116-471: Karioi or Mount Karioi is a 2.4 million year old extinct stratovolcano 8 km (5.0 mi) SW of Raglan in the Waikato region of New Zealand 's North Island . It was the earliest of the line of 6 calcalkalic volcanoes, the largest of which is Mount Pirongia (the others are at Kakepuku , Te Kawa, Tokanui, Waikeria and probably Puketotara). Karioi forms a background to many parts of Raglan . Karioi
232-425: A decile rating of 1 and a roll of 81. The school opened in 1877, built from prefabricated immigrants cottages, which had been shipped to Raglan in 1874, and later hauled to Te Mata by John Galvan's bullock team. The present school was built in 1905. New classrooms were built in 1961 and the 1905 building re-modelled. In 1964 the old school house was replaced with one from Te Hutewai school. School baths were built in
348-494: A ghost town ) and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE. Te Mata, Waikato District, Waikato Te Mata is a small settlement 47 km (29 mi) from Hamilton and 15 km (9.3 mi) from Raglan . Te Mata is in an SA1 statistical area which extends from Te Mata to Pakoka Landing and covers 20.17 km (7.79 sq mi). The SA1 area
464-842: A mid-ocean ridge , such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift , the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field , and the Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from
580-470: A 1.06% RTC. By 2016 the level had risen to 10%, prompting another 1080 application in 2017. The interval was determined by monitoring of 96 kohekohe, 43 kamahi and 8 Hall's totara, which had been tagged and were assessed annually for change in foliage cover, possum browse and trunk use. The Karioi Biodiversity Restoration project is a community led project, run in partnership with A Rocha Aotearoa NZ, Te Whakaoranga O Karioi (translated as restoring Karioi to
696-614: A boat from Raglan to Bridle Creek, then a bullock dray to Kauroa, pack horses to Te Mata and then had to widen the track to Te Hutewai to get their packs through. At its 2 January 1872 meeting, the Karioi Board decided to call for tenders to form the Te Mata-Raglan road in the worst places. On 14 November 1870 the Board decided the bridge (possibly built in the late 1850s) over the Opotoru on
812-626: A deposit on . . . the Wharauroa Block . . . On the day following the first payment on Wharauroa, McLean handed over a similar sum in gold to "the chiefs and people of Whaingaroa" as a deposit on the Karioi Block. This area of about 12,000 acres embraced the whole of Karioi Mountain. It extended down the coast from the mouth of the Wainui Stream (just inside South Head) to the Ruapuke Stream. Here
928-463: A dozen boys, signed the deed or affixed their marks in the presence of John Rogan and James Wallis . "These lands," read the document in part, "we have now entirely given up to Victoria the Queen of England [ sic ] in the broad light of this day and for ever; with its creeks, its rivers, its streams, its timber and stones." “The price paid for the Karioi Block (which amounted to 11½d an acre)
1044-480: A dozen trunks) at higher altitudes. Cold air drainage on valley floors creates some of the conditions occurring in montane areas e.g., high relative humidity, low evaporative demand, and less sun. Wind, in the form of prevailing salt-laden sou’westers off the sea, significantly affects what grows where. Species uncommon near the coast include tawa, northern rata, and rimu. Kiekie thrives in dense tangles in exposed positions and pūriri and nīkau palm are more common on
1160-512: A fair population, and perhaps a Church." However, settlement wasn't that fast; Raglan Old Settlers , 1940 booklet said, "As nearly as can be ascertained the first settlers in Te Mata were the Hutchisons, Kinnairds and Barretts; about 1857 it is believed they came. Following them came Rollos, J. Mitchell, Bunting, Stebbins, Sherlocks and Wilsons. They had their homes in close proximity in the centre of
1276-525: A farm road for the first kilometre until the track is signposted up the hill alongside a fence on the right and a stile leads into the bush. The track is then clear on the ground and marked. Possum bait station tracks are marked with pink plastic waymarks. If you find you are following these on a less distinct track go back to look for the orange waymarks. There is also a poorly marked track into Te Toto Gorge (see above). The Raglan and Kawhia Districts 1915 guide said, “The summit of this mountain (which rises to
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#17328559374801392-437: A graduated spectrum, with much overlap between categories, and does not always fit neatly into only one of these three separate categories. The USGS defines a volcano as "erupting" whenever the ejection of magma from any point on the volcano is visible, including visible magma still contained within the walls of the summit crater. While there is no international consensus among volcanologists on how to define an active volcano,
1508-578: A healthy sustainable environment), DoC, and the Whaingaroa community. Trapping started in 2009 in the Upper Bryant Reserve with up to 60 volunteers maintaining around 150 rat, possum and stoat traps in 28 hectares (69 acres) of bush. By 2020 there were over 2,000 traps and 350 volunteers covering some 2,300 ha (5,700 acres). In the first 3 years 592 rats, 183 mice, 6 stoats , 26 possums and 13 hedgehogs were caught. 50 stoat traps were placed along
1624-420: A height of 2,420 feet (740 m) above sea level) may be reached by a beautiful drive from Raglan through unrivalled scenery. On a clear day a magnificent view may be obtained”. A 1911 Gilmour Brothers postcard showed a picnic party at Te Toto Gorge. In 2007 DoC replaced its 1981 viewing platform at Te Toto Gorge with one giving better views; only slowly does tourism develop. Extinct volcano A volcano
1740-782: A high goat population, such that saplings could only survive by growing on other trees as epiphytes above goat browsing level. Many New Zealand trees are well suited to this form of regeneration, as they drop aerial roots to the ground. Radio tagged 'Judas goats' have failed to locate any others. However, just as the trees threatened by goats were saved, other species came under threat from possums . Northern rata, tree daisy, kohekohe and kamahi trees are favourite foods of possums and many were killed by browsing. Most areas of bush have possum bait stations (linked by pink-waymarked tracks). They didn't achieve residual trap catch rates (RTC) below 5%, so most of Karioi now has aerial drops of 1080 poison at about 5 yearly intervals. The 2010 drop achieved
1856-466: A little used gravel road, was first to be started. An 1864 track ran from Waitomotomo to Waimaori, extended about 1882 by settlers Ward and Jackson as a bullock road from the bridge at Waimaori and later extended up Waimaori Hill to the top of the coastal hills and down Mill Hill to Ruapuke Beach. The state of transport in 1871 is illustrated by a description of the Saunders family arrival. It says they took
1972-557: A long time ago, Karewa was the husband of Karioi, but he flirted with her sister, Pirongia, and was cast into the sea as the offshore rock named by Captain James Cook as Gannet Island . The profile of Karioi from Raglan is likened to a 'Sleeping Lady' (Wahine Moe). The final destination of the Tainui migratory canoe was at the Kawhia harbour. Some members of Tainui settled at the foothills at
2088-443: A paper was published suggesting a new definition for the word 'volcano' that includes processes such as cryovolcanism . It suggested that a volcano be defined as 'an opening on a planet or moon's surface from which magma , as defined for that body, and/or magmatic gas is erupted.' This article mainly covers volcanoes on Earth. See § Volcanoes on other celestial bodies and cryovolcano for more information. The word volcano
2204-467: A part of the country that promises to become such a valuable appendage to the Crown territory." [However, an alternative view says Karioi was given to the Crown in 1855. A Waitangi Tribunal report said the stream of complaints after the sale indicated that the Crown hadn't done the required consultation.] page 127 - “The first block in the county, opened in 1878, for settlement under the [Homestead] scheme,
2320-471: A point "marked by a hole dug by the side of the path to Aotea. Here it turned north-eastward to run (again in a straight line) for eight miles through dense forest to meet the Waitetuna River , the last few miles of which formed the eastern boundary." An 1855 traveller through Pukerangi (2 mi (3.2 km) north of Te Mata) wrote, "We found some English settlers in the open spaces, formerly cleared by
2436-521: A two and a half hour, Pakoka Landing to Frankton , via Te Mata, "Silver Trail", bus service started, with a motor launch connection to Kawhia on Fridays. Problems with rough roads and tides caused it to fail. In 1938 a Western Highways bus ran from Kawhia to Auckland via Makomako, Te Mata, Waingaro and Tuakau and back the next day. In 1946 Brosnan Motors started a daily run, leaving Kawhia at 5.45am, arriving at Auckland at 1pm, returning at 2 pm. and back at Kawhia about 9.30pm. In 1950 Brosnan Motors sold
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#17328559374802552-416: A view of the 150-metre (490 ft) high cliffs (see Geology above). Climbing up from the car park is a DOC track to the 756 m (2,480 ft) top of Karioi. The signposted times of 2 hours to the 706 m (2,316 ft) Lookout and 3 hours to the summit allow fit walkers time for admiring the views, but on a good day it is well worth taking at least that time. The track is clearly marked and clear on
2668-632: A volcano is largely determined by the composition of the lava it erupts. The viscosity (how fluid the lava is) and the amount of dissolved gas are the most important characteristics of magma, and both are largely determined by the amount of silica in the magma. Magma rich in silica is much more viscous than silica-poor magma, and silica-rich magma also tends to contain more dissolved gases. Lava can be broadly classified into four different compositions: Mafic lava flows show two varieties of surface texture: ʻAʻa (pronounced [ˈʔaʔa] ) and pāhoehoe ( [paːˈho.eˈho.e] ), both Hawaiian words. ʻAʻa
2784-555: A volcano is of a conical mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater at its summit; however, this describes just one of the many types of volcano. The features of volcanoes are varied. The structure and behaviour of volcanoes depend on several factors. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have landscape features such as massive plateaus . Vents that issue volcanic material (including lava and ash ) and gases (mainly steam and magmatic gases) can develop anywhere on
2900-465: A volcano that has experienced one or more eruptions that produced over 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of volcanic deposits in a single explosive event. Such eruptions occur when a very large magma chamber full of gas-rich, silicic magma is emptied in a catastrophic caldera -forming eruption. Ash flow tuffs emplaced by such eruptions are the only volcanic product with volumes rivalling those of flood basalts . Supervolcano eruptions, while
3016-439: A water wheel, fed from a dam which is still there. Raglan Sawmilling Co was formed about 1919. Their Te Hutewai mill burnt down in 1928. Kauroa saleyards , 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Te Mata, were first used on 21 January 1914, replacing sheep and cattle yards further north. Local farmers formed Kauroa Saleyards Society in 1977, when the yards were threatened with closure, and continue to hold sales. The nearest shop
3132-727: Is a volcanic field of over 60 cinder cones. Based on satellite images, it has been suggested that cinder cones might occur on other terrestrial bodies in the Solar system too; on the surface of Mars and the Moon. Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes) are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and tephra in alternate layers, the strata that gives rise to the name. They are also known as composite volcanoes because they are created from multiple structures during different kinds of eruptions. Classic examples include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in
3248-445: Is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object , such as Earth , that allows hot lava , volcanic ash , and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism . On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging , and because most of Earth's plate boundaries are underwater, most volcanoes are found underwater. For example,
3364-507: Is a steep unmarked track into the Gorge off the road to Raglan a few metres from the car park. A route also exists around the foot of the cliff south from the Gorge, though it is not publicised due to a rock fall risk. The threatened plants Veronica speciosa (syn. Hebe speciosa ) and Cook's scurvy grass have been reintroduced to Te Toto Gorge. Captain Cook named Karioi as Woody Head. The mountain
3480-412: Is characterized by a rough, clinkery surface and is the typical texture of cooler basalt lava flows. Pāhoehoe is characterized by its smooth and often ropey or wrinkly surface and is generally formed from more fluid lava flows. Pāhoehoe flows are sometimes observed to transition to ʻaʻa flows as they move away from the vent, but never the reverse. More silicic lava flows take the form of block lava, where
3596-554: Is derived from the name of Vulcano , a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan , the god of fire in Roman mythology . The study of volcanoes is called volcanology , sometimes spelled vulcanology . According to the theory of plate tectonics, Earth's lithosphere , its rigid outer shell, is broken into sixteen larger and several smaller plates. These are in slow motion, due to convection in
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3712-567: Is expressed using the volcanic explosivity index (VEI), which ranges from 0 for Hawaiian-type eruptions to 8 for supervolcanic eruptions. As of December 2022 , the Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program database of volcanic eruptions in the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years) lists 9,901 confirmed eruptions from 859 volcanoes. The database also lists 1,113 uncertain eruptions and 168 discredited eruptions for
3828-439: Is now at Te Uku, but in the past there were several others. Mr W. Duffus had a store at Motakotako on Phillips Rd by 1874. By 1880 it was owned by Mr J. W. Ellis . From the 1890s to the early 1920s Mr and Mrs Given ran a store and Post Office at Ruapuke. It closed in 1938, when Rural Delivery started from Te Mata. P. H. Watkins opened a store in 1896 and moved to a larger, more central store in 1902. A hat and frock shop opened in
3944-491: Is of good quality, having a Native track leading through it from the harbour, capable of forming a road by deviating slightly inland." Those tracks were later supplemented by settlers' tracks, but it wasn't until the formation of Raglan Town (1868) and Karioi (1870) Highways Boards that road building was paid for by local rates. After the Immigration and Public Works Act of 1870, government also contributed. Waimaori Rd, now
4060-524: Is one of the several tuyas in the area of the Tuya River and Tuya Range in northern British Columbia. Tuya Butte was the first such landform analysed and so its name has entered the geological literature for this kind of volcanic formation. The Tuya Mountains Provincial Park was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Tuya Lake and south of the Jennings River near
4176-764: Is part of the larger Te Uku statistical area . The SA1 area had a population of 186 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 51 people (37.8%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 87 people (87.9%) since the 2006 census . There were 57 households, comprising 87 males and 99 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.88 males per female. The median age was 33.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 60 people (32.3%) aged under 15 years, 21 (11.3%) aged 15 to 29, 87 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 15 (8.1%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 91.9% European/ Pākehā , 17.7% Māori , 3.2% Pacific peoples , 1.6% Asian , and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Although some people chose not to answer
4292-617: Is situated in Karioi near Ohakune, not Raglan. Karioi is an extinct late Pliocene , low angle cone or shield volcano of the Alexandra Volcanic Group but complicated as its flanks are host to some of the volcanoes of a co-located monogenic basaltic volcanic field, the Okete volcanic field. It is the oldest and westernmost of the Alexandra lineament of volcanoes. Two million years ago Karioi
4408-465: Is topped with a small radio relay station powered by solar panels, a helicopter pad and a wind generator. From the summit Ruapuke Beach can be seen, as well as Aotea and Kāwhia Harbours and Albatross Point beyond. Twenty kilometres (12 mi) out to sea it is possible to see 13 m (43 ft) high Kārewa / Gannet Island and east to Mount Pirongia , north east to Hamilton and Coromandel and north to Whaingaroa Harbour with Lake Waikare and
4524-466: Is typically low in silica, shield volcanoes are more common in oceanic than continental settings. The Hawaiian volcanic chain is a series of shield cones, and they are common in Iceland , as well. Lava domes are built by slow eruptions of highly viscous lava. They are sometimes formed within the crater of a previous volcanic eruption, as in the case of Mount St. Helens , but can also form independently, as in
4640-438: Is unique in being the most northerly on the west coast with a native rainforest sequence from sea level to montane flora. It is sustained by annual rainfall of over 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). Whaingaroa's native vegetation used to consist of podocarp rainforest dominated by tōtara , mataī , rimu , kahikatea , rata , black maire and tree ferns . In most of Whaingaroa it was largely cleared by felling and burning in
4756-551: The Bombay Hills beyond. On clear days Mount Taranaki is visible, about 160 km (100 miles) to the SSW. Raglan West and the Harbour entrance are hidden by the spur and better seen from the west end of the ridge. The alternative easier route to Karioi is from Ruapuke Rd. It has little exposure to heights and no chains. The car park is indicated by a signpost from Ruapuke Rd. The track uses
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4872-600: The Cascade Volcanoes or the Japanese Archipelago , or the eastern islands of Indonesia . Hotspots are volcanic areas thought to be formed by mantle plumes , which are hypothesized to be columns of hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary. As with mid-ocean ridges, the rising mantle rock experiences decompression melting which generates large volumes of magma. Because tectonic plates move across mantle plumes, each volcano becomes inactive as it drifts off
4988-591: The Department of Conservation (DOC) as part of Pirongia Forest Park since it took over from the Forest Service in 1987. The nearest marae to Mt. Karioi is Poihākena , of Tainui a Whiro, on the edge of Raglan. About the same distance to the south is Mōtakotako marae of Ngāti Whakamarurangi. Tirohia Marae on the central plateau is a traditional meeting ground of the Ngāti Rangi hapū of Ngāti Hīoi . Their marae
5104-792: The core–mantle boundary , 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) deep within Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism , of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool Earth's troposphere . Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines. Other planets besides Earth have volcanoes. For example, volcanoes are very numerous on Venus. Mars has significant volcanoes. In 2009,
5220-824: The landform and may give rise to smaller cones such as Puʻu ʻŌʻō on a flank of Kīlauea in Hawaii. Volcanic craters are not always at the top of a mountain or hill and may be filled with lakes such as with Lake Taupō in New Zealand. Some volcanoes can be low-relief landform features, with the potential to be hard to recognize as such and be obscured by geological processes. Other types of volcano include cryovolcanoes (or ice volcanoes), particularly on some moons of Jupiter , Saturn , and Neptune ; and mud volcanoes , which are structures often not associated with known magmatic activity. Active mud volcanoes tend to involve temperatures much lower than those of igneous volcanoes except when
5336-443: The 150 m (490 ft) cliffs of the Gorge showing many large augite crystals ( phenocrysts ) up to 15 mm (0.59 in). Columnar basalt rests on lapilli tuffs . The coastal terrace, above the boulder beach, has remnants of the contact between the early volcanic cones of Karioi and a shallow sea margin, with shells and carbonised logs exposed. Mainly on the north side of the gorge are remnants of Māori stone gardens. There
5452-442: The 28th in the morning, at daybreak, set sail again, shaped our course east in order to ascertain whether the aforementioned land which we had seen in 40 degrees, extends still further northward or whether it falls away to eastward. At noon saw a high mountain east by north of us." This was Karioi. "First took it to be an island," . . . but afterwards saw that it was an extended coast. We were about 4 miles from shore" . . . The date
5568-400: The 5 km Te Toto Gorge to Ruapuke ridge track and had caught 54 stoats and 73 rats in 2017. Myrtle rust was found on some ramarama and rata in 2018, but has been controlled and is being monitored. Beyond Whale Bay the road is unsealed and, after crossing Te Toto Gorge, there is a car park (bikes are better sheltered in the bush above the car park). A short walk down from the car park is
5684-612: The Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy. Ash produced by the explosive eruption of stratovolcanoes has historically posed the greatest volcanic hazard to civilizations. The lavas of stratovolcanoes are higher in silica, and therefore much more viscous, than lavas from shield volcanoes. High-silica lavas also tend to contain more dissolved gas. The combination is deadly, promoting explosive eruptions that produce great quantities of ash, as well as pyroclastic surges like
5800-471: The Raglan-Aotea road (Maungatawhiri Rd) was nearly worn out and that a bridge was needed for the new Aotea-Waitetuna road (Kauroa Rd), about 1 ⁄ 2 mi (0.80 km) upstream; now the only bridge. The Board was anxious to make one bridge serve both roads, but 2 were built. On 14 August 1872 it was decided to build a new bridge of pūriri . The present 1960s bridge is concrete. By 1880 Te Mata Rd
5916-586: The Raglan-Auckland service in 1976. In the early years of motor buses, some Hamilton-Raglan buses ran via Te Mata, but were replaced by a mail van. From 1 October 1950 until after 1983, Robertsons had a 9am bus to Raglan, which left mail at Te Uku en route. Rural mail was sorted in Raglan and this service travelled to Te Mata via Maungatawhiri, and then through Kauroa, on to Aramiro and back to Raglan via Okete, returning to Hamilton at 3pm. All Saints Anglican Church
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#17328559374806032-592: The Raglan-Kawhia run to Norman Rankin, who ended it in 1952. Brosnan Motors sold the Raglan-Auckland run to Pavlovich Motors in 1971 but Jim continues to run the local school buses. The first bus used on the Auckland-Kawhia run was a 7-seater Studebaker . Then a 10-seater Dodge used by Norman Collett later gave way to a 14-seater Oldsmobile . As the roads improved 18 and 21-seater Diamond T buses took over. Now 40-seaters run from Raglan to Auckland. Pavlovich ended
6148-594: The Te Mata Creamery for £600 and a Co-op Butter Factory was created, with 16 suppliers producing about 17 tons of butter a year. In 1911 it amalgamated with Kauroa and the Te Mata Factory closed. The only mill at Te Mata was Fleming's who built a mill a short way up the Ruapuke road in 1903. They cut the timber for the 1905 Te Mata hall. There was also George Saunders' mill at Te Hutewai built about 1908 and powered by
6264-609: The USGS defines a volcano as active whenever subterranean indicators, such as earthquake swarms , ground inflation, or unusually high levels of carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide are present. The USGS defines a dormant volcano as any volcano that is not showing any signs of unrest such as earthquake swarms, ground swelling, or excessive noxious gas emissions, but which shows signs that it could yet become active again. Many dormant volcanoes have not erupted for thousands of years, but have still shown signs that they may be likely to erupt again in
6380-417: The base of Karioi. Among these was the tohunga Rakatāura / Hape , who ascended Karioi and established a tūāhupapa (sacred altar) near the peak, and gave the mountain its name. Raglan County Hills and Sea 1876–1976 (page 17) describes the start of European history - “The sails of Abel Tasman 's two ships were seen not long before noon on 28 December 1642. . .Tasman's own account of the incident. . . "on
6496-471: The boundary ran NE in a straight line toward Te Mata where it met the Opotoru Stream and followed it northward for about 3 miles. Thence it ran west and north to the starting point near the mouth of the harbour. A reserve of 600 acres was set apart for the former Maori owners. 18 months later, on 5 November 1855 (the day on which the last of the £575 purchase money was paid over) 65 of them, including about
6612-503: The boundary with the Yukon Territory . Mud volcanoes (mud domes) are formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases, although several processes may cause such activity. The largest structures are 10 kilometres in diameter and reach 700 meters high. The material that is expelled in a volcanic eruption can be classified into three types: The concentrations of different volcanic gases can vary considerably from one volcano to
6728-402: The case of Lassen Peak . Like stratovolcanoes, they can produce violent, explosive eruptions, but the lava generally does not flow far from the originating vent. Cryptodomes are formed when viscous lava is forced upward causing the surface to bulge. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was an example; lava beneath the surface of the mountain created an upward bulge, which later collapsed down
6844-477: The census's question about religious affiliation, 67.7% had no religion, 19.4% were Christian , 1.6% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.6% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 24 (19.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 21 (16.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 36,700, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 18 people (14.3%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
6960-492: The cliffs aims to protect grey faced petrel burrows. The high pitched squeaks of long tailed bats have been detected around Karioi. Three species of native geckos have been seen on Karioi. Auckland green geckos (see also nautilus ) were common on Karioi before possums arrived. Although brightly coloured and active during the day, they are very well camouflaged and hard to spot in the manuka and kanuka where they mainly live. forest geckos and Pacific geckos are usually on
7076-668: The district. A narrow track through standing bush formed their outlet to the Raglan township." A store was opened in 1896, Te Mata Co-op. Dairy Co. started in 1902,. Te Mata Hall and a new school were built in 1905. A 1915 guide said, " Te Mata is a small township in Raglan County, 25 miles from Frankton by coach, and about nine miles south of Raglan, on the Raglan-Kawhia Road. It is chiefly a farming and grazing district ." The only stingray fatality recorded in New Zealand occurred at Te Mata in 1938, when 18-year old Jessie Merle Laing
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#17328559374807192-404: The early 20th century, but remains on Karioi. Since the 1960s possums have killed many of the larger trees which had survived logging until the 1970s, their stark trunks remaining above the secondary growth. Altitude and wind are the main influences on Karioi's plants. Along the main track the forest changes from kohekohe near Te Toto Gorge to tawa forest, to kamahi and tāwheowheo towards
7308-772: The enormous area they cover, and subsequent concealment under vegetation and glacial deposits, supervolcanoes can be difficult to identify in the geologic record without careful geologic mapping . Known examples include Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Valles Caldera in New Mexico (both western United States); Lake Taupō in New Zealand; Lake Toba in Sumatra , Indonesia; and Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania. Volcanoes that, though large, are not large enough to be called supervolcanoes, may also form calderas in
7424-403: The entire strip of land between Ruapuke and Raglan. The aftermath of charred stumps and blackened earth may well have symbolised the death of the timber industry in Raglan. The last mills — at Karioi . . . closed in the late 1930s”. The route of Whaanga Rd, around the coast side of Karioi, was first considered for a road in 1886. It was bulldozed through in 1953. Karioi has been administered by
7540-439: The exchange at the local store operated 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., but with a 24-hour service for local calls. It went into liquidation in 1927 when the new post office, lines and exchange were built with 64 subscribers. The old lines had small insulators, galvanised wire, cheap poles and a single wire earth system. The exchange was automated in 1970. Te Mata School (Raglan), a state full primary (years 1–8) school, had, as of 2013 ,
7656-431: The flow is covered with angular, vesicle-poor blocks. Rhyolitic flows typically consist largely of obsidian . Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases when it flows to the surface . These violent explosions produce particles of material that can then fly from
7772-592: The formation of a submarine volcano off the coast of Mayotte . Subglacial volcanoes develop underneath ice caps . They are made up of lava plateaus capping extensive pillow lavas and palagonite . These volcanoes are also called table mountains, tuyas , or (in Iceland) mobergs. Very good examples of this type of volcano can be seen in Iceland and in British Columbia . The origin of the term comes from Tuya Butte , which
7888-568: The future. In an article justifying the re-classification of Alaska's Mount Edgecumbe volcano from "dormant" to "active", volcanologists at the Alaska Volcano Observatory pointed out that the term "dormant" in reference to volcanoes has been deprecated over the past few decades and that "[t]he term "dormant volcano" is so little used and undefined in modern volcanology that the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2000) does not contain it in
8004-461: The glossaries or index", however the USGS still widely employs the term. Previously a volcano was often considered to be extinct if there were no written records of its activity. Such a generalization is inconsistent with observation and deeper study, as has occurred recently with the unexpected eruption of the Chaitén volcano in 2008. Modern volcanic activity monitoring techniques, and improvements in
8120-425: The ground and active at night. Even by the 1950s damage was obvious enough for a tourist guidebook to say, "Wild goats are doing considerable damage to the native flora." Since a low point in the 1970s, DoC has done a lot to restore Karioi by periodically reducing numbers of introduced animals through eradication programmes. The aim is to assist native flora and fauna populations. Many tree species were threatened by
8236-415: The ground, but gets progressively harder, including a ladder and 2 chains. About halfway up, just before the first chain and ladder, is a good view point. Other steps and chains would be useful, especially after wet weather, but there are plenty of tree roots to grasp hold of on the other shorter near vertical sections. In most weather ordinary stout shoes suffice with some care around the few boggy sections on
8352-417: The higher land immediately to the west. Some basaltic scoria includes iron oxide bands with up to 51.74% iron content. Te Mata was part of the rohe of Ngāti Māhanga . Until the early twentieth century the area was largely covered in kahikatea bush . The archaeology map shows only one site near the present village, the great bulk of sites being near the coast. However, that one site, just north of
8468-492: The interior of a continent and lead to rifting. Early stages of rifting are characterized by flood basalts and may progress to the point where a tectonic plate is completely split. A divergent plate boundary then develops between the two halves of the split plate. However, rifting often fails to completely split the continental lithosphere (such as in an aulacogen ), and failed rifts are characterized by volcanoes that erupt unusual alkali lava or carbonatites . Examples include
8584-419: The mid-oceanic ridge is above sea level, volcanic islands are formed, such as Iceland . Subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. The oceanic plate subducts (dives beneath the continental plate), forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting , water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of
8700-545: The modelling of the factors that produce eruptions, have helped the understanding of why volcanoes may remain dormant for a long time, and then become unexpectedly active again. The potential for eruptions, and their style, depend mainly upon the state of the magma storage system under the volcano, the eruption trigger mechanism and its timescale. For example, the Yellowstone volcano has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius
8816-415: The most dangerous type, are very rare; four are known from the last million years , and about 60 historical VEI 8 eruptions have been identified in the geologic record over millions of years. A supervolcano can produce devastation on a continental scale, and severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere. Because of
8932-438: The mud volcano is actually a vent of an igneous volcano. Volcanic fissure vents are flat, linear fractures through which lava emerges. Shield volcanoes, so named for their broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically but are characterized by relatively gentle effusive eruptions . Since low-viscosity magma
9048-416: The natives, as we walked through the forest: one family of the name of McArthur, another Phillips from Bath, another Day. All seemed pleased with the land, which, though small in quantity, was very good in quality. We stopped half-an-hour after sunset at one of these "saltus," called Mata, where Rota and our lads had proceeded; and pitched our tent in a beautiful spot, where I expect to see, in five years' time,
9164-452: The next. Water vapour is typically the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide . Other principal volcanic gases include hydrogen sulfide , hydrogen chloride , and hydrogen fluoride . A large number of minor and trace gases are also found in volcanic emissions, for example hydrogen , carbon monoxide , halocarbons , organic compounds, and volatile metal chlorides. The form and style of an eruption of
9280-867: The north side of the mountain. Cinder cones result from eruptions of mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. These can be relatively short-lived eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill perhaps 30 to 400 metres (100 to 1,300 ft) high. Most cinder cones erupt only once and some may be found in monogenetic volcanic fields that may include other features that form when magma comes into contact with water such as maar explosion craters and tuff rings . Cinder cones may form as flank vents on larger volcanoes, or occur on their own. Parícutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in Arizona are examples of cinder cones. In New Mexico , Caja del Rio
9396-541: The ocean surface as new islands or floating pumice rafts . In May and June 2018, a multitude of seismic signals were detected by earthquake monitoring agencies all over the world. They took the form of unusual humming sounds, and some of the signals detected in November of that year had a duration of up to 20 minutes. An oceanographic research campaign in May 2019 showed that the previously mysterious humming noises were caused by
9512-420: The ocean surface, due to the rapid cooling effect and increased buoyancy in water (as compared to air), which often causes volcanic vents to form steep pillars on the ocean floor. Hydrothermal vents are common near these volcanoes, and some support peculiar ecosystems based on chemotrophs feeding on dissolved minerals. Over time, the formations created by submarine volcanoes may become so large that they break
9628-471: The ocean's surface. In the deep ocean basins, the tremendous weight of the water prevents the explosive release of steam and gases; however, submarine eruptions can be detected by hydrophones and by the discoloration of water because of volcanic gases . Pillow lava is a common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes and is characterized by thick sequences of discontinuous pillow-shaped masses which form underwater. Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb
9744-476: The old store, Scott's saddlery and Cornes' plumbing shops were at the junction of the Te Mata and Ruapuke Roads, Wally Thomson had a blacksmiths and, in the 1920s, there were 2 butchers, each with a slaughterhouse. About 1880 the first telephone line to connect Kawhia with Hamilton came via Waitetuna, Kauroa and Te Mata. In 1914 the Te Mata Telephone Association was joined by 40 settlers linked to
9860-462: The one that destroyed the city of Saint-Pierre in Martinique in 1902. They are also steeper than shield volcanoes, with slopes of 30–35° compared to slopes of generally 5–10°, and their loose tephra are material for dangerous lahars . Large pieces of tephra are called volcanic bombs . Big bombs can measure more than 1.2 metres (4 ft) across and weigh several tons. A supervolcano is defined as
9976-425: The overlying mantle wedge, thus creating magma . This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not reach the surface but cools and solidifies at depth . When it does reach the surface, however, a volcano is formed. Thus subduction zones are bordered by chains of volcanoes called volcanic arcs . Typical examples are the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire , such as
10092-595: The plume, and new volcanoes are created where the plate advances over the plume. The Hawaiian Islands are thought to have been formed in such a manner, as has the Snake River Plain , with the Yellowstone Caldera being part of the North American plate currently above the Yellowstone hotspot . However, the mantle plume hypothesis has been questioned. Sustained upwelling of hot mantle rock can develop under
10208-451: The regular mist line, many species have either their upper or lower limit. The change occurs within 20 to 30 m (66 to 98 ft) and higher on ridges than in valleys. Mosses increase where growth is affected by cloud, leaf temperature, and transpiration. Nutrient uptake is hampered and the trees are stunted and gnarled. Kamahi is typical; its monopodial (single trunk) form changes to sympodial (low, gnarled with root-stocks supporting up to
10324-435: The same time interval. Volcanoes vary greatly in their level of activity, with individual volcanic systems having an eruption recurrence ranging from several times a year to once in tens of thousands of years. Volcanoes are informally described as erupting , active , dormant , or extinct , but the definitions of these terms are not entirely uniform among volcanologists. The level of activity of most volcanoes falls upon
10440-485: The same way; they are often described as "caldera volcanoes". Submarine volcanoes are common features of the ocean floor. Volcanic activity during the Holocene Epoch has been documented at only 119 submarine volcanoes, but there may be more than one million geologically young submarine volcanoes on the ocean floor. In shallow water, active volcanoes disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above
10556-530: The sea side. Tawa and rewarewa are more common on ridges. Although rata vines use a wide variety of hosts, pukatea is the most common. Pukatea grow mainly in valley floors, as do rata. Since 2000 ground cover on Karioi has improved and tūī , bellbird and pigeon are more prolific. Kākā are sometimes seen. The regeneration of bush on Māori land around Karioi may account, in part, for the increase in birdlife. Shining cuckoos , grey warblers , tomtits and fantails can also often be heard and pest trapping near
10672-506: The sea to a considerable height. It lies in the latitude 37 degrees 43 minutes south. I named it Woody Head. South-west-a-half-west 11 miles from the head is a very small island which we named Gannet Island on account of the great number of these birds we saw upon it. At noon a high craggy point bore east-north east one and a half leagues: this point I have named Albatross Point.“ - page 61 - “Representative Government . . . did not become effective until early in 1854. One of its first tasks
10788-622: The solidified erupted material that makes up the mantle of a volcano may be stripped away that its inner anatomy becomes apparent. Using the metaphor of biological anatomy , such a process is called "dissection". Cinder Hill , a feature of Mount Bird on Ross Island , Antarctica , is a prominent example of a dissected volcano. Volcanoes that were, on a geological timescale, recently active, such as for example Mount Kaimon in southern Kyūshū , Japan , tend to be undissected. Eruption styles are broadly divided into magmatic, phreatomagmatic, and phreatic eruptions. The intensity of explosive volcanism
10904-524: The sum of £400 (modern equivalent about $ 50,000)", 19,680 acres (7,960 ha) of country bordering on the southern shores of the harbour. The western boundary of the Whaingaroa Block, as it came to be known, began at Putoetoe (the point on which the town of Raglan now stands) and followed the Opotoru Stream inland. Leaving that stream at its junction with the Hutewai, the line ran south beyond Te Mata to
11020-570: The summit ridge. From the lookout there is a good view of Raglan, the Harbour and the coast north to the Waitakeres west of Auckland. If going on to the summit, there are similar, if not slightly better, views without the detour to the Lookout. The final few metres to the Summit involve an awkward drop back into the trees, a difficult traverse clambering over tree roots and a ladder to climb back up. The Summit
11136-406: The surrounding areas, and initially not seismically monitored before its unanticipated and catastrophic eruption of 1991. Two other examples of volcanoes that were once thought to be extinct, before springing back into eruptive activity were the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat , thought to be extinct until activity resumed in 1995 (turning its capital Plymouth into
11252-434: The theory of plate tectonics. For example, some volcanoes are polygenetic with more than one period of activity during their history; other volcanoes that become extinct after erupting exactly once are monogenetic (meaning "one life") and such volcanoes are often grouped together in a geographical region. At the mid-ocean ridges , two tectonic plates diverge from one another as hot mantle rock creeps upwards beneath
11368-444: The thinned oceanic crust . The decrease of pressure in the rising mantle rock leads to adiabatic expansion and the partial melting of the rock, causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, and so most volcanic activity on Earth is submarine, forming new seafloor . Black smokers (also known as deep sea vents) are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where
11484-1571: The top, with a sequence of māhoe and rewarewa between the kohekohe and kamahi on the Ruapuke Rd side. Other species of note include miro , toro , horopito and neinei . Despite damage, distinct plant communities (tree fern, ridge, lowland, valley floor, boulder slope, coastal and montane exposed and sheltered) remain. The Botanical Society identified 127 indigenous species from forest above 300 m (980 ft) and 264 below that level, including chain fern , spring clubmoss ( puakarimu ) , star fern , hen & chickens fern , hanging spleenwort , crown fern , thread fern , miniature tree fern ( Blechnum fraseri ), silver fern , mamaku , soft tree fern , golden tree fern , rough tree fern , strap fern , water fern , filmy fern , mangemange, ring fern, fragrant fern , shield fern , bracken , titipo, climbing shield fern , kidney fern , titoki , karapapa , makomako , rangiora , bindweed, putaputawētā , clematis , twiggy coprosma , karaka , prickly mingimingi , grass tree, hīnau , parataniwha , hangehange , kapuka , puka vine, hebe, pigeonwood, poroporo, kowhai, aka, perching lily, Easter orchid , blueberry , tree daisy , jasmine vine , kiekie , lemonwood , rice grasses , pepper tree , supplejack , gloxinia and hook grass . In autumn parts of Karioi are rich in fungi, including blue mushroom , red wax gill , Jews ear and many bracket fungi . Altitude affects many of Karioi's plants. Between 550–650 m (1,800–2,130 ft),
11600-399: The two Jackson brothers . . . bulldozed out a road. With Mr J. Forbes of Whale Bay, as overseer, and two Maori men and a staunch Maori woman as labourers, they contracted to do work on the road for the county council. By mid-1953 the [Whaanga] road was almost completed, though metalling was not done for 2 years.” Although the on-line history of the summit trig mark only dates back to 1995, it
11716-431: The underlying ductile mantle , and most volcanic activity on Earth takes place along plate boundaries, where plates are converging (and lithosphere is being destroyed) or are diverging (and new lithosphere is being created). During the development of geological theory, certain concepts that allowed the grouping of volcanoes in time, place, structure and composition have developed that ultimately have had to be explained in
11832-430: The village, was of importance for its chert and the origin of the name, Te Mata, which translates as chert, flint or obsidian. Chert tools from the area have been identified at 18 sites from Manukau South Head to Awakino . European settlement began in the 1850s. The Raglan County history said, "On 22 March 1851, eighteen chiefs of Ngati-Mahanga and Ngati-Hourua, headed by William Naylor , sold to Queen Victoria for
11948-492: The volcano. Solid particles smaller than 2 mm in diameter ( sand-sized or smaller) are called volcanic ash. Tephra and other volcaniclastics (shattered volcanic material) make up more of the volume of many volcanoes than do lava flows. Volcaniclastics may have contributed as much as a third of all sedimentation in the geologic record. The production of large volumes of tephra is characteristic of explosive volcanism. Through natural processes, mainly erosion , so much of
12064-424: The volcanoes of the East African Rift . A volcano needs a reservoir of molten magma (e.g. a magma chamber), a conduit to allow magma to rise through the crust, and a vent to allow the magma to escape above the surface as lava. The erupted volcanic material (lava and tephra) that is deposited around the vent is known as a volcanic edifice , typically a volcanic cone or mountain. The most common perception of
12180-402: Was 11 January 1770. Cook . . . wrote in his journal, "found ourselves between 2 and 3 leagues from the land which was of moderate height and cloathed with wood and verdure. At 7 o'clock steered south-by-east and afterwards saw the land lying in that direction." He did not see the harbour of Whaingaroa but could not miss Karioi Mountain. "At 9 was abreast of a point of land which rises sloaping from
12296-607: Was also a Highway Board area around the maunga from 1870 to 1889, when it was absorbed (with Whaingaroa Board area and formed into Karioi Riding ) into Raglan County Council . In 1876 it had a population of 112 in 27 houses and in 1889 119 ratepayers, 80 of them absentees. 19th century maps, documents and reports sometimes used the spelling Karehoe. Karioi is also a location on the Central Plateau (see article on Karioi railway station ). Many iwi whakapapa back to Karioi, which features in several Māori legends. One says that,
12412-460: Was described as "a more than ordinarily good road", with the bush "felled for some distance on either hand" and "several well cultivated farms". By 1884 7 mi (11 km) of the road to Kawhia had been completed to Pakoka . Public Works Estimates were then made to extend the road over Pakoka Bridge in 1884, 1897, 1902, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, and 1918. Te Mata now only has school buses, but once had public services. From March 1922
12528-421: Was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its unexpected eruption of 79 CE , which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii . Accordingly, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish between an extinct volcano and a dormant (inactive) one. Long volcano dormancy is known to decrease awareness. Pinatubo was an inconspicuous volcano, unknown to most people in
12644-548: Was designed by Thomas Cray and cost £800, mainly raised by Te Mata Ladies Guild. It was dedicated by the Bishop of Waikato in 1928. It was sold in 2013, though had been privately owned before that. The Catholic Church of the Holy Redeemer in Te Mata was built of rimu and cost £600 to build. It was opened on 10 March 1935 by Bishop Liston . About 1899 Mr. W. J. Smith built a butter factory, just south of Te Mata. In 1903 he sold
12760-416: Was first surveyed by Laurence Cussen , probably not long after 1876. Many timber mills were set up around Karioi e.g. page 230 “The Raglan Sawmilling Co, a public concern, was formed in 1919 to mill timber on Mt Karioi, said to contain on its eastern slopes some of the finest stands of rimu in the country . . . In 1928, a fire swept through Te Hutewai, the flames destroying vegetation — and a sawmill — along
12876-547: Was in keeping with the Government's view of native land values in the middle '50s, particularly in this instance, when the extent of mountainous terrain was taken into account. From the heavily forested summit of Karioi Mountain, steep-sided ridges and ravines descended on both seaward and landward sides. When Rogan took over land negotiations in the Whaingaroa and Aotea districts in 1855, McLean told him: "You cannot do wrong in acquiring land at prices varying from 6d to 1/6 per acre in
12992-567: Was in the Karioi district. It was soon taken up, and the council, quick to see the advantages of bringing in more people, urged the Waste Lands Board to make other blocks available. . . The Waste Lands Board was also asked to provide the means to make roads to the Homestead selections and, by 1883, this work was under way. The system did much to open up the district”. - page 177 - “after the war,
13108-428: Was probably an ash cone, maybe double and at least 100 m (330 ft) higher than the present 756 m (2,480 ft). The eruptions occurred 2.6 to 2.3 million years ago. It consists largely of basalt with andesite dikes, which mainly form the ridges. They pushed their way through the older limestones, mudstones, etc.. The main chemicals are silica (47-60%) and alumina (12-20%) Fifteen lava flows make up
13224-467: Was struck in the chest. Te Mata is 8.5 km (5.3 mi) south of SH23 , on the road which continues south to a junction with SH31 , near Kawhia . It is sealed from SH23 to Phillips Rd, 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Te Mata, as is Ruapuke Rd. Otherwise, most roads are gravel , the transport system having developed slowly. When the land was bought in 1855, the Commissioner wrote, "The land
13340-568: Was that 72 (57.1%) people were employed full-time, 21 (16.7%) were part-time, and 6 (4.8%) were unemployed. The village lies in the Te Mata Stream valley, which is the main tributary of the Opotoru River . Nearly all the rocks in the area are volcanic, the exception being chert (see History), though it is not marked on the geological map. The village is on Okete Volcanics , on a flat area on formed by volcanic damming, with Karioi Volcanics on
13456-463: Was to find land for the steadily growing number of prospective settlers reaching these shores . . . The astute Donald McLean , whom Governor Grey had appointed Chief Land Purchase Commissioner in 1853, began negotiations with the west coast tribes almost immediately. In the 8 months from January to August, 1854, he arranged the purchase of more than 40,000 acres of native land in the present County area. . . On 11 April McLean paid 50 golden sovereigns as
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