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140-592: The supporters of Queen Mary had popular international support for what was seen as the legitimate cause of supporters of an unjustly deposed monarch. The King's party claimed that their cause was a war of religion, like that in France , and that they were fighting for the Protestant cause . Mary had escaped from her imprisonment in Lochleven Castle to join her main supporters in the west of Scotland, but they were defeated at

280-566: A French diplomat who had arrived with munitions, Alexander Master of Livingstone, and an Englishman named Johnson were captured. The Regent Lennox came to view the castle. Verac and the Englishmen were released, Fleming of Boghall was imprisoned, and the Archbishop was taken to Stirling and hanged. In September 1571, cannon from Dumbarton were taken to Edinburgh to use against the Queen's men who had built

420-688: A barricade across the High Street and were holding Edinburgh Castle on behalf of the deposed Queen. Edinburgh Castle was initially delivered by its captain, James Balfour , to the Regent Moray, who appointed Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange as its Keeper. Grange was a trusted lieutenant of the Regent, but after Moray's murder in January 1570 his allegiance to the King's cause wavered. After the capture of Dumbarton Castle by

560-584: A chest in a "cave" or cellar. Drury and the English taskforce withdrew to Leith. Regent Morton had argued with Drury, and in June he wrote to Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox , asking if she could use her influence to have him sacked from his office at Berwick. It was suspected that William Kirkcaldy of Grange , the defeated and executed commander of the Edinburgh Castle, had secret dealings with Drury. After

700-516: A considerable time they were subjected to these tortures, which the holy confessors bore patiently for the love of Christ, mutually exhorting one another to constancy and perseverance." At long last, both Franciscans were taken from the rack and hanged under orders from Drury from a tree outside one of the gates in the walls of Kilmallock on 13 August 1579 . Their bodies were then left suspended for fourteen days, during which both bodies were used for target practice by Kilmallock military garrison of

840-572: A contingent of fellow Protestant militias from Germany – including 14,000 mercenary reiters led by the Calvinist Duke of Zweibrücken . After the Duke was killed in action, his troops remained under the employ of the Huguenots who had raised a loan from England against the security of Jeanne d'Albret 's crown jewels. Much of the Huguenots' financing came from Queen Elizabeth of England, who

980-640: A custom that border people paid a "black rent" or "black mail" in the East March. In February, he wrote to Cecil that Mary, Queen of Scots, who was held at Lochleven Castle , was "troubled with a disease in her side and a pain in her arm". In March, he noted that English silver coins were acquired with base metal Scottish coins (such as placks and bawbees ) and recoined at a profit at the Scottish mint . Drury wrote to Cecil on 3 April 1568 regarding Mary's attempted escape from Lochleven Castle on 25 March, disguised as

1120-619: A definitive ruling by classifying "Lutherans" as heretical Zwinglians . Calvin, originally from Noyon in Picardy , went into exile in 1535 to escape persecution and settled in Basel , where he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1538. This work contained the key principles of Calvinism , which became immensely popular in France and other European countries. While Lutheranism

1260-470: A diversionary attack on Merchiston Castle which was being held for the King. The King's party appealed to Elizabeth I of England for assistance, as they lacked the artillery and money required to reduce Edinburgh Castle, and feared that Grange would receive aid from France. Elizabeth sent ambassadors to negotiate, and in July 1572 a truce was agreed and the blockade lifted. The town was effectively surrendered to

1400-571: A force north from Edinburgh with orders to "offend the Forbeses all they can." The Forbes were again defeated when they marched against the Gordons at Aberdeen at the battle of Craibstone on 20 November 1571, and Arthur Forbes was killed. The son of Lord Forbes was imprisoned at Huntly Castle . One of Adam Gordon's men, Captain Thomas Ker, was sent to demand the surrender of Corgarff Castle . Adam ordered

1540-614: A laundry woman. Mary finally escaped on 2 May, and after a defeat at the battle of Langside made her way to England. Drury heard that trouble on the borders was caused by Dan Carr or Ker of Shilstoke-Bray, who was said to have visited Mary, Queen of Scots, at Carlisle Castle . She was supposed to have encouraged him to make trouble in Teviotdale, Liddesdale, and the West borders, and to spread seditious literature to make difficulties for Regent Moray. Lord Hunsdon set men to watch for him, Dan Carr

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1680-539: A loss of appetite after hearing the news. In Scotland, news and opinion was circulated in the form of printed ballads which satirised the characters and actions of the leaders of the opposing parties. Lord Fleming's defence of Dumbarton for Mary was satirized in a ballad The tressoun of Dumbertane , printed in Edinburgh by Robert Lekprevik in May 1570. The verses, attributed to Robert Sempill , describe Fleming's failed ambush of

1820-411: A mile from Dumbarton. Crawford marched on the castle before daybreak, first encountering the obstacle of a broken bridge and a scare caused by the sight of a will-o'-the-wisp . While they were helped by the mist, their scaling ladders proved unwieldy. When all was going well, one of the soldiers froze on the ladder and had to be tied to it so the others could pass. At the top of the hill Alexander Ramsay

1960-537: A number of Lord Maxwell 's supporters surrendered. Moray was responsible for the destruction of Rutherglen castle , which he burned to the ground in 1569 in retribution against the Hamiltons for having supported Mary at Langside. In June 1569 Moray went north to Brechin where he accepted hostages sent by the Earl of Huntly , then on to Aberdeen where he held talks with Huntly himself. At Inverness , on 4 June 1569, Moray met

2100-497: A peaceful solution led to the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (8 August 1570), negotiated by Jeanne d'Albret, which once more allowed some concessions to the Huguenots. With the kingdom once more at peace, the crown began seeking a policy of reconciliation to bring the fractured polity back together. One key part of this was to be a marriage between Navarre , the son of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre, and Margaret of Valois ,

2240-606: A prolonged struggle for power between his widow Catherine de' Medici and powerful nobles. These included a fervently Catholic faction led by the Guise and Montmorency families, and Protestants headed by the House of Condé and Jeanne d'Albret . Both sides received assistance from external powers, with Spain and Savoy supporting the Catholics, and England and the Dutch Republic backing

2380-531: A promise of financial support. Still trying to subvert the Scottish soldiers, he was captured and tortured on the rack. The Scottish soldiers then mutinied until he was released. The King's party also wrote a number of letters and took initiatives to increase their following and secure aid from England. Amidst the opportunities for disinformation , when uncertain news of the capture of Dumbarton reached London in April 1571,

2520-564: A series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots ) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease directly caused by the conflict, and it severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. One of its most notorious episodes was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. The fighting ended with a compromise in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593,

2660-538: A similar custom persisted in the election of Clan Chiefs among the Highlanders or "Old Scots" . The same legend had already been used by Mary's adherents to opposite effect. In December 1569, a supporter of Mary, perhaps John Lesley, had argued that the election of Fergus I and the resultant nature of Scottish kingship meant that the Scottish parliament could not have been competent to accept Mary's abdication. Buchanan's views would later be described as monarchomachic by

2800-496: A sympathiser of the Queen's party, David Chalmers of Ormond published the Histoire Abbregee de tous les Roys de France, Angleterre et Escosse (Paris, 1579). These works, like Buchanan's History of Scotland (1572), retold the stories of ancient Scottish Kings, many mythical who had been deposed justly or unjustly by their subjects, and might be compared with Mary. Both Buchanan and Chambers were patriotic writers and shared

2940-537: A view of Scottish kingship drawn largely from myth, that the Scots had been a migrant people from Scythia who had elected their first king, Fergus I , in response to a crisis, 251 years after their arrival in Scotland. The historian Roger A. Mason describes the central premiss of Buchanan's De Jure Regni , which is at odds with ideas of absolute monarchy ; Buchanan expounded a theory of popular sovereignty whose central premiss

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3080-687: A view to religious renewal and reform. Humanist scholars argued interpretation of the Bible required an ability to read the New Testament and Old Testaments in the original Greek and Hebrew , rather than relying on the 4th century Latin translation known as the " Vulgate Bible". In 1495, the Venetian Aldus Manutius began using the newly invented printing press to produce small, inexpensive, pocket editions of Greek, Latin, and vernacular literature, making knowledge in all disciplines available for

3220-412: Is generally seen as the spark which led to open hostilities between the two religions. Guyenne was the epicentre of the turn to religious violence in late 16th-century France. Many explanations have been proffered for the rise of violence. Traditional explanations focus on the influence of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre. Other explanations focus on the rise of seigneurialism in the 1550s and see

3360-568: The Battle of Jarnac (16 March 1569), the prince of Condé was killed, forcing Admiral de Coligny to take command of the Protestant forces, nominally on behalf of Condé's 16-year-old son, Henry , and the 15-year-old Henry of Navarre , who were presented by Jeanne d'Albret as the legitimate leaders of the Huguenot cause against royal authority. The Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille was a nominal victory for

3500-453: The Battle of Langside by her half-brother James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray . Mary fled to England and was imprisoned there by Queen Elizabeth I . The Earl of Moray was Regent of Scotland and ruled with a council of regency. Mary had depended on the support of the Hamilton family at Langside, and existing rivalries with Hamiltons partly determined who came to join her side. Other supporters of

3640-554: The Casket letters in England, which were intended to incriminate Mary in the death of Lord Darnley . Moray also raised money in London by selling items from the royal jewels , including what was claimed to be a unicorn horn. Queen Elizabeth and her advisors were at first reluctant to intervene but their actions, and support of Moray, served to prevent reconciliation in Scotland. The Regent Moray

3780-623: The Earl of Huntly , fought for the Queen. Regent Mar encouraged the Clan Forbes who had long feuded with the Gordons in Aberdeenshire to fight for him. Gordon's force was attacked by the Forbes, commanded by Black Arthur Forbes, at the battle of Tillieangus on 10 October 1571, and the Forbes were defeated. Mar sent an army commanded by Captains Chisholm and Wedderburn northwards, and the Earl of Huntly sent

3920-725: The Edict of Nantes (13 April 1598) and the Peace of Vervins (2 May 1598) concluded the wars, while the ensuing 1620s Huguenot rebellions lead others to believe the Peace of Alès in 1629 is the actual conclusion. However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Wassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. During this time, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles. American military historians Kiser, Drass & Brustein (1994) maintained

4060-416: The Edict of Saint-Maur revoked the freedom of Huguenots to worship. In November, William of Orange led an army into France to support his fellow Protestants, but, the army being poorly paid, he accepted the crown's offer of money and free passage to leave the country. The Huguenots gathered a formidable army under the command of Condé, aided by forces from south-east France, led by Paul de Mouvans, and

4200-730: The Oath of Supremacy or answer questiond about alleged plans by the Pope and King Philip II of Spain for invading the British Isles . I'm response, Drury ordered them both delivered to torture. According to Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran , "These orders from Drury were executed with an uncommon degree of barbarity. The two prisoners were first placed on the rack , their arms and feet were beaten with hammers, so that their thigh bones were broken and sharp iron points and needles were cruelly thrust under their nails, which caused an extreme agony of suffering. For

4340-626: The Rhine added to these fears, and political discontent grew. After Protestant troops unsuccessfully tried to capture and take control of King Charles IX in the Surprise of Meaux , a number of cities, such as La Rochelle , declared themselves for the Huguenot cause. Protestants attacked and massacred Catholic laymen and clergy the following day in Nîmes , in what became known as the Michelade . This provoked

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4480-400: The "Castilians" demolished more houses from February 1572 onwards. The timber from the houses was used as fuel that was needed because the King's forces had sabotaged the coal mines, but the demolitions continued into the summer. The Castilians seem to have been trying to extort loans from the wealthy burgesses who had resorted to Leith, and as many as 50 houses were dismantled by the "Captain of

4620-570: The 14th century in Italy and arrived in France in the early 16th, coinciding with the rise of Protestantism in France . The movement emphasised the importance of ad fontes , or study of original sources, and initially focused on the reconstruction of secular Greek and Latin texts. It later expanded into the reading, study and translation of works by the Church Fathers and the New Testament , with

4760-519: The 15-year-old Francis II lacked the ability to control. Francis, Duke of Guise , whose niece Mary, Queen of Scots, was married to the king, exploited the situation to establish dominance over their rivals, the House of Montmorency . Within days of the King's accession, the English ambassador reported "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French King". On 10 March 1560, a group of disaffected nobles led by Jean du Barry, attempted to break

4900-532: The 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris , which resulted in Catholic mobs killing between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants throughout France. The wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons Francis II , Charles IX , and Henry III . Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots;

5040-649: The Captain of Biggar , and Lord Sempill , who stocked the castle with provisions from the surrounding countryside. It was rumoured that armed support for Mary would land there; in December 1569, William Drury , Marshall of Berwick , heard that the Spanish Duke of Alva was sending troops there from Flanders. The Regent Moray declared that he would explore all means to take the Castle and would have taken it in May 1569, if he had then

5180-457: The Castilians. Grange resolved to continue in the Castle, despite water shortages. With him remained William Maitland of Lethington , Mary's former secretary, his brother John Maitland, Alexander Lord Home , Robert Melville of Murdocairnie , Robert Crichton Bishop of Dunkeld , Robert Logan of Restalrig , and the Castle's Governor, Henry Echlin of Pittadro. The garrison continued to bombard

5320-467: The Castle from France and George, Lord Seton , negotiated for support with Duke of Alba in the Spanish Netherlands . In July 1571, John Chisholm , controller of the royal artillery, was captured after setting out from Dieppe with money from the exiled Bishop of Glasgow , cannonballs of four different calibres, and pikes . He was arrested by Patrick, Lord Lindsay , but managed to pass some of

5460-465: The Chimneys." Grange was more successful in raising money from loans on the security of the crown jewels, which were "laid in wed and pledge" with wealthy merchants and aristocratic allies. Subsequently, an inquest found that two merchants who loaned large sums to the Queen's party had been personal friends of Moray and John Knox . Meanwhile, in the north of Scotland, Adam Gordon of Auchindoun , brother of

5600-647: The Circle of Meaux , aiming to improve the quality of preaching and religious life in general. They were joined by François Vatable , an expert in Hebrew , along with Guillaume Budé , a classicist and Royal librarian. Lefèvre's Fivefold Psalter and his commentary on the Epistle to the Romans emphasised the literal interpretation of the Bible and the centrality of Jesus Christ . Many of

5740-562: The Countess, who had previously sought refuge in Scotland, to France. The Historie and Life of James the Sext recorded what must have been a popular account of the mission to the Duke of Alba. Seton tried to convince him to provide an army of 10,000 men by persuading Scottish soldiers fighting against Spain in the Netherlands to change sides. However, Alba could not spare the men, and Seton only received

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5880-633: The English arrived on 18 May, and returned to their homelands, the Hamiltons to Arran and Craignethan Castle , and Drury attempted a siege of Dumbarton Castle. For Elizabeth's foreign policy this intervention had the effect of making France and Spain less likely to offer tangible pro-Marian support. After the Rising of the North and the discovery of the Ridolfi plot which further damaged Mary's reputation, Regent Mar and James Douglas, Earl of Morton were able to broker

6020-722: The English at Flodden . Drury's men built a battery on the Castle Hill, facing its eastern defences, and five other batteries to the north, west, and south. Some of the trenches were made by a Scottish workforce directed by their overseer John Scarlat. Scarlat, a stone mason, was killed while working in the trenches, and Regent Morton gave his widow Marion Ellane an income to support her four children. The cannon emplacements were fortified with gabions , baskets of stone made from "rysse" (willow twigs and brushwood) brought from Haddingtonshire and West Lothian to Greyfriar's Port. Three Scottish cannon were brought from Stirling Castle by boat on

6160-467: The English commander William Drury . Another ballad, an Answeir to the Englisch Ballad , criticised Regent Mar, the Earl of Morton and colleagues for the rendition of the Earl of Northumberland to England after the Rising of the North ; Thocht sum have playit Judas' pairt, In selling gud Northumberland, Quhy sould the whoill, for thair desert, That faine wald have that fact withstand? Or yit

6300-399: The English diplomat Thomas Randolph reported John Lesley pretending that Dunbar Castle had fallen, a fortress-port on the opposite coast of Scotland which had little significance in the war since Moray's parliament had ordered it to be demolished in December 1567. The Earl of Shrewsbury wrote that Mary herself seemed to discount the loss of Dumbarton in her conversation, but had suffered

6440-503: The English in 1562 as part of the Treaty of Hampton Court between its Huguenot leaders and Elizabeth I of England . That July, the French expelled the English. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen ending the regency of Catherine de Medici. His mother continued to play a principal role in politics, and she joined her son on a Grand Tour of

6580-448: The Forth, supervised by Michael Gardiner , and a small "yetling" gun from Tantallon Castle , and Edinburgh castle's well (outside near Princes's Street Gardens) was poisoned. Morton gave the workers who made gabions a bonus drinksilver payment after the castle surrendered. Grange's sister became ill, and he requested that she be allowed to leave the castle. Morton refused. By 17 May 1573

6720-568: The French nobility also generally supported the status quo and existing policies. Despite his personal opposition, Francis tolerated Martin Luther ’s ideas when they entered France in the late 1520s, largely because the definition of Catholic orthodoxy was unclear, making it hard to determine precisely what was or was not heresy . He tried to steer a middle course in the developing religious schism, but in January ;1535, Catholic authorities made

6860-429: The Guisard compromise of scaling back persecution but not permitting toleration . For the moment she held to the Guisard line. Before his death, Francis II had called the first Estates General held since 1484, which in December 1560 assembled in Orléans to discuss topics which included taxation and religion. It made little progress on the latter, other than agreeing to pardon those convicted of religious offences in

7000-481: The Highland and island chiefs along with the Earls of Caithness and Sutherland and Lord Lovat . His secretary, John Wood , said that "such a power had seldom been seen there"; Moray wrote that "the journey is to put down troubles in the north." The supporters of the exiled Queen were in possession of Dumbarton Castle , a fortress and port that commanded the Clyde . The castle was held for Mary by Lord Fleming, helped by other "Queen's men" including his relation,

7140-462: The Huguenots, but they were unable to seize control of Poitiers and were soundly defeated at the Battle of Moncontour (30 October 1569). Coligny and his troops retreated to the south-west and regrouped with Gabriel, comte de Montgomery , and in spring of 1570, they pillaged Toulouse , cut a path through the south of France, and went up the Rhone valley up to La Charité-sur-Loire . The staggering royal debt and Charles IX's desire to seek

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7280-410: The King's men in April 1571, Grange changed sides, occupying the castle and town for Queen Mary against the new Regent, the Earl of Lennox . There now followed what became known as the "Lang Siege", from the Scots word for "long". On 2 March 1571, William Kirkcaldy organised a military exercise , with some of his troops pretending to be an English army attacking Edinburgh Castle. Hostilities began at

7420-466: The King's party, with Grange confined to the castle. The truce expired on 1 January 1573 and Grange began bombarding the town. His supplies of powder and shot, however, were running low, and despite having 40 cannon available, there were only seven gunners in the garrison. The King's forces, under the new Regent, the Earl of Morton, progressed plans for a siege. Trenches were dug to surround the castle and St Margaret's Well, one of its main sources of water,

7560-414: The Protestants led by de Bèze and the Catholics by Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine , brother of the Duke of Guise. The two sides initially sought to accommodate Protestant forms of worship within the existing church but this proved impossible. By the time the Colloquy ended on 8 October, it was clear the divide between Catholic and Protestant theology was too wide to be bridged. With their options narrowing,

7700-470: The Protestants. Moderates, also known as Politiques , hoped to maintain order by centralising power and making concessions to Huguenots, rather than the policies of repression pursued by Henry II and his father Francis I . They were initially supported by Catherine de' Medici, whose January 1562 Edict of Saint-Germain was strongly opposed by the Guise faction and led to an outbreak of widespread fighting in March. She later hardened her stance and backed

7840-408: The Quarry Holes (where present-day Easter Road meets Abbey Mount). Morton's men pursued them back to the Water Gate at the eastern end of the Canongate. In July, the King's men garrisoned the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Grange responded on 25 July by placing guns in an entrenchment at the "Black Friar Yard" (the modern High School Yards) to shoot at the palace. Attempts were made to supply Grange and

7980-447: The Queen objected to Moray as a ruler. Moray moved against the supporters of Queen Mary in their south-west power base with a military expedition in June 1568 called the 'Raid of Dumfries' or 'Raid of Hoddom.' The Regent's army with the royal artillery marched to Biggar , where his allies were commanded to muster on 10 June, and on to Dumfries . Biggar was the home area of Lord Fleming who had declared on behalf of Mary. The King's army

8120-425: The Saxt tells this part of the story differently, having Douglas and Drumquhassle setting out to recruit the former member of the garrison whose name was Robesoun. The Privy Council of the Regent adopted the plan for a small-scale assault, to be led by Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill , and set the date for this as 1 April. Crawford only informed his men of their objective the night before the attack, at Dumbuck Hill ,

8260-425: The Scottish jurist William Barclay . James VI rejected Buchanan's position and attempted to have his works censored. In September 1583, he dismissed advice given by Francis Walsingham in person, saying he was an "absolute King." Contemporary Marian writers, including Adam Blackwood, argued that Buchanan's views reflected more the conditions and institutions of Ancient Rome rather than Scotland at any period, and that

8400-480: The Seventh War of Religion to 1579–1580 rather than just 1580. Holt (2005) asserted a rather different periodisation from 1562 to 1629, writing of 'civil wars' rather than wars of religion, dating the Sixth War to March–September 1577, and dating the Eight War from June 1584 (death of Anjou) to April 1598 (Edict of Nantes); finally, although he didn't put a number on it, Holt regarded the 1610–1629 period as 'the last war of religion'. Renaissance humanism began during

8540-467: The Three Henrys (1585–1589) Coutras ; Vimory ; Auneau ; Day of the Barricades Succession of Henry IV of France (1589–1594) Arques ; Ivry ; Paris ; Château-Laudran ; Rouen ; Caudebec ; Craon ; 1st Luxembourg ; Blaye ; Morlaix ; Fort Crozon Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598) 2nd Luxembourg ; Fontaine-Française ; Ham ; Le Catelet ; Doullens ; Cambrai ; Calais ; La Fère ; Ardres ; Amiens The French Wars of Religion were

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8680-847: The Tudor Army. According to Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran , "When the martyr-prelate was being hurried to execution, he turned to Drury, and warned him that before many days he himself should appear before the tribunal of God to answer for his crimes. On the fourteenth day ( sic ) after, this unhappy man expired in great agony, at Waterford , of a distemper that baffled every remedy." The Second Desmond Rebellion had just broken out when Sir William Drury died in October 1579. On 10 October 1560 at St Alphage London Wall Drury married Margery Wentworth (died 1587), widow of John Williams, 1st Baron Williams of Thame , and daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk , by whom he had three daughters: After Drury's death, his widow married, in 1580, James Croft (died 4 September 1624),

8820-558: The aftermath of the plot, the term " Huguenot " for France's Protestants came into widespread usage. Shortly afterwards, the first instances of Protestant iconoclasm or the destruction of images and statues in Catholic churches, occurred in Rouen and La Rochelle . This continued throughout 1561 in more than 20 cities and towns, sparking attacks on Protestants by Catholic mobs in Sens , Cahors , Carcassonne , Tours and elsewhere. When Francis II died on 5 December 1560, his mother Catherine de' Medici became regent for her second son,

8960-444: The batteries were ready, and the bombardment began, lasting 12 days with the guns expending around 3,000 shots. The castle guns returned fire with "hot shooting". Grange's allies sent coded letters into the castle attached to arrows. Drury's men found a letter and were able to decipher it. The letter described the strength of the English force, and suggested a counter-attack. On 21 May Drury had to encourage his terrified gunners by firing

9100-464: The cannon were deployed, and Annan where he rendezvoused with Lord Scrope , the Captain of Carlisle Castle , to discuss border matters. Scrope estimated the Regent's army at 6,000 men. He then returned to Carlisle where he saw Queen Mary's servants play football on 14 June. Moray then took Lochmaben Castle , which the Laird of Drumlanrig was left to hold, and then captured Lochwood and Lochhouse before returning to Edinburgh via Peebles . At Dumfries,

9240-399: The cannons himself. David's Tower fell on 23 May. On 26 May, the English attacked and captured the Spur, the outer fortification of the castle. The following day, Grange emerged from the castle, having called a ceasefire to allow a surrender to be negotiated. When it was made clear that he would not be allowed to go free even after a surrender, Grange resolved to continue the resistance, but

9380-427: The castle to be burnt with its occupants, thirty-eight members of the family including Margaret Forbes, Lady Towie. This incident is recalled in "The ballad of Edom o’Gordon ." Gordon then marched on Montrose and forced the town to submit to him and give him £2000 and two tuns of wine. Also at this time Broughty Castle was captured by a Queen's man, the Laird of Parbroath , apparently by a trick or "slight." Broughty

9520-568: The castle. Randolph noted that Drury and Archibald were involved in the sale of Mary's jewels for cash and loans raised against them. The goldsmiths James Mosman and James Cockie valued the jewels and managed the loans. The goldsmiths' receipts and Grange's accounts regarding Mary's jewels survived the siege. Drury took the chest of remaining jewels from the castle to Leith after the siege, and most of Mary's jewels were returned to him and Mr Archibald Douglas there. Regent Moray and his secretary John Wood tried to gain English support by producing

9660-444: The castle. There was a list of those who should be taken prisoner and handed over by the English to be tried by the laws of Scotland, including the leading Castilians and the negotiator Henry Echlin . By 20 April, a force of around 1,000 English troops, led by William Drury , arrived in Edinburgh. They were followed by 27 cannon from Berwick-upon-Tweed , including one that had been cast within Edinburgh Castle and previously captured by

9800-473: The chief control of affairs after the departure of Sir Henry Sidney . After they were betrayed to Drury by the Rebel Earl of Desmond after being secretly smuggled back into Ireland from France and put ashore at Corca Dhuibhne , Irish Catholic Martyrs Bishop Patrick O'Hely and Friar Conn O'Rourke were brought before Drury for interrogation. Both Franciscans insisted that they were not involved in anything except their religious mission, and refused to take

9940-443: The city of Orléans to the siege, led Catherine de' Medici to mediate a truce, resulting in the Edict of Amboise on 19 March 1563. The Edict of Amboise was generally regarded as unsatisfactory by all concerned, and the Guise faction was particularly opposed to what they saw as dangerous concessions to heretics . The crown tried to re-unite the two factions in its efforts to re-capture Le Havre , which had been occupied by

10080-551: The conflict escalated, the Crown revoked the Edict under pressure from the Guise faction. The major engagements of the war occurred at Rouen , Dreux , and Orléans . At the Siege of Rouen (May–October 1562), the crown regained the city, but Antoine of Navarre died of his wounds. In the Battle of Dreux (December 1562), Condé was captured by the crown, and the constable Montmorency

10220-427: The conversion to Calvinism of large sections of the nobility. Historians estimate that by the outbreak of war in 1562, there were around two million French Calvinists, including more than half of the nobility, backed by 1,200–1,250 churches. This constituted a substantial threat to the monarchy. The death of Henry II in July 1559 created a political vacuum and an internal struggle for power between rival factions, which

10360-465: The countrey beir the blame? Let thame that sauld him have the schame. Mar, and the divelishe Douglassis, And namelie, Morton and Lochlevin, (Robert Douglas of Lochleven) Mackgill and Orknay, Scottisch assis, ( Adam Bothwell , Bishop of Orkney )) And Cleisch quhom to the gold wes gevin, (Robert Colville of Cleish) Dunfermling that the py prepaird, ( Robert Pitcairn , Commendator of Dunfermline : "pie prepared" plotted) And lowse Lindsay quho

10500-614: The deployment of an English army against Mary's supporters at Edinburgh Castle. The English diplomat Henry Killigrew worked on the reconciliation of the Scottish nobility at Perth in February 1572, where many promised not to support Mary as Queen. The fall of Edinburgh Castle concluded the civil war. Mary's secretary, John Lesley , Bishop of Ross maintained a daily correspondence to canvass for her release and enlist support for her cause. George Seton, 7th Lord Seton made unsuccessful attempts to acquire Spanish soldiers to fight in Scotland. Seton

10640-560: The door of his bedchamber. Having been severely criticised for his initial tolerance, he was now encouraged to punish those responsible. On 21 February 1535, a number of those implicated in the Affair were executed in front of Notre-Dame de Paris , an event attended by Francis and members of the Ottoman embassy to France . The fight against heresy intensified in the 1540s, forcing Protestants to worship in secret. In October 1545, Francis ordered

10780-639: The elective aspect of Scotland's monarchy ended with the initial binding oath of allegiance of the Scottish people to Fergus I and his successors. Potter, Harry, Edinburgh Under Siege 1571–1573 (Tempus, 2003) French Wars of Religion Second; 1567–1568 Saint-Denis ; Chartres Third; 1568–1570 Jarnac ; La Roche-l'Abeille ; Poitiers ; Orthez ; Moncontour ; Saint-Jean d'Angély ; Arney-le-Duc Fourth; 1572–1573 Mons ; Sommières ; Sancerre ; La Rochelle Fifth; 1574–1576 Dormans Sixth; 1577 La Charité-sur-Loire ; Issoire ; Brouage Seventh; 1580 La Fère War of

10920-525: The end of April, after Grange arrested the Provost of Edinburgh , James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour . The period is sometimes called the "War between Leith and Edinburgh" because the Earl of Morton and the King's army based themselves in Leith . On 22 April two Marian supporters, Arthur Hamilton of Merrynton and Alexander Baillie of Lamington , captured the king's tailor James Inglis near St Cuthbert's Church . He

11060-560: The execution of Queen Mary, Adam Blackwood wrote the Martyre de la Royne d'Escosse, Douairiere de France (1587) which painted an unflattering picture of Regent Moray as a scheming fox and of Regent Morton, who he said was cursed by his own father as an infant after eating a toad. The late 16th-century narrative Historie of King James Sext , a major source for the civil war, sometimes attributed to John Colville (first published selectively in 1706 by David Crawford of Drumsoy and in full in 1804)

11200-463: The fall of Dumbarton. According to his account, a soldier of the garrison deserted after Lord Fleming had had his wife whipped as a thief. The deserter met Robert Douglas, a relation of the Regent Lennox, and John Cunningham of Drumquhassle and discussed with them ways of capturing the castle. The deserter promised to take the castle with a small band of soldiers. The chronicle Historie of King James

11340-464: The first time to a wide audience. Cheap pamphlets and broadsides allowed theological and religious ideas to be disseminated at an unprecedented pace. In 1519, John Froben published a collection of works by Martin Luther and noted in his correspondence that 600 copies were being shipped to France and Spain and sold in Paris . In 1521, a group of reformers including Jacques Lefèvre and Guillaume Briçonnet , recently appointed bishop of Meaux , formed

11480-586: The following divisions, periodisations and locations: Both Kohn (2013) and Clodfelter (2017) followed the same counting and periodisation and noted that " War of the Three Henrys " was another name for the Eighth War of Religion, with Kohn adding "Lovers' War" as another name for the Seventh War. In her Michel de Montaigne biography (2014), Elizabeth Guild concurred with this chronology as well, except for dating

11620-399: The garrison threatened to mutiny. Grange negotiated for Drury and his men to come into the castle on 28 May, surrendering to the English rather than to Regent Morton. The Privy Council made a proclamation that none should trouble the "gentlewomen and other women" who were in the castle, or those offering them hospitality. Drury paid Scottish labourers a bawbee for each cannon-ball dug out of

11760-433: The gift had been made and disputed marginal notes made in an inventory (which survives). A year after the Castle fell, a letter came to light, which mentioned the jewels Mary, Queen of Scots, had left behind in Scotland, and that Drury had taken some for a loan of £600. In 1576, he was sent to Ireland as President of Munster , where his rule was severe but effective, and in 1578 he became Lord Justice of Ireland , taking

11900-537: The government attempted to quell escalating disorder in the provinces by passing the Edict of Saint-Germain , which allowed Protestants to worship in public outside towns and in private inside them. On 1 March, Guise family retainers attacked a Calvinist service in Champagne , leading to what became known as the massacre of Vassy . This seemed to confirm Huguenot fears that the Guisards had no intention of compromising and

12040-504: The growth of true faith. The Italian revival of classical learning appealed to Francis I (1494-1547), who set up royal professorships in Paris to better understand ancient literature. However, this did not extend to religion, especially after the 1516 Concordat of Bologna when Pope Leo X increased royal control of the Gallican church , allowing Francis to nominate French clergy and levy taxes on church property. Unlike Germany,

12180-463: The king promised to provide. Catherine, Guise, Anjou, and Alba were all variously suspected, though the Huguenot nobility directed their anger primarily at Guise, threatening to kill him in front of the king. William Drury Sir William Drury (2 October 1527 – 13 October 1579) was an English statesman and soldier. William Drury, born at Hawstead in Suffolk on 2 October 1527,

12320-476: The king's sister. Albret was hesitant, worried it might lead to the abjuration of her son, and it took until March 1572 for the contract to be signed. Coligny , who had a price on his head during the third civil war, was restored to favour through the peace, and received lavishly at court in August 1571. He firmly believed that France should invade the Spanish Netherlands to unify the Catholics and Huguenots behind

12460-489: The king. Charles, however, was unwilling to provide more than covert support to this project, not wanting open war with Spain. The council was unanimous in rejecting Coligny's policy and he left court, not finding it welcoming. In August, the wedding was finally held, and all the most powerful Huguenot aristocracy had entered Paris for the occasion. A few days after the wedding, Coligny was shot on his way home from council. The outraged Huguenot nobility demanded justice which

12600-464: The kingdom between 1564 and 1566, designed to reinstate crown authority. During this time, Jeanne d'Albret met and held talks with Catherine at Mâcon and Nérac. Reports of iconoclasm in Flanders led Charles IX to lend support to the Catholics there; French Huguenots feared a Catholic re-mobilisation against them. Philip II of Spain 's reinforcement of the strategic corridor from Italy north along

12740-467: The latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes . Along with "French Wars of Religion" and "Huguenot Wars", the wars have also been variously described as the "Eight Wars of Religion", or simply the "Wars of Religion" (only within France). The exact number of wars and their respective dates are subject to continued debate by historians: some assert that

12880-517: The money to Grange. Although Chisholm was taken at North Queensferry it was thought he had intended to capture Tantallon Castle , linking up with Mary's supporters who unsuccessfully attacked the castle on 2 July 1571. At this time, Grange began to the demolish houses at the top of the Canongate close to the Netherbow Port (town gate), to create an open killing ground. Grange's men, now being called

13020-480: The nine year old Charles IX . With the state financially exhausted by the Italian Wars, Catherine had to preserve the independence of the monarchy from a range of competing factions led by powerful nobles, each of whom controlled what were essentially private armies. To offset the Guise or "Guisard", she agreed a deal in which Antoine of Navarre renounced any claim to the regency in return for Condé's release and

13160-413: The opportunity to take his army west; "Towards Dumbarton, I leif na moyen unsocht to obteyn it, and doubt not, befoir May to have had the same, gif I mycht have reparit to the west countrie my selff." The Spanish troops did not materialise, but the "King's men" did not take Dumbarton Castle until April 1571. George Buchanan , a contemporary historian and polemicist for the King's party gave an account of

13300-436: The position of Lieutenant-General of France. Catherine had several options for dealing with "heresy", including continuing Henry's II's failed policy of eradication, an approach backed by Catholic ultras such as François de Tournon , or converting the monarchy to Calvinism, as preferred by de Bèze. A middle path between these two extremes was allowing both religions to be openly practised in France at least temporarily, or

13440-401: The power of the Guise by abducting the young king. Their plans were discovered before being carried out and hundreds of suspected plotters executed, including du Barry. The Guise suspected Condé of involvement in the plot, and he was arrested and sentenced to death before being freed in the political chaos that followed the sudden death of Francis II, adding to the tensions of the period. In

13580-530: The prior year. Since this was clearly unacceptable to Condé and his followers, Catherine bypassed the Estates and enacted conciliatory measures such as the Edict of 19 April 1561 and the Edict of July . This recognised Catholicism as the state religion but confirmed previous measures reducing penalties for "heresy". The Estates then approved the Colloquy of Poissy , which began its session on 8 September 1561, with

13720-532: The property of 'heretics' seizable by the crown. From his base in Geneva, Calvin provided leadership and organisational structures for the Reformed Church of France . Calvinism proved attractive to people from across the social hierarchy and occupational divides and was highly regionalised, with no coherent pattern of geographical spread. Despite persecution, their numbers and power increased markedly, driven by

13860-635: The punishment of Waldensians based in the south-eastern village of Mérindol . A long-standing Proto-Protestantism tradition dating back to the 13th century, the Waldensians had recently affiliated with the Reformed church and became increasingly militant in their activities. In what became known as the Massacre of Mérindol , Provençal troops killed numerous residents and destroyed another 22 to 28 nearby villages, while hundreds of men were forced to become Galley slaves . Francis I died on 31 March 1547 and

14000-653: The religious debate until the Affair of the Placards in October 1534, when Protestant radicals put up posters in Paris and other provincial towns that rejected the Catholic doctrine of the " Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist ". This allowed Protestantism to be clearly defined as heresy, while Francis was furious at the breach of security which had allowed one of the posters to be placed on

14140-509: The remaining five men were taken to Leith and hanged. According to the anti-Morton chronicle Historie of James the Sext , this "forme of law" was called the "Dowglas Warres." Adam Gordon was besieging the House of Glenbervie in the Mearns in July 1572, when he encountered and defeated the King's army at Brechin . Archibald Douglas received money from Flanders for the garrison of Edinburgh Castle. He

14280-586: The rubble of the castle. The crown jewels or Honours of Scotland were found in a chest in a "cave" or cellar. The keeping of Edinburgh Castle was handed over to George Douglas of Parkhead , the Regent's brother, and most of the garrison were allowed to go free. The defeated Marian leaders were held briefly in Robert Gourlay's house , and then taken to Dury's lodging in Leith. After a week he handed them to Regent Morton. William Kirkcaldy of Grange, his brother James, with

14420-469: The second war and its main military engagement, the Battle of Saint-Denis , where the crown's commander-in-chief and lieutenant general, the 74-year-old Anne de Montmorency, died. The war was brief, ending in another truce, the Peace of Longjumeau (March 1568), which was a reiteration of the Peace of Amboise of 1563 and once again granted significant religious freedoms and privileges to Protestants. News of

14560-454: The shore at Leith , but the plan did not take effect. In May 1573, he commanded the force which compelled Edinburgh Castle to surrender. During the 1573 "lang siege", Drury billeted at the house of Robert Gourlay on the Royal Mile , a few hundred metres from the castle. When the castle fell, the coffer containing Mary's jewels and the crown jewels or Honours of Scotland were found in

14700-438: The siege Drury obtained some of the royal jewels for a time. Regent Morton had to pay to redeem these as they were pledges for loans. He wrote again to Margaret Douglas asking her to be a "furtherer" of his travails recovering these jewels on behalf of James VI . Grange seems to have intended to give some pieces of turquoise jewellery to Drury's wife Lady Thame as a kind of diplomatic gift at Restalrig in 1572. Grange denied

14840-589: The supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots. In May 1570, he commanded a force of over 1000 soldiers and marched on Glasgow Castle , and Hamilton and Craignethan . He came under fire at Dumbarton Castle . Three times he went to Scotland on more peaceable errands, during which, however, his life was continually in danger from assassins. As ambassador with Thomas Randolph in April 1572, during the Marian Civil War , he stayed at Restalrig Deanery. There he plotted with Archibald Douglas to kidnap George, Lord Seton from

14980-536: The tenets behind Lutheranism first appeared in Luther's lectures, which in turn contained many of the ideas expressed in the works of Lefèvre. Other members of the Circle included Marguerite de Navarre , sister of Francis I and mother of Jeanne d'Albret , as well as Guillaume Farel , who was exiled to Geneva in 1530 due to his reformist views and persuaded John Calvin to join him there. Both men were banished from Geneva in 1538 for opposing what they viewed as government interference with religious affairs; although

15120-431: The text of the casket letters. Later histories retained the bias of the antagonists. In France in these years, despite much sympathy for Mary in Catholic court and Guisian circles, there were no publications in her support, probably because it was foreseen they would damage diplomatic relations with England. The first printed work to champion her cause was the anonymous L'Innocence de Marie Roine d'Ecosse (Reims, 1573). This

15260-524: The third son of Sir James Croft of Croft Castle , Herefordshire. Croft had served as a captain under Margaret's second husband, Sir William Drury, in 1578–9. The couple settled on property in Weston-on-the-Green , Oxfordshire, which had come to Margaret through her first marriage. Drury's letters to Cecil, and others, are invaluable for the story of the relations between England and Scotland at this time. His house in London later gave its name to

15400-594: The tolbooth. The blockade of the castle and skirmishing continued. On 2 June 1571 soldiers from the Edinburgh castle were in the grounds of Craigmillar Castle . Captain Melville was fatally injured when a barrel of gunpowder exploded. There was a struggle at the Gallow Hill of Leith (modern Shrubhill) on 10 June 1571. On 26 June, known subsequently as "Black Saturday", the Earl of Morton brought his soldiers to Hawkhill at Restalrig , which provoked Grange to bring his men out to

15540-461: The town, killing a number of citizens. They also made sorties to set fires, burning 100 houses in the town, and then firing on anyone attempting to put out the flames. Some townspeople, like Robert Moubray moved to Leith, and set up an alternative Edinburgh burgh council there. On 17 April, Lord Ruthven finalised terms with the English commander William Drury , Marshall of Berwick , at Lamberton Kirk to bring an English army and artillery to take

15680-608: The truce reached Toulouse in April, but such was the antagonism between the two sides that 6,000 Catholics continued their siege of Puylaurens , a notorious Protestant stronghold in the Lauragais , for another week. In reaction to the Peace, Catholic confraternities and leagues sprang up across the country in defiance of the law throughout the summer of 1568. Huguenot leaders such as Condé and Coligny fled court in fear for their lives, many of their followers were murdered, and in September,

15820-546: The turn to violence as a response of the peasant class. The murder of the baron of Château de Fumel  [ fr ] by a Protestant mob in 1561 is often cited as an example. Recent analyses, on the other hand, have turned the focus on religious explanations. Denis Crouzet fingers the fiery eschatological preaching of the Franciscan Thomas Illyricus , who toured the region in the 1510s and 1520s. Stuart Carroll, however, argues for politicization: "the violence

15960-619: The two fell out over the nature of the Eucharist , Calvin's return to Geneva in 1541 allowed him to forge the doctrine of Calvinism . A key driver behind the Reform movement was corruption among the clergy which Luther and others attacked and sought to change. Such criticisms were not new but the printing press allowed them to be widely shared, such as the Heptameron by Marguerite, a collection of stories about clerical immorality. Another complaint

16100-575: The two jewellers James Mosman and James Cockie who had been minting coins in Mary's name inside the castle, were hanged at the Cross in Edinburgh on 3 August. Ten years after these events, the English diplomat Thomas Randolph wrote to Francis Walsingham to certify that Drury had found Mr Archibald Douglas a "fit instrument" to secretly negotiate with Grange, William Maitland of Lethington , Robert Melville , and others, especially to persuade them to surrender

16240-729: Was a close observer of the affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots and her house-arrest in Lochleven Castle , and was in constant communication with William Cecil . Drury also sent Cecil building stone, including materials for two chimneys shipped in the Pelican of London . Drury sent reports about the activities of Regent Moray in Scotland. Moray was short of funds so "bare of money" in September, that Drury heard he planned to pawn or sell Mary's jewels . In January 1568, Moray had demolished an artillery fortress on Inchkeith but could not slight Dunbar Castle because of prohibitive costs. He mentioned

16380-717: Was a response to the publication in London of a French version of George Buchanan's arguments against Mary, the Histoire de Marie Royne d'Ecosse & l'Aduterie commis avec le Comte de Bothwell , and L'Innocence sought to discredit the late Regent Moray's actions and his faction in Scotland. L'Innocence , however only ran to two editions. A French Protestant, Huguenot, response came later with Le Reveille-Matin , attributed to Nicolas Barnaud and printed in Latin, Dutch and German and French in 1575. This work situated Mary with her Guise relatives and vilified them and called for her execution. After

16520-524: Was assassinated in January 1570 by a member of the Hamilton family. Elizabeth sent an army into Scotland in May 1570, which reached Glasgow, where the Queen's party were besieging Glasgow Castle . The army was commanded by the Earl of Sussex from Berwick, its leader in Scotland was William Drury , styled "Captain General." The Earl of Lennox was in their company, arriving at Edinburgh on 14 May 1570. The Marian lords abandoned their siege of Glasgow Castle before

16660-457: Was captured by those opposing the crown. In February 1563, at the Siege of Orléans, Francis, Duke of Guise , was shot and killed by the Huguenot Jean de Poltrot de Méré . As he was killed outside of direct combat, the Guise considered this an assassination on the orders of the duke's enemy, Admiral Coligny . The popular unrest caused by the assassination, coupled with the resistance by

16800-513: Was captured in April 1572, with a number of letters in cipher code , which the king's party deciphered. Douglas was a double agent and the cipher letters were obtained as a ruse devised with William Drury. Niddry Castle , about 11 miles west of Edinburgh, was held for the Queen by Lord Seton . According to the Historie of James the Sext , when Niddry was attacked, in April and June 1572, the garrison of Edinburgh Castle supported Niddry by carrying out

16940-425: Was delivered back to the Regent in April 1572. On 24 April 1572, another attempt was made to send soldiers north from Edinburgh to fight for Adam Gordon in the Queen's cause. The men were to have embarked from Blackness Castle but were forced to surrender at Cramond Bridge to a much larger force of horse and foot commanded by the Earl of Morton. Fifteen of the prisoners "denudit of their weapons" were executed, and

17080-521: Was directly caused by politicized factions and was not the result of a spontaneous intercommunal eruption." Although the Huguenots had begun mobilising for war before the Vassy massacre , many claimed that the massacre confirmed claims that they could not rely on the Edict of Saint Germain . In response, a group of nobles led by Condé proclaimed their intention of "liberating" the king from "evil" councillors and seized Orléans on 2 April 1562. This example

17220-576: Was eventually captured by Walter Ker of Cessford . Drury went to Scotland with Sir Henry Gates and met Regent Moray in the Great Hall of Stirling Castle on 19 January 1570, and they had a discussion in his bedchamber after dinner. Moray was proceeding to keep an appointment with Drury in Linlithgow when he was mortally wounded, and it was probably intended that Drury should be murdered also. After this event, Drury led two raids into Scotland against

17360-444: Was first over the inner wall. Three garrison sentinels spotted him and his two companions and pelted them with rocks, but Alexander killed them. Behind Alexander, the old wall collapsed, allowing the rest of the King's men to enter. According to Buchanan, they shouted "A Darnley, A Darnley," and the garrison scattered. Lord Fleming escaped, but John Fleming, Captain of Boghall (or Biggar), John Hamilton , Archbishop of St Andrews , Verac

17500-538: Was followed by a month-long siege of the town of Edinburgh by the King's party, and a short second siege in October. On 13 May, the King's men built a small artillery redoubt for three cannon on the "Dow Craig" of the Calton Hill above Trinity College Kirk , which was attacked the same night. The King's party gathered in the Canongate in a meeting known as the "creeping parliament", from their attempts to assemble inconspicuously, on 14–16 May, while Mary's supporters met in

17640-474: Was given a commission by the Duke of Châtellerault, the Earl of Huntly and the Earl of Argyll to treat with the Duke of Alba , Viceroy of Lower Germany , as Mary's ambassador in August 1570. Seton became involved with Elizabeth's exiles. In September 1570, Lord Morley met him in the household of Katherine Neville, Countess of the exiled Earl of Northumberland at Bruges . Seton told Morley that he had come to escort

17780-658: Was his gaird, These onlie wer the Judassis. The ballad accurately identified Robert Colville of Cleish as the principle broker for delivering Northumberland to Berwick and his subsequent execution. After the Ridolphi plot was made public in 1571, George Buchanan's short anti-Marian narrative, describing the murder of Lord Darnley , the Detectio , Ane Detectioun , and Detection of Mary Stewart were published in London and St Andrews in Latin and Scots . The Detection included some of

17920-578: Was likely influenced in the matter by Sir Francis Walsingham . The Catholics were commanded by the Duke d'Anjou  – later King Henry III – and assisted by troops from Spain, the Papal States , and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The Protestant army laid siege to several cities in the Poitou and Saintonge regions (to protect La Rochelle ), and then Angoulême and Cognac . At

18060-538: Was poisoned with white arsenic, lime, and rotten meat. The surveyor of Berwick, Rowland Johnson, and the Master Gunner, John Fleming, made plans to place cannon to bombard the castle. Peace talks involving the English diplomat Henry Killigrew and the Queen's party resulted in the "Pacification of Perth" on 15 February 1573, and after the Earl of Huntly had met Morton at Aberdour Castle , all Queen Mary's other supporters in Scotland surrendered to Morton except Grange and

18200-474: Was proclaimed King Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes , which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, Catholics continued to disapprove of Protestants and of Henry, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s. Tensions between the two religions had been building since the 1530s, exacerbating existing regional divisions. The death of Henry II of France in July 1559 initiated

18340-627: Was protected by a scouting party led by Alexander Hume of Manderston , the vanguard was commanded by the Earl of Morton and Lord Hume . Behind was the "carriage", namely the artillery train, followed by Moray himself. The Laird of Cessford followed, and the army was flanked by the scouting parties of the lairds of the Merse and Buccleuch . Along the way Moray captured castles belonging to Mary's supporters, including Lord Fleming's castle of Boghall, as well as Skirling Castle, Crawford Castle , Sanquhar Castle , Kenmure Castle , and Hoddom Castle , where

18480-752: Was quickly followed by Protestant groups around France, who seized and garrisoned Angers , Blois and Tours along the Loire and assaulted Valence in the Rhône River . After capturing Lyon on 30 April, the attackers first sacked, then demolished all Catholic institutions in the city. Hoping to turn Toulouse over to Condé, local Huguenots seized the Hôtel de ville but met resistance from angry Catholic mobs which resulted in street battles and over 3,000 deaths, mostly Huguenots. On 12 April 1562, there were massacres of Huguenots at Sens, as well as at Tours in July. As

18620-523: Was returning from Stirling Castle, where he had been fitting the king's clothes. Inglis was released two days later after the Deacon of Crafts had spoken with Kirkcaldy. Kirkcaldy now began to strengthen the castle defences and work began on the spur fortification . The first clash of arms came in May 1571 with a chance encounter at the "Lousie-Law", a hill on the Burgh Muir within sight of Edinburgh Castle. This

18760-400: Was succeeded by his son Henry II , who continued the religious repression pursued by his father in the last years of his reign. His policies were even more severe since he sincerely believed all Protestants were heretics; on 27 June 1551, the Edict of Châteaubriant sharply curtailed their right to worship. Prohibitions were placed upon the distribution of 'heretical' literature, with

18900-507: Was sympathetic to the Hamiltons and hostile to the Regents. After the civil had ended, and while Mary remained captive, full-length books were published, not only setting out the context and events of the struggle, but examining the historical and theoretical aspects of monarchical rule in Scotland. George Buchanan wrote De Jure Regni apud Scotos (The Law of Kingship Amongst the Scots) (1579) and, as

19040-511: Was taken prisoner in 1544; then after his release, he helped Lord Russell , afterwards Earl of Bedford , to quell a rising in Devonshire in 1549, but he did not come to the front until the reign of Elizabeth I . In 1554 he sat as Member of Parliament for Chipping Wycombe . In 1559, he was sent to Edinburgh to report on the condition of Scottish politics, and five years later he became Marshal and deputy-governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed . He

19180-612: Was that kings were appointed by the people to perform on their behalf a set of well-defined functions. It followed that if they failed to carry out their duties satisfactorily, thereby breaking the contract entered into by terms of their coronation oath, the people had the right to depose them in favour of someone more able to fulfil the duties of the royal office. Monarchy, in short, was an elective form of government and kings were accountable to those who elected them. Buchanan wrote that "wicked kings, so often as they intended tyranny over their subjects, were restrained" insisting that in his day

19320-457: Was the reduction of Salvation to a business scheme based on the sale of Indulgences , which added to general unrest and increased the popularity of works such as Farel's translation of the Lord's Prayer, The True and Perfect Prayer . This focused on Sola fide , or the idea salvation was a free gift from God, emphasised the importance of understanding in prayer and criticised the clergy for hampering

19460-492: Was the third son of Sir Robert Drury (c. 1503–1577) of Hedgerley , Buckinghamshire , and Elizabeth Brudenell, of Chalfont St Peter , Buckinghamshire. He was the grandson of another Sir Robert Drury (c. 1456–2 March 1535), Speaker of the House of Commons in 1495. He was a brother of Sir Robert Drury (1525–1593) and Sir Drue Drury (1531/2–1617). Drury was educated at Gonville College , Cambridge . Fighting in France , Drury

19600-539: Was widespread within the French commercial class, the rapid growth of Calvinism was driven by the nobility. It is believed to have started when Condé passed through Geneva while returning home from a military campaign and heard a Calvinist sermon. Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, converted to Calvinism in 1560, possibly due to the influence of Theodore de Beze . Along with Condé and her husband Antoine of Navarre , she and their son Henry of Navarre became Huguenot leaders. The crown continued efforts to remain neutral in

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