A harbor ( American English ), or harbour ( Australian English , British English , Canadian English , Irish English , New Zealand English ; see spelling differences ), is a sheltered body of water where ships , boats , and barges can be moored . The term harbor is often used interchangeably with port , which is a man-made facility built for loading and unloading vessels and dropping off and picking up passengers. Harbors usually include one or more ports. Alexandria Port in Egypt, meanwhile, is an example of a port with two harbors.
34-621: The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus , and opens out into the Tasman Sea . The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burnett Head" / "Ohaka Head") located at the southern end of the Waitākere Ranges and South Head at the end of the Āwhitu Peninsula reaching up from close to the mouth of
68-426: A D-rating overall, based on water quality, contaminants and sediment, and ecology. Careful and integrated management of land-based activities, such as development through good land-use practices, and commitment to a programme of integrated management is required to reverse this situation and secure a healthy, productive and sustainable resource for everybody now and for future generations. In response to concern about
102-399: A body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias . Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are: For harbors near
136-459: A corruption of mānuka , being a descriptive name for the number of mānuka shrubs growing around the harbour, while another asserts that Manukau is the name of a chief who died in the waters of the harbour. Another traditional name for the harbour is Nga-tai-o-Rakataura, referring to Rakatāura / Hape , the tohunga of the Tainui . During the early colonial era of Auckland, an attempt was made to rename
170-643: Is Long Beach Harbor , California , United States, which was an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century. In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour , New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka. Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known
204-674: Is crossed by the Māngere Bridge . In the southeast is the Papakura Channel, which extends into the urban area of Papakura . In the southwest a further inlet known as the Waiuku River reaches south to the town of Waiuku . The harbour reaches into Māngere Lagoon , which occupies a volcanic crater. Auckland Airport is located close to the harbour's eastern shore. The Manukau Harbour is a drowned river valley system, which formed between 3 and 5 million years ago when tectonic forces between
238-561: Is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf , on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu ). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai . Other large and busy artificial harbors include: The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons . A natural harbor is a landform where a section of
272-681: The Last Glacial Maximum . There are various traditions associated with the naming of the harbour. A Tainui tradition involves the crew of the Tainui . As they crossed Te Tō Waka (the portage at Ōtāhuhu between the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River ), the crew believed they heard voices of people on the other side. When they reached the harbour, they found that this was only birds ("Manu kau"). Another Tainui tradition involves Hoturoa ,
306-732: The Manukau Harbour , the Te Tō Waka (the Ōtāhuhu Portage) and the Waikato . Many place names in Tāmaki Makaurau (modern-day Auckland ) and the Waikato region reference Rakataura, or are described in oral traditions as being named by Rakataura. Rakataura was born in Hawaiki, and was the eldest member of the senior line of his hapū . He received the name Hape, due to his inward-turning feet . Rakataura
340-454: The Māori language names for Ōwairaka / Mount Albert , Te Ahi-kā -a-Rakataura ("The Continuous Fires of Rakataura") and Te Wai o Raka ("The Waters of Raka"). Te Motu a Hiaroa ( Puketutu Island ), one of the first permanent settlements of the Tainui people, is named after Rakataura's sister Hiaroa. Rakataura is cited in oral traditions as the figure who named many areas of the Waikato, including
374-460: The North and South poles , being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these are: The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica 's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage
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#1732845555003408-533: The Pacific Plate and Australian Plate uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and subsided the Manukau Harbour. It began as an open bay, eventually forming as a sheltered harbour as elongated sand dune barriers formed at the harbour's mouth. Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour, depending on changes in the global sea level . The present harbour formed approximately 8,000 years ago, after
442-464: The Tainui crew from discovering the areas he found. Rakataura travelled further south to the Kawhia Harbour , where he met the Tainui crew, reconciled (either here or further south at Whareorino), and married Kahukeke (the daughter of Hoturoa), later returning to settle at Karioi. Rakataura is credited with exploring the forested interior of the Waikato region with his wife, naming places after
476-478: The Waikato River . The mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into a roughly square basin 20 kilometres in width. The harbour has a water surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a tidal variation of up to 4 metres, a very substantial change, especially since the harbour, being silted up with almost 10 million years of sedimentation, is rather shallow itself. Because of
510-477: The Waitākere Ranges , bestowing names to the locations he visited. Some of these names include Hikurangi, the name he gave to a location near Piha which referenced a location in his homeland and became one of the traditional names for West Auckland and the Waitākere Ranges, and One Rangatira, the traditional name for Muriwai Beach, a name which commemorated his visit. Other traditions link Rakataura to
544-488: The taniwha Paikea guards the Manukau Harbour and Waitākere Ranges coastline. Cornwallis , on the Karangahape Peninsula, was the first site for the future city of Auckland. However, because of fraudulent land sales and rugged conditions, the settlement was mostly abandoned in the 1840s. The surrounding bush clad hills had vast amounts of kauri removed for milling and shipped from a wharf on Paratutai to either
578-454: The captain of the Tainui waka. This tradition involves the naming of the Manukau Heads opening and sandbars, which is known as Te Manuka-o-Hotunui or Te Manukanuka-o-Hotunui, describing the anxiety Hoturoa felt when attempting to navigate this passage. The name, originally used for just the mouth of the harbour, became used for the entire harbour over time. Other traditions hold that it is
612-631: The deteriorating state of the Manukau Harbour and the urgent need for a collaborative response to improve its condition, the Manukau Harbour Forum was created in November 2010 to advocate for the restoration of Manukau Harbour. Harbour Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters , sea walls , or jetties or they can be constructed by dredging , which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor
646-486: The facilities at Onehunga are tiny compared to the other Ports of Auckland facilities on the Waitematā Harbour along the northeast of the isthmus. The harbour has three main arms. The Māngere Inlet at the northeast lies close to Auckland's central city area, with the inner suburbs of Onehunga and Te Papapa situated close to its northern shore. The Ōtāhuhu and Māngere urban areas lie south of this arm, which
680-459: The few separate earlier European settlements was Onehunga, from where some raiding of enemy settlements occurred during the New Zealand wars , and which later became a landing point for kauri and other products landed by ship and canoe from the south, the shipping route being shorter than the one along the east coast to the Waitematā Harbour. However, the combination of the difficult entry into
714-565: The harbour Symonds Harbour, after the late William Cornwallis Symonds , who died in 1841, battling a storm in the harbour. The harbour was an important historical waterway for Māori . It had several portages to the Pacific Ocean and to the Waikato River, and various villages and pā (hill forts) clustered around it. Snapper, flounder, mullet, scallops, cockles and pipi provided food in plentiful amounts. In Te Kawerau ā Maki tradition,
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#1732845555003748-647: The harbour, which limited ships to about 1,000 tons maximum, and the extension of the railway to Onehunga in 1873 made naval traffic on the harbour less important again, though the Port of Onehunga can trace its origins to this time. Construction of a canal between the Manukau and the Waitemata was considered in the early 1900s, and the Auckland and Manukau Canal Act 1908 was passed to allow authorities to take privately owned land for this purpose. However, no serious work (or land take)
782-427: The large harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads , tidal flow is rapid and a bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealand's most tragic shipwreck occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives. For this reason, along with the harbour's shallowness, it is not Auckland's favoured port, and, with only one short wharf,
816-410: The members of the Tainui crew, to establish land rights. He placed mauri stones from Hawaiki along the journey, as a way to entice birds to the areas he visited. During their travels, Kahukeke fell ill at Wharepūhunga, where Rakataura built a house for her to rest in and recover. Kahukeke fell ill a second time at Pureora , however did not survive. After she dies, Rakataura names Kakepuku after
850-502: The mouth of the harbour, instead from the east (having crossed the Te Tō Waka at Ōtāhuhu over the Auckland isthmus ). Rakataura called out from the hill, hence the name Karangahape ("The Call of Hape"). Another supernatural tradition involves Rakataura beating the Tainui crew to reach the Kawhia Harbour by leaping underground between the Māhia Peninsula and Kawhia. In Te Kawerau ā Maki oral tradition, Rakataura travelled to
884-480: The other end of the harbour at Onehunga for use in house building in the new city of Auckland, or along the coast to other New Zealand settlements. The last mills were abandoned in the early 1920s. European settlement of the area was thus almost often an outgrowth of the Waitematā Harbour-centred settlement, as these settlers spread south and west through the isthmus and reached the Manukau Harbour. One of
918-572: The portage, Hoturoa and the crew of the Tainui sail around the entire Northland Peninsula to the Manukau Harbour . Rakataura and his sister Hiaroa lit fires and sung incantations to prevent the main Tainui crew from settling around the harbour or the Waikato area. Rakataura travelled south to the Whāingaroa Harbour ( Raglan Harbour ), establishing a tūāhupapa (sacred altar) on the mountain Karioi , and continued to sing incantations to dissuade
952-573: The shape of his wife when she was pregnant, and the area where he eventually settled, Te Aroha , after the love he felt for his wife. There, he married again, to a woman named Hinemarino. Some traditions describe Rakataura as settling at Rarotonga / Mount Smart in Tāmaki Makaurau with his wife, before travelling to the Waikato later in life. Rakataura / Hape is the namesake of Karangahape Peninsula and Karangahape Road in Auckland, and some of
986-454: The southern side, one near Māngere Bridge, and one on the northern side. Since 1988, there has been an annual interclub competition, hosted by each club in rotation. Despite all that is precious about the Manukau, it is under ongoing threat from constant development and growth, with the pollution and damage that brings. Currently, according to the State of Auckland Marine Report Card, the harbour has
1020-421: The young and those with sound bodies and minds could travel. Rakataura prayed to Tangaroa for his feet to be restored, however instead of healing his body, Tangaroa sent Kawea Kawea Ki te Whenua a Kupe, a taniwha (supernatural being) in the shape of a stingray to transport him. Rakataura arrived at the Manukau Harbour , waiting at Ihumātao for the Tainui crew to arrive. Days later, the crew arrived, not from
1054-400: The Ōtāhuhu Portage between the Tāmaki River and the Manukau Harbour . In some traditions, he is the tohunga who creates the portage, while in others he attempts to block the Tainui crew from using it and settling to the west. In these traditions, Rakataura quarrels with Hoturoa , captain of the Tainui , because he refused to let Rakataura marry his daughter Kahukeke . Instead of crossing
Manukau Harbour - Misplaced Pages Continue
1088-457: Was the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan . The following are large natural harbors: Rakat%C4%81ura Rakataura , also known as Hape or Rakatāura , is a legendary Polynesian navigator and a progenitor of many Māori iwi . Born in Hawaiki, Rakataura was the senior tohunga (priest/navigator) who led the Tainui migratory canoe to New Zealand. Rakataura is associated with stories involving
1122-407: Was the senior tohunga (priest/navigator) of the Tainui migratory waka, and in some traditions, is identified as the shipbuilder of the vessel. In Waiohua oral tradition, Rakataura / Hape travels supernaturally to New Zealand, ahead of the Tainui crew. In this version, Rakataura was chosen to represent his hapū on the Tainui canoe, however this was not popular due to his disability, and only
1156-410: Was undertaken. The act was reported as technically still being in force as of 2008, but was repealed on 1 November 2010. A 2,700 ft (0.82 km) canal reserve, 2 ch (40 m) wide, remains in place. The harbour is popular for fishing, though entry to the water is difficult with few all-tide boat ramps; often local beaches are used. The harbour also houses five active sailing clubs, three on
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