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34-610: The Maronite Church is one of several churches that lay claim to be the canonical incumbent of the ancient see of St. Peter and St. Paul in Antioch . The Syriac Catholic Church , and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church make the same claim, all of them Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the Holy See . The three mutually recognize each other as holding authentic patriarchates. The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and

68-638: A Frankish cleric loyal to him as new patriarch, thus starting the Latin Patriarchate of Antioch . The Western influence in the area was finally ended by the victories of the Muslim Mamluks over the Crusader States in the 13th century. In 1268 the Principality of Antioch came to an end with the brutal conquest of the city by Mamluks which left the significance of the patriarchate, together with

102-512: A precise understanding of orthodoxy. In 1085, the city was captured by Sultanate of Rum but it was allowed that John the Oxite , the newly appointed patriarch by emperor Alexios I Komnenos could live in the city. When the army of the First Crusade appeared before the walls of Antioch , John was imprisoned by the city's governor and subject to torture in front of the eyes of the crusaders. After

136-532: A profession of faith back as the popes had not been commemorated in the diptychs for 30 years. After Michael I Cerularius had excommunicated the Latin Church in 1054, informed also Peter III whose reply shows the non-importance he and many others maintained toward the events of 1054; Peter maintained the Latins were their brothers but that their thinking was prone to error and that as barbarians they should be excused from

170-557: Is one of the Eastern Orthodox patriarchs , the leader of the autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch . The term "Greek" does not refer to ethnic origin; the majority of these patriarchs were not ethnic Greeks, but rather Hellenized Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, and other Levantines who spoke Greek and adopted a Hellenic identity. It refers to the fact that this church follows the Chalcedonian Orthodoxy associated with

204-603: Is the summer residence of the Patriarch. The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Joubbé, Sarba and Jounieh is the eparchy of Maronite patriarch. From Patriarchate of Antioch of the Maronites also depend directly: The Maronite Patriarch is a member by right of the Council of Catholic Patriarchs of the East . Patriarchate of Antioch The Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by

238-658: The Catholic Church . Today, five churches claim the title of patriarch of Antioch; three of these are autonomous Eastern Catholic particular churches in full communion with the pope of Rome. All five see themselves as part of the Antiochene heritage and claim a right to the Antiochene See through apostolic succession , although none are currently based in the city of Antakya . This multiplicity of Patriarchs of Antioch as well as their lack of location in Antioch, reflects

272-653: The Fall of Antioch in 1268, and was abolished completely in 1964. In the 18th century, succession disputes in the Greek Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox Churches of Antioch led to factions of those churches entering into communion with Rome under claimants to the patriarchate: respectively the Melkite Greek Catholic patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Catholic patriarch of Antioch . Their respective Orthodox progenitors are

306-648: The Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch . In Roman times, Antioch was the principal city of the Roman Province of Syria , and the fourth largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome, Ephesus and Alexandria . The church in Antioch was the first to be called "Christian," according to Acts. According to tradition, Saint Peter established the church in Antioch which

340-733: The Middle Ages , as the Byzantine Church of Antioch became more and more dependent on Constantinople , it began to use the Byzantine rite . The internal schisms such as that over Monophysitism were followed by the Islamic conquests which began in the late 7th century, resulting in the patriarch's ecclesiastical authority becoming entangled in the politics of imperial authority and later Islamic hegemony . Being considered independent of both Byzantine and Arab Muslim power but in essence occupied by both,

374-778: The Oriental Orthodox Syriac Orthodox Church claim patriarchates as well. Moreover, the Catholic Church appointed titular Latin rite patriarchs for many centuries, until the office was left vacant in 1953 and abolished in 1964 and all claims renounced. The Maronite Patriarchate extends its jurisdiction over all the Maronite faithful wherever they dwell. The seat of the patriarchate is Bkerké in Keserwan District in Lebanon . Dimane (in Bsharri District )

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408-685: The Syriac Orthodox Church (which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox Church ), which has continued to appoint its own Syriac patriarchs of Antioch . The Chalcedonians refused to recognise the dismissal and continued to recognise Flavian as Patriarch forming a rival church. From 518, on the death of Flavian and the appointment of his successor, the Chalcedonian Church became known as the Byzantines ' ( Rūm ) Church of Antioch . In

442-502: The bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya , Turkey ). As the traditional "overseer" ( ἐπίσκοπος , episkopos , from which the word bishop is derived) of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in Pauline Christianity from its earliest period . This diocese is one of the few for which the names of its bishops from the apostolic beginnings have been preserved. Today five churches use

476-606: The de facto power of the Antiochene patriarchs faded. Additionally, the city suffered several natural disasters including major earthquakes throughout the 4th and 6th centuries and anti-Christian conquests beginning with the Zoroastrian Persians in the 6th century, then the Muslim Arabs in the seventh century before the city could be recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 969. Although Aramaic-speaking followers of

510-475: The (Greek-speaking) Byzantine Empire . Since 518, there have been two patriarchs of Antioch who call themselves Orthodox: the Chalcedonian ones listed here, and the non-Chalcedonian Syriac Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch . After 1098, the patriarchate was in exile, at first at Constantinople , having been replaced by a Latin patriarch . With Theodosius, the patriarchate returned to Antioch . With Ignatius,

544-476: The 4th-century hermit Saint Maron did accept the terms of Chalcedon, they adhered to Monothelitism (due to impossible communication with the wider church, being surrounded after the Muslim expansions, meaning they couldn’t single it out as a heresy until re-establishment of communication with Rome) until the 12th century through establishment of communion with Rome . Although the Maronites initially fought alongside

578-630: The Byzantines in their struggle against the Arabs, in 685 AD, they appointed a Patriarch for themselves, St. John Maron , who became the first Patriarch of the Maronite Church. The appointing of a Patriarch made the Byzantine Emperor furious, which led to the persecution of the Maronites by the Byzantines, and their consequent retreat into the mountains of Lebanon, where they would continue to reside until

612-731: The French mandate after World War 1. Over the centuries, differences between the Church in the East and West emerged such as the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist in the West or the addition of the filioque to the Nicene Creed by Pope Sergius IV . The resulting schism, the Great Schism , has often been dated to the 1054 mission of Cardinal Humbert to Constantinople when Humbert excommunicated (invalidly)

646-747: The Patriach of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius , who in turn excommunicated the Pope and removed him from the diptychs . Consequently, two major Christian bodies broke communion became two fractions: One faction, now identified as the Catholic Church, represented the Latin West under the leadership of the pope; the other faction, now identified as the Eastern Orthodox Church, represented the Greek East under

680-574: The clear distinction of two natures of Christ ( δύο φύσεις : dyophysitism ): one human, the other divine. Lastly, compared to the Patriarchates in Constantinople, Rome, and Alexandria which for various reasons became mired in the theology of imperial state religion, many of its Patriarchs managed to straddle the divide between the controversies of Christology and imperial unity through its piety and straightforward grasp of early Christian thought which

714-556: The collegial authority of the patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Alexandria. This split, however, was then most likely known only within higher clerics who either gave it little importance or expected it to be overcome soon. As with the patriarchates of Alexandria and Jerusalem, communication between Rome and Antioch was not as easy as between Rome and Constantinople. Nevertheless, documentation between Antioch and Rome exist such as when in 1052 Patriarch Peter III send news of his appointment to Leo IX and asked him to send

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748-526: The conquest of the city in June 1098, John was released and reinstated by the spiritual leader of the crusader, Adhemar of Le Puy , as patriarch of Antioch. After Adhemar's death, the Norman Bohemond of Taranto established himself as prince of Antioch and went in opposition to Alexios I in 1099/1100, forcing John to leave the patriarchate due to his suspected loyalty to the Byzantine Emperor. Bohemond selected

782-451: The ecclesiastical schisms between Rome and Constantinople and between Constantinople and Alexandria and Antioch, isolated, fractured and debased. The Latin Patriarch went into exile in 1268, and the office became titular only. The office fell vacant in 1953 and was finally abolished in 1964. In 1724, Cyril VI was elected Greek patriarch of Antioch. He was considered to be pro-Rome by the patriarch of Constantinople , who refused to recognize

816-601: The election and appointed another patriarch in his stead. Many Melkites continued to acknowledge Cyril's claim to the patriarchate. Thus from 1724 the Greek Church of Antioch split up in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church . In 1729, Pope Benedict XIII recognized Cyril as the Eastern Catholic patriarch of Antioch and welcomed him and his followers into full communion with

850-610: The largest number of Christians in the known world at that time. The synods of Antioch met at a basilica named for Julian the Martyr , whose relics it contained. Despite being overshadowed in ecclesiastical authority by the patriarch of Constantinople in the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire , the Antiochene Patriarch remained the most independent, powerful, and trusted of the eastern patriarchs. The Antiochene church

884-578: The patriarchate. There were four points in history where a disputed succession to the patriarchate led to a lasting institutional schism, leading to the five churches that exist today. Thus, the succession recognized by each church is as follows: Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The patriarch of Antioch

918-673: The post, from earliest to most recent. At one point, there was at least nominally a sixth claimant to the Patriarchate. When the Western European Crusaders established the Principality of Antioch , they established a Latin Church church in the city, whose head took the title of Patriarch. After the Crusaders were expelled by the Mamluks in 1268, the pope continued to appoint a titular Latin patriarch of Antioch , whose actual seat

952-522: The title of patriarch of Antioch: one Eastern Orthodox (the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch ); one Oriental Orthodox (the Syriac Orthodox Church ); and three Eastern Catholic (the Maronite , Syriac Catholic , and Melkite Greek Catholic Churches). According to the pre-congregation church tradition, this ancient patriarchate was founded by the Apostle Saint Peter . The patriarchal succession

986-507: The troubled history of Christianity in the region, which has been marked by internecine struggles and persecution, particularly since the Islamic conquest. Indeed, the Christian population in the original territories of the Antiochene patriarchs has been all but eliminated by assimilation and expulsion, with the region's current Christians forming a small minority. The current patriarchs of Antioch are listed below in order of their accession to

1020-469: Was a centre of Christian learning, second only to Alexandria . In contrast to the Hellenistic -influenced Christology of Alexandria , Rome , and Constantinople , Antiochene theology was greatly influenced by Rabbinic Judaism and other modes of West Asian monotheistic thought—emphasizing the single, transcendent divine substance ( οὐσία ), which in turn led to adoptionism in certain extremes, and to

1054-609: Was disputed at the time of the Meletian schism in 362 and again after the Council of Chalcedon in 451, when there were rival Melkite and non-Chalcedonian claimants to the see. After a 7th-century succession dispute in the Melkite church, the Maronites began appointing a Maronite patriarch as well. After the First Crusade , the Catholic Church began appointing a Latin Church patriarch of Antioch, though this became strictly titular after

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1088-663: Was rooted in its primitive Church beginnings. The Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451 resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the Council. The issue came to a head in 512, when a synod was convened in Sidon by the non-Chalcedonians, which resulted in Flavian II (a Chalcedonian) being replaced as Patriarch by Severus (a non-Chalcedonian). The non-Chalcedonians under Severus eventually came to be called

1122-546: Was the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome . The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini , who died without a successor in 1953. The post itself was abolished in 1964. One way to understand the historical interrelationships between the various churches is to examine their chain of episcopal succession—that is, the sequence of bishops that each church regards as having been the predecessors of each church's current claimant to

1156-481: Was the first major Christian area before the 4th century and was the city's first bishop, before going to Rome to found the Church there. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 107), counted as the third bishop of the city, was a prominent apostolic father . By the fourth century, the bishop of Antioch had become the most senior bishop in a region covering modern-day eastern Turkey , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Syria , Jordan , Iraq , and Iran . His hierarchy served

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