author of the book "Mexico en Filipinas" contends, that they were middlemen, the guachinangos in contrast to the Spanish and criollos, known as Castila, that had positions in power and were isolated, the guachinangos in the meantime, had interacted with

3885-478: The Philippines via sea-borne migration, in contrast to earlier groups. Austronesians from the Philippines also later settled Guam and the other islands of Maritime Southeast Asia , and parts of Mainland Southeast Asia . From there, they colonized the rest of Austronesia , which in modern times include Micronesia , coastal New Guinea , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar , in addition to Maritime Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The connections between

3990-515: The Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish Philippines as 667,612 people. 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe. There

4095-452: The Philippines without distinction of origin or race. American authorities during the American colonial era also started to colloquially use the term Filipino to refer to the native inhabitants of the archipelago, but despite this, it became the official term for all citizens of the sovereign independent Republic of the Philippines , including non-native inhabitants of the country as per

4200-463: The Philippines' historical trade partner with Mainland China . In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. Many were assimilated throughout the centuries, especially through the tumultuous period of World War II . Today, there is a small growing Nikkei community of Japanese Filipinos in Davao with roots to

4305-511: The Philippines. However, according to the center of Amerasian Research, there might be as many as 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Clark , Angeles City , Manila , and Olongapo . In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second- or third-generation families returned to

Mars Ravelo - Misplaced Pages Continue

4410-603: The Philippines. Since many of the above historical groups came to the Philippines before its establishment as an independent state, many have also gained citizenship before the founding of either the First Philippines Republic or Third Republic of the Philippines . For example, many Cold-War-era Chinese migrants who had relatives in the Philippines attain Filipino citizenship for their children through marriage with Chinese Filipino families that trace back to either

4515-684: The Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present". These examples prompted the historian William Henry Scott to conclude that during the Spanish colonial period: [...]the people of the Philippines were called Filipinos when they were practicing their own culture—or, to put it another way, before they became indios . While the Philippine-born Spaniards during the 19th century began to be called españoles filipinos , logically contracted to just Filipino , to distinguish them from

4620-464: The Spaniards born in Spain, they themselves resented the term, preferring to identify themselves as "hijo/s del país" ("sons of the country"). In the latter half of the 19th century, ilustrados , an educated class of mestizos (both Spanish mestizos and Sangley Chinese mestizos , especially Chinese mestizos) and indios arose whose writings are credited with building Philippine nationalism . These writings are also credited with transforming

4725-505: The Spanish period, especially as Manila was connected to the ports of Southern Fujian , such as Yuegang (the old port of Haicheng in Zhangzhou , Fujian ). The Spaniards recruited thousands of Chinese migrant workers from " Chinchew " ( Quanzhou ), " Chiõ Chiu " ( Zhangzhou ), " Canton " ( Guangzhou ), and Macau called sangleys (from Hokkien Chinese : 生理 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sng-lí ; lit. 'business') to build

4830-520: The Visayas who could own their own land and who did not have to pay a regular tribute to a maginoo, though they would, from time to time, be obliged to work on a datu's land and help in community projects and events. They were free to change their allegiance to another datu if they married into another community or if they decided to move. Maharlika – Members of the Tagalog warrior class known as maharlika had

4935-810: The Wangdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i as well as Ma-i's subordinates, the Barangay states of Pulilu and Sandao ; the Kingdoms of Maynila , Namayan , and Tondo ; the Kedatuans of Madja-as , Dapitan , and Cainta ; the Rajahnates of Cebu , Butuan and Sanmalan ; and the Sultanates of Buayan , Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu ; existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan . Some of these regions were part of

5040-407: The Wind , on page 174 of the first edition, dated 1939: "A picture stood on the table by us of our little girl at home in her party dress." On page 171, while discussing the small local boy, Usit with Harry, she says, "I'm afraid I'm too lazy to take on the job of being a parent again." Copies of White Man Returns are dedicated "To my children George and Jean". Jean was invited to the celebrations for

5145-437: The archipelago like in the following sentence: The first and last concern of the Filipinos in cases of sickness was, as we have stated, to offer some sacrifice to their anitos or diwatas , which were their gods. In the Crónicas (1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of the Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of

5250-428: The archipelago to Spain. European criollos , mestizos and Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. Japanese , Indian and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries. The Mexicans especially were a major source of military migration to

5355-401: The basis for her book, Three Came Home , which was published in April 1947. It detailed the hardships and deprivations that the internees and POWs had undergone under the Japanese, and became a bestseller . In 1950, it was turned into a motion picture , with Claudette Colbert playing the role of Agnes. Agnes and George finally returned to Sandakan in 1947, a full year after Harry. Borneo

SECTION 50

#1732858443375

5460-548: The camp. The camp was finally liberated on 11 September 1945 by the 9th Australian Army Division under the command of Brigadier T. C. Eastick . All three members of the Keith family had survived their internment. Although punishable by death if discovered, many inmates of the camp, both civilian and POW, kept diaries and notes about their imprisonment. One of Agnes' fellow female internees, Hilda E. Bates, described her in her diary entry dated September 21, 1944: Among my companions in camp are some outstanding personalities, and

5565-406: The civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX), while also using the term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of

5670-439: The collection, which they were forced to abandon to the occupying Japanese forces, in Three Came Home : "Harry's library of Borneo books, perhaps the most complete in existence, his one self-indulgence...". The auction press release commented: "Many of these items are not listed in any institutional holdings, including the British Library , and may well be the only surviving extant copies." The title of Agnes's first book about

5775-453: The colonial caste system hierarchy and taxation system during the Spanish Colonial Times dictated that those of mixed descent were known as " Mestizo /s " ( m ) / " Mestiza/s " ( f ), specifically those of mixed Spanish and native Filipino descent were known as " Mestizo/s de Español " ( Spanish Mestizos ), whereas those of mixed Chinese and native Filipino descent were known as " Mestizo/s de Sangley " ( Chinese Mestizos ) and

5880-421: The colonial infrastructure in the islands. Many Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, intermarried with the locals, and adopted Hispanized names and customs and became assimilated, although the children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese that became assimilated continued to be designated in official records as mestizos de sangley . The Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the Binondo area until

5985-592: The comedic pair Jack & Jill . He also developed the drama centered on a young orphan named Roberta for Sampaguita Pictures . Additionally, Ravelo penned the film adaptation of Alicia Vergel's " Basahang Ginto ." He is known as the " King of Pinoy Komiks ." Mars Ravelo died on September 12, 1988, due to heart attack . The life story of Mars Ravelo was featured in the anthology series Magpakailanman on May 26, 2005, actor Dennis Trillo portrayed Ravelo. [1] Filipino people Filipinos ( Filipino : Mga Pilipino ) are citizens or people identified with

6090-406: The commencement of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade that connected the Philippines through Manila to Acapulco in Mexico , attracted new waves of immigrants from China , as Manila was already previously connected to the Maritime Silk Road and Maritime Jade Road , as shown in the Selden Map , from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Southern Fujian to Manila , maritime trade flourished during

6195-463: The confusion of early Filipino immigrants with that of the much later Chinese immigrants to Mexico from the 1880s to the 1940s. A genetic study in 2018 has also revealed that around one-third of the population of Guerrero have 10% Filipino ancestry. The oldest archaic human remains in the Philippines are the " Callao Man " specimens discovered in 2007 in the Callao Cave in Northern Luzon . They were dated in 2010 through uranium-series dating to

6300-510: The country of the Philippines . The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly Catholic and come from various Austronesian peoples , all typically speaking Tagalog , English , or other Philippine languages . Despite formerly being subject to Spanish colonialism , only around 2–4% of Filipinos are fluent in Spanish . Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines each with its own language , identity, culture, tradition, and history. The name Filipino , as

6405-445: The country. Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving American, European, Chinese and Japanese peoples. After World War II, South Asians continued to migrate into the islands, most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. This

SECTION 60

#1732858443375

6510-408: The country. He retired in 1964. True to form, she wrote about her experiences in the country, publishing Children of Allah, between the Sea and the Sahara in 1966. In 1959, she was named an Alpha Gamma Delta Distinguished Citizen. The Keiths retired to British Columbia, where Agnes continued writing. Her first novel, Beloved Exiles , was published in 1972. It was set in North Borneo in

6615-454: The couple soon relocated to a government building on a hilltop, where they lived until internment in 1942. After the war they returned to Sandakan to find the house destroyed. They built a new house in 1946–47 on the original footprint and in a similar style to the original. They named this house Newlands and lived there until they left Sabah in 1952. After nearly 50 years of gradual deterioration, first under tenants and then as an empty shell,

6720-434: The creation of Filipino nationalism and the sparking of the Philippine Revolution as part of the foundation of the First Philippine Republic and subsequent sovereign independent Philippines . Today, the bulk of the families in the list of the political families in the Philippines have such family background. Meanwhile, the colonial-era Sangley's pure ethnic Chinese descendants of which, replenished by later migrants in

6825-438: The data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino. Across the whole Philippines, as estimated, the total ratio of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the totality. In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and

6930-502: The datu between 6 and 18 pesos in gold – a large sum in those days. Alipin – Commonly described as "servant" or "slave". However, this is inaccurate. The concept of the alipin relied on a complex system of obligation and repayment through labor in ancient Philippine society, rather than on the actual purchase of a person as in Western and Islamic slavery . Members of the alipin class who owned their own houses were more accurately equivalent to medieval European serfs and commoners. By

7035-434: The deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to 1,000,000. After the Philippine–American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General . A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Owing to

7140-442: The defeat of Spain during the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on June 12 while General Wesley Merritt became the first American governor of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $ 20 million. The Philippine–American War resulted in

7245-423: The development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu - Buddhist culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era. In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay , Cebu , Iloilo , Butuan ,

7350-415: The early 20th century, the term "Malay race" is still used incorrectly in the Philippines to refer to the Austronesian peoples, leading to confusion with the non-indigenous Melayu people . Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms. South Asian and East Asian people together with

7455-498: The following [is one] of these. Mrs A.K. – a noted American novelist, who proposes to [write] a book on our life here. She is much sought after by the Japanese Camp Commandant, as he has read one of her previous books about Borneo. He evidently holds the opinion that a cup of [coffee] given in his office, and a packet of biscuits as a gift for her small son, will ensure him appearing as a hero in said book! Mrs A.K. has an unusual appearance, being six feet in height, very thin, and with

7560-433: The foreign term. Native Filipinos were also called Manilamen (or Manila men ) by English-speaking regions or Tagalas by Spanish-speakers during the colonial era. They were mostly sailors and pearl-divers and established communities in various ports around the world. One of the notable settlements of Manilamen is the community of Saint Malo, Louisiana , founded at around 1763 to 1765 by escaped slaves and deserters from

7665-478: The house was restored by Sabah Museum in collaboration with the Federal Department of Museums and Antiquities in 2001. The house is a rare survival of post-war colonial wooden architecture. It was opened to the public in 2004 and is a popular tourist attraction. It contains displays on Agnes and Harry Keith as well as information about colonial life in Sandakan in the first half of the twentieth century, and

7770-482: The indigenous population. In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas" compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children and two parents, per tribute) and came upon the following statistics: The Spanish-Filipino population as

7875-542: The interior of the country. Harry persuaded her to write about her experiences and enter it in the 1939 Atlantic Monthly Non-Fiction Prize contest. The judges voted unanimously for her entry to win, and it was partly serialized in the magazine before being published in November of that year as Land Below the Wind . The book received favorable reviews: The Scotsman described it as "A delightful book ... It has abundant humour and

7980-420: The islands to govern their territory. Most settlers married the daughters of rajahs , datus , and sultans to reinforce the colonization of the islands. The Ginoo and Maharlika castes (royals and nobles) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards formed the privileged Principalía (nobility) during the early Spanish period. The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines, especially through

8085-496: The late Spanish Colonial Era or American Colonial Era . Likewise, many other modern expatriates from various countries, such as the US , often come to the Philippines to marry with a Filipino citizen , ensuring their future children attain Filipino citizenship and their Filipino spouses ensure property ownership . During the Spanish colonial period , Spaniards from Spain and Hispanic America mainly referred to Spaniards born in

8190-408: The letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the term Filipino was preferred over Pilipino . Locally, some still use "Filipino" to refer to the people and "Pilipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as " Pinoy " (feminine: " Pinay "), which

8295-514: The many cities and presidios of the Philippines. With the inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors of British, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Russian, Italian, and French nationality were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards and Chinese arrived during the next century. Many of these migrants intermarried with local mestizos and assimilated with

8400-440: The mix of all of the above or a mix of Spanish and Chinese were known as " Tornatrás ". Meanwhile, the ethnic Chinese migrants ( Chinese Filipinos ) were historically referred to as " Sangley/es " (from Hokkien Chinese : 生理 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sng-lí ; lit. 'business'), while the natives of the Philippine islands were usually known by the generic term " Indio/s " (lit. " Indian , native of

8505-462: The most among mestizos , though the Mestizos de Español ( Spanish Mestizos ) carried more social prestige due to the colonial caste system hierarchy that usually elevated Spanish blood and Christianized natives to the peak, while most descendants of the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese Mestizo ), despite assuming many of the important roles in the economic, social and political life of

8610-548: The nation, would readily assimilate into the fabric of Philippine society or sometimes falsely claim Spanish descent due to this situation. Agnes Newton Keith Agnes Jones Goodwillie Newton was born in Oak Park, Illinois . Her family moved to Hollywood, California , when she was very young. Her father was one of the founders of the Del Monte Company. One of her grandmothers was English. The family moved again when Agnes

8715-523: The natives of the Philippines, while in contrast, the exchanges between Castila and native were negligent. Following Bernal, these two groups—native Filipinos and the Castila—had been two "mutually unfamiliar castes" that had "no real contact." Between them, he clarifies however, were the Chinese traders and the guachinangos (Mexicans). In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across

8820-686: The old Little Japan in Mintal or Calinan in Davao City during the American colonial period , where many had roots starting out in Abaca plantations or from workers of the Benguet Road ( Kennon Road ) to Baguio . British forces occupied Manila between 1762 and 1764 as a part of the Seven Years' War . However, the only part of the Philippines which the British held was the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and

8925-543: The people of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into local societies. Many of the barangay (tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent, under the de jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them

9030-664: The period between 1936 and 1951. Her last book, Before the Blossoms Fall: Life and Death in Japan , was published in 1975. Agnes Newton Keith died at age 80 in Oak Bay, British Columbia , in 1982; her husband died the same year. Agnes and Harry Keith were ardent bibliophiles. Following their deaths in 1982, their collection of books and documents on Borneo and South East Asia was auctioned in 2002. The collection numbered over 1,000 volumes, and had been gathered over many years. She wrote of

9135-560: The principal naval port of Cavite , both of which are located by the Manila Bay . The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris (1763) . At the end of the war the treaty signatories were not aware that Manila had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to

9240-407: The pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish Filipino and Chinese Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated. Eventually, many families belonging to the non-native categories from centuries ago beyond the late 19th century diminished because their descendants intermarried enough and were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as Filipinos while forgetting their ancestor's roots since during

9345-637: The reissue of Land Below the Wind in Sabah on July 6, 2007. Agnes' husband Harry was Conservator of Forests and Director of Agriculture for the government of North Borneo under the Chartered Company , and was also Honorary Curator of the Sandakan (State) Museum. He had worked in Borneo since 1925, and was based in Sandakan . Agnes spent an idyllic five years at Sandakan, sometimes accompanying her husband on trips into

9450-422: The same rights and responsibilities as the timawa, but in times of war they were bound to serve their datu in battle. They had to arm themselves at their own expense, but they did get to keep the loot they took. Although they were partly related to the nobility, the maharlikas were technically less free than the timawas because they could not leave a datu's service without first hosting a large public feast and paying

9555-410: The slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal or Southern India , adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bangladeshis into the ethnic mix. A total of 110 Manila-Acapulco galleons set sail between 1565 and 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port bringing with them the riches of

9660-558: The stealthy lops of a Red Indian . She dresses in a startling and very flamboyant fashion, in very bright colours, while her hair is worn in two plaits, one over each shoulder, thus adding to a slightly Indian aura! Mary Baldwin, a 70-year-old fellow-internee, did not get on well with Agnes, suspecting that she was "too ready to be polite and co-operative with the Japanese guards and their officers in return for favours – notably food and medicine for her infant son." After their liberation and

9765-520: The strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel were stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the Cold War , but left behind thousands of Amerasian children. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. The Pearl S. Buck International Foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout

9870-671: The term Filipino to one which refers to everyone born in the Philippines, especially during the Philippine Revolution and American Colonial Era and the term shifting from a geographic designation to a national one as a citizenship nationality by law . Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word Filipino to refer to Indios was the Spanish-language poem A la juventud filipina , published in 1879 by José Rizal . Writer and publisher Nick Joaquin has asserted that Luis Rodríguez Varela

9975-505: The term Filipino was not used to refer to indios until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair and Renato Constantino . However, in a 1994 publication the historian William Henry Scott identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives. Instances of such usage include the Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) of Pedro Chirino , in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of

10080-399: The term, applying it to all Filipinos within the Philippines or in the diaspora. In actual practice, however, the term is unknown among and not applied to Filipinos living in the Philippines, and Filipino itself is already treated as gender-neutral. The dictionary entry resulted in confusion, backlash and ridicule from Filipinos residing in the Philippines who never identified themselves with

10185-468: The various Austronesian peoples have also been known since the colonial era due to shared material culture and linguistic similarities of various peoples of the islands of the Indo-Pacific , leading to the designation of Austronesians as the " Malay race " (or the " Brown race ") during the age of scientific racism by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach . Due to the colonial American education system in

10290-501: The years leading up to 1000 AD, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus , rajahs or sultans or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". Nations such as

10395-419: Was a large but unknown number of South Asian Filipinos , as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal and Southern India, adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bengalis into the ethnic mix. The Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards. The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan ( Portuguese : Fernão de Magalhães ) in 1521 began

10500-588: Was a much-changed place, having suffered doubly, first under the Japanese occupation then from the ferocious Allied attacks as the liberation of the island took place. In 1951 the third book in Agnes's Borneo trilogy was published, entitled White Man Returns . This chronicled the time from Agnes's and George's return to Borneo up through December 1950. The Keiths remained in Sandakan until 1952. On arriving in Sandakan in 1934, Agnes moved into Harry's bachelor bungalow , but

10605-527: Was also true for the Arab and Chinese immigrants, many of whom are also post WWII arrivals. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans , Persians , Brazilians , and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of migration , diaspora , assimilation , and cultural diversity made most Filipinos accepting of interracial marriage and multiculturalism . Philippine nationality law

10710-488: Was attacked by an assailant who was convinced that the newspaper was persecuting him by printing Krazy Kat cartoons. She received serious head injuries which affected her memory. She also became seriously depressed , and after two years of illness her father sent her and her brother Al to Europe to recuperate. Returning refreshed to the States, Agnes decided to become a writer, but soon afterwards lost her eyesight for two years as

10815-437: Was born on October 9, 1916, when America still occupied the Philippines. Ravelo started out as a cartoonist, then as a writer, and later on as editor-in-chief for two publications houses and for several film companies. He later established his own company, RAR. Ravelo crafted iconic characters such as Darna the superheroine, Dyesebel the lovelorn mermaid, and Captain Barbell the superhero, along with Facifica Falayfay , and

10920-662: Was ten, this time to the nearby beach community of Venice, California , for her younger brother Al's health. She attended the University of California, Berkeley , where she became a member of the Omicron Chapter of Alpha Gamma Delta . Upon graduation, Keith landed a job with the San Francisco Examiner . She covered stories including the 1925 case of 16 year-old flapper , Dorothy Ellingson, convicted of matricide . Eight months after starting her journalism career, she

11025-424: Was the first to describe himself as Filipino in print. Apolinario Mabini (1896) used the term Filipino to refer to all inhabitants of the Philippines. Father Jose Burgos earlier called all natives of the archipelago as Filipinos . In Wenceslao Retaña 's Diccionario de filipinismos , he defined Filipinos as follows, todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza. All those born in

#374625