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69-613: In 1459 the Domkustos , Diether of Isenburg , was elected, with a small majority, beating Adolph of Nassau to become the new Archbishop of Mainz . Diether immediately had to join the so-called anti-Palatinate alliance which had fallen into a dispute in 1458 with the Count Palatine, Frederick I . Diether forged an alliance and marched to war against the Count Palatine, but lost the decisive battle of Pfeddersheim in July 1460. Because Diether

138-435: A commanding elevation, it is buried in green woods, there is no level ground about it, but, on the contrary, there are wooded terraces upon terraces, and one looks down through shining leaves into profound chasms and abysses where twilight reigns and the sun cannot intrude. Nature knows how to garnish a ruin to get the best effect. One of these old towers is split down the middle, and one half has tumbled aside. It tumbled in such

207-514: A complete or partial rebuilding of the castle was not possible, it was possible to preserve it in its current condition. Only the Friedrich Building, whose interiors were fire damaged, but not ruined, would be restored. This reconstruction was done from 1897 to 1900 by Karl Schäfer at the enormous cost of 520,000 Marks. The oldest description of Heidelberg from 1465 mentions that the city is "frequented by strangers", but it did not really become

276-630: A half year in England, and though only 17 years old, thereby took up contact with important architects, who later undertook changes and new building plans for the Heidelberg Castle. Inigo Jones and Salomon de Caus , who knew each other well, stood in the service of the English king's court. Caus accompanied the newlyweds on their return journey to Heidelberg. Jones came to Heidelberg as well in June 1613. Very soon,

345-545: A multitude of tasteless, crumbling ornaments", for the preservation of the building. Until 1822, he served as a voluntary castle warden, and lived for a while in the Glass Wing (Gläserner Saalbau), where he could keep an eye on the courtyard. Long before the origin of historic preservation in Germany, he was the first person to take an interest in the conservation and documentation of the castle, which may never have occurred to any of

414-455: A partition and used by both congregations), the Catholic prince-elector moved his court to Mannheim and lost all interest in the castle. When on 12 April 1720, Charles announced the removal of the court and all its administrative bodies to Mannheim, he wished that "Grass may grow on her streets". The religious conflict was probably only one reason for the move to Mannheim. In addition, converting

483-532: A result of the German mediatisation of 1803, Heidelberg and Mannheim became part of Baden . Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden welcomed the addition to his territory, although he regarded Heidelberg Castle as an unwanted addition. The structure was decaying and the townsfolk were helping themselves to stone, wood, and iron from the castle to build their own houses. The statuary and ornaments were also fair game. August von Kotzebue expressed his indignation in 1803 at

552-541: A row, again setting the castle on fire, which he regarded as a sign from heaven and changed his plans. Victor Hugo , who had come to love the ruins of the castle, also saw it as a divine signal: One could even say that the very heavens had intervened. On 23 June 1764, the day before Karl Theodor was to move into the castle and make it his seat (which, by the bye, would have been a great disaster, for if Karl Theodor had spent his thirty years there, these austere ruins which we today so admire would certainly have been decorated in

621-557: A strong backlash in public meetings and in the press. In 1883, the Grand Duchy of Baden established a "Castle field office", supervised by building director Josef Durm in Karlsruhe , district building supervisor Julius Koch and architect Fritz Seitz . The office made a detailed plan for preserving or repairing the main building. They completed their work in 1890, which led a commission of specialists from across Germany to decide that while

690-596: A tourist attraction until the beginning of the 19th century. Count Graimberg made the castle a pervasive subject for pictures which became forerunners of the postcard. At the same time, the castle was also found on souvenir cups. Tourism received a big boost when Heidelberg was connected to the railway network in 1840. Mark Twain , the American author, described the Heidelberg Castle in his 1880 travel book A Tramp Abroad : A ruin must be rightly situated, to be effective. This one could not have been better placed. It stands upon

759-439: A way as to establish itself in a picturesque attitude. Then all it lacked was a fitting drapery, and Nature has furnished that; she has robed the rugged mass in flowers and verdure, and made it a charm to the eye. The standing half exposes its arched and cavernous rooms to you, like open, toothless mouths; there, too, the vines and flowers have done their work of grace. The rear portion of the tower has not been neglected, either, but

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828-400: Is because this Heidelberg Castle, the residence of the counts Palatine , who were answerable only to kings, emperors, and popes, and was of too much significance to bend to their whims, but couldn't raise his head without coming into conflict with them, and that is because, in my opinion, that the Heidelberg Castle has always taken up some position of opposition towards the powerful. Circa 1300,

897-407: Is clothed with a clinging garment of polished ivy which hides the wounds and stains of time. Even the top is not left bare, but is crowned with a flourishing group of trees & shrubs. Misfortune has done for this old tower what it has done for the human character sometimes – improved it. In the 20th century, Americans spread Heidelberg's reputation outside Europe. Thus, Japanese also often visit

966-443: Is known about the founding of the lower castle is that it took place sometime between 1294 and 1303. The oldest documented references to Heidelberg Castle are found during the 1600s: All of these works are for the most part superficial and do not contain much information. In 1615, Merian 's Topographia Palatinatus Rheni described Prince Elector Ludwig V as he "started building a new castle one hundred and more years ago" . Most of

1035-629: Is said that his mother, Louise Juliana of Nassau proclaimed: "Oh, the Palatine is moving to Bohemia." After his escape to Rhenen in the Netherlands , Emperor Ferdinand II in 1621 put the imperial ban on Friedrich ( Prince Electors ). The Rhein Palatinate was transferred in 1623 to Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria , who also bought the Upper Palatinate from the emperor. In Rhenen, to the west of Arnhem ,

1104-606: The Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620, Frederick V was on the run as an outlaw and had to release his troops prematurely, leaving the Palatinate undefended against General Tilly , the supreme commander of the Imperial and Catholic League troops. On 26 August 1622, Tilly commenced his attack on Heidelberg, taking the town on 16 September, and the castle a few days later. When the Swedes captured Heidelberg on 5 May 1633 and opened fire on

1173-511: The Domkustos is the head of the cathedral construction department and its workshop ( Dombauhütte ). Formerly its responsibility usually extended to other buildings in the Domimmunität . Heidelberg Castle Heidelberg Castle (German: Heidelberger Schloss ) is a ruin in Germany and landmark of Heidelberg . The castle ruins are among the most important Renaissance structures north of

1242-750: The Palatinate-Simmern branch of the Wittelbachs died out, Louis XIV laid claim to the Palatinate and started the War of the Grand Alliance , which laid waste to the Palatine. Liselotte, as she is affectionately known, was forced to look on helplessly as her country was ravaged in her name. Liselotte, granddaughter of Frederick V, was born in Heidelberg Castle and grew up at her aunt Sophia of Hanover 's court in Hanover. She often returned to Heidelberg with her father. At

1311-496: The Treaty of Ryswick was signed, marking the end of the War of the Grand Alliance and finally bringing peace to the town. Plans were made to pull down the castle and to reuse parts of it for a new palace in the valley. When difficulties with this plan became apparent, the castle was patched up. At the same time, Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine played with the idea of completely redesigning

1380-517: The cathedral treasure , as well as arranging for cleaning, preparation for the services and ringing the bells . His or her subordinate is the Subkustos . The word "kustos" is derived from the Latin word custodia which has the sense of custody, guard, protection, preservation, oversight, care, welfare. Because of the duty to guard the cathedral treasure, in several cathedral churches , such as Magdeburg,

1449-479: The "ruin of the beautiful one" for the "beauty of the ruin." And from here to industrial "production of ruins" the way was clear: like garden gnomes one now sets ruins into the landscape, in order for the landscape to become beautiful . Also Günter Heinemann raises the question of whether one could restore the Heidelberg Castle incompletely. Near the view from the Stück-garden over the deer moat ( Hirschgraben ) of

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1518-659: The Alps. The castle has only been partially rebuilt since its demolition in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is located 80 metres (260 ft) up the northern part of the Königstuhl hillside, and thereby dominates the view of the old downtown. It is served by an intermediate station on the Heidelberger Bergbahn funicular railway that runs from Heidelberg's Kornmarkt to the summit of the Königstuhl. The earliest castle structure

1587-578: The Bishop of Metz, George of Baden ; the Bishop of Speyer, Johann II Nix of Hoheneck ; and Count Ulrich V of Württemberg . Margrave Charles I of Baden at first tried to mediate between the warring factions, then took the side of his brother, Bishop George of Metz , who was in Adolph's camp, thus precipitating the Baden-Palatinate war, an attempt to seize the disputed bishopric by force. On Diether's side were

1656-554: The Church and Emperor Frederick III , Diether's reform efforts, and his demands for abolition of papal annates . Adolph of Nassau was appointed by the Pope as the new Archbishop of Mainz and enthroned on 1 October 1461. The city of Mainz , however, continued to support Diether, who refused to vacate the archbishop's throne. Adolph allied himself with the Archbishop of Trier , John II of Baden ;

1725-586: The Emperor offered the crown of Bohemia to Frederick V, Elector Palatine who accepted despite misgivings and in doing so triggered the outbreak of the Thirty Years War . It was during the Thirty Years War that arms were raised against the castle for the first time. This period marks the end of the castle's construction; the centuries to follow brought with them destruction and rebuilding. After his defeat at

1794-661: The Heidelberg Castle during their trips to Europe. Heidelberg has, at the beginning of the 21st century, more than three million visitors a year and about 1,000,000 overnight stays. Most of the foreign visitors come either from the USA or Japan. The most important attraction, according to surveys by the Geographical Institute of the University of Heidelberg, is the castle with its observation terraces. The Heidelberg professor Ludwig Giesz wrote, in his 1960 essay titled "Phenomenology of

1863-553: The Heidenloch (Heathens' Well). The first mention of a castle in Heidelberg (Latin: " castrum in Heidelberg cum burgo ipsius castri ") is in 1214, when Louis I, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach received it from Hohenstaufen Emperor Friedrich II . The last mention of a single castle is in 1294. In another document from 1303, two castles are mentioned for the first time: All that

1932-476: The Kitsches" , about the meaning of the ruins for tourism: Ruins are the pinnacle of what we have called "historical" Exoticism. As a jumping off point, a story from experience may serve: in 1945 shortly after the surrender of Germany, when asked by an American soldier who was eagerly "picture-taking" at the Heidelberg Castle how this place of pilgrimage for all Romantics came to be a ruin, I replied mischievously, "it

2001-458: The Palatinate and removed his court from Mannheim to Munich . Heidelberg Castle receded even further from his thoughts and the rooms which still had roofs were taken over by craftsmen. Even as early as 1767, the south wall was quarried for stone to build Schwetzingen Castle . In 1784, the vaults in the Ottoheinrich wing were filled in, and the castle used as a source of building materials. As

2070-563: The Palatine lands there too. In summer 1462, those on the side of the alliance under Adolph of Nassau believed rumours that Count Palatine Frederick and his troops were holding on in Bavaria in order to stand by the Duke in a feud against the Margrave of Ansbach . Under the assumption that the Palatinate was therefore undefended, Baden and Württemberg troops marched from Bretten with 8,000 men and invaded

2139-474: The Romantics. Graimberg asked Thomas A. Leger to prepare the first castle guide. With his pictures of the castle, of which many copies were produced, Graimberg promoted the castle ruins and drew many tourists to the town. The question of whether the castle should be completely restored was discussed for a long time. In 1868, the poet Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter argued for a complete reconstruction, leading to

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2208-559: The Thirty Years War, Gustav Adolfs Ruhmesblatt and finally the War of the Grand Alliance, the Turennes mission. All of these terrible events have blighted the castle. Three emperors, Louis the Bavarian, Adolf of Nassau, and Leopold of Austria, have laid siege to it; Pio II condemned it; Louis XIV wreaked havoc on it. After the death of Charles II, Elector Palatine , the last in line of the House of Palatinate-Simmern , Louis XIV of France demanded

2277-527: The allied European powers, France's war council decided to destroy all fortifications and to lay waste to the Palatinate ( Brûlez le Palatinat! ), in order to prevent an enemy attack from this area. As the French withdrew from the castle on 2 March 1689, they set fire to it and blew the front off the Fat Tower. Portions of the town were also burned, but the mercy of a French general, René de Froulay de Tessé , who told

2346-484: The building of an enormous garden was tackled. However, the plants were intended for level ground, and the slope of the mountain had to be converted. First earth movements had to be achieved, which contemporaries regarded as the eighth wonder of the world. Under the rule of Frederick V, the Palatine sought Protestant supremacy in the Holy Roman Empire , which however ended in a debacle. After 1619, Frederick V—against

2415-471: The capture of Count Ulrich V of Württemberg soon afterwards by Hans von Gemmingen  [ de ] this phase of the war came to an end. His victory in the Battle of Seckenheim earned Frederick the nickname "the Victorious" ( der Siegreiche ). The name of the settlement of Friedrichsfeld ("Frederick's field"), built on the site and now a district of Mannheim , commemorates that event. Frederick I had

2484-529: The castle from the Königstuhl hill behind it, the commander of the Catholic League garrison handed over the castle. The following year, the emperor's troops tried to recapture the castle, but it was not until July 1635 that they succeeded. It remained in their possession until the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years War was signed. The new ruler, Charles Louis (Karl Ludwig) and his family did not move into

2553-491: The castle into a fortress. After Ruprecht's death in 1410, his land was divided between his four sons. The Palatinate, the heart of his territories, was given to the eldest son, Ludwig III . Ludwig was the representative of the emperor and the supreme judge, and it was in this capacity that he, after the Council of Constance in 1415 and at the behest of Emperor Sigismund , held the deposed Antipope John XXIII in custody before he

2622-418: The castle many times. He and his fellow Romantic painters were not interested in faithful portrayals of the building and gave artistic licence free rein. For example, Turner's paintings of the castle show it perched far higher up on the hill than it actually is. The saviour of the castle was the French count Charles de Graimberg . He fought the government of Baden, which viewed the castle as an "old ruin with

2691-570: The castle, but shelved the project due to lack of funds. He did, however, famously install Perkeo of Heidelberg , his favorite court jester, to watch over the castle's wine stock. Perkeo later became the unofficial mascot of the city. In 1720, Charles came into conflict with the town's Protestants as a result of fully handing over the Church of the Holy Spirit to the Catholics (it had previously been split by

2760-512: The city council of Mainz, his brother Louis, and Prince-Elector Frederick I of the Palatinate , originally an enemy of Diether's. For his assistance, Frederick was given the towns of Lorsch , Heppenheim , and Bensheim . Initially the Baden troops devastated the Palatine estates left of the Rhine, then advanced alongside those from Speyer and Württemberg up the eastern side of the Rhine and rampaged through

2829-519: The death of Adolph in 1475, Diether of Isenburg was once more elected as archbishop by the Mainz cathedral chapter and confirmed by Pope Sixtus IV . Diether reigned without further conflict until his death in 1482. Domkustos The Domkustos of a cathedral in German-speaking countries is responsible for its physical maintenance, furniture, decoration and security, including the safekeeping of

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2898-648: The descriptions of the castle up until the 18th century are based on Merian's information. Under Ruprecht I , the court chapel was erected on the Jettenbühl. When Ruprecht became the King of Germany in 1401, the castle was so small that on his return from his coronation, he had to camp out in the Augustinians' monastery, on the site of today's University Square. What he desired was more space for his entourage and court and to impress his guests, but also additional defences to turn

2967-460: The diocesan feud did not end there. Further battles cost many lives and resulted in the devastation of all the settlements, and the town of Mainz itself suffered severe damage. In the night of 28 October 1462, as a result of the betrayal of some of Mainz's citizens, Adolph of Nassau broke into the town through the gate called the Gautor with 500 men and, after 12 hours of street fighting took possession of

3036-595: The expressed advice of many counsellors—was chosen as the Bohemian king, he could not maintain the crown after he lost at the Battle of White Mountain (Bílá hora) (height 379m/1243 ft) against the troops of the Emperor and the Catholic League . He was mocked as the "Winter King" since his kingdom had lasted only somewhat more than one winter. With the Thirty Years War , Frederick V entered another phase of his career: political refugee. As Frederick V left Heidelberg, it

3105-460: The family lived on saved public funds and the generous support of the English king, initially also of the Netherlands, united by the support of the government. For the remainder of his life, Frederick hoped to win back his position in the Palatinate, but he died in exile in 1632. Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine was the duchess of Orléans and the sister-in-law of Louis XIV of France. When

3174-454: The government of Baden's intention to pull down the ruins. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the ruined castle had become a symbol for the patriotic movement against Napoleon . Even before 1800, artists had come to see the river, the hills and the ruins of the castle as an ideal ensemble. The best depictions are those of England's J. M. W. Turner , who stayed in Heidelberg several times between 1817 and 1844, and painted Heidelberg and

3243-449: The old-fashioned hill-top castle into a Baroque palace would have been difficult and costly. By moving down into the plain, the prince-elector was able to construct a new palace, Mannheim Palace , that met his every wish. Karl Phillip's successor Karl Theodor planned to move his court back to Heidelberg Castle. However, on 24 June 1764, lightning struck the Saalbau (court building) twice in

3312-430: The pompadour style); on this day, then, with the prince's furnishings already arrived and waiting in the Church of the Holy Spirit, fire from heaven hit the octagonal tower, set light to the roof, and destroyed this five-hundred-year-old castle in very few hours. In the following decades, basic repairs were made, but Heidelberg Castle remained essentially a ruin. In 1777, Karl Theodor became ruler of Bavaria in addition to

3381-509: The prisoners taken to his castle at Heidelberg and put in chains until the ransoms demanded by him were paid. Margrave Charles had to pay 25,000 guilders , hand over Sponheim as a pledge and agree Pforzheim as a fief of the Electorate of the Palatinate . The Bishop of Metz had to pay 45,000 guilders for his release. Most importantly for Frederick, though, the victory had sealed the long-term security of his position as prince-elector . But

3450-426: The ruined castle until 7 October 1649. Victor Hugo summarized these and the following events: In 1619, Frederick V, then a young man, seized the crown of the kings of Bohemia, against the will of the emperor, and in 1687, Philip William, Count Palatine, by then an old man, assumes the title of prince-elector, against the will of the king of France. This was to cause Heidelberg battles and never-ending tribuluations,

3519-546: The ruins: The important culture and era critic Günther Anders pointed out that—contrary to widespread opinion—the Romantic Era did not first admire the view for the "beauty of the ruin." Rather the following inversion took place: the Renaissance (like the first generation) admired the ancient Torso, "not because, but although it was a Torso". One found beauty, but "unfortunately" (!) only as ruin. The second generation inverted

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3588-420: The sound condition of the castle that have been handed down permitted this. But it would take the unique phenomenon to Heidelberg that the castle in its ruinous condition has to register a considerable profit at aesthetic values. A rebuilt castle would equal a disenchantment, would be certification of an inadequate displacement process of history opposite, and granted to participating nature no more clearance. Which

3657-575: The state. They advanced, burning and plundering, from Speyer over the Rhine to Seckenheim . Because Frederick I had, however, not stayed in Bavaria, Adolph's forces were surprised and heavily defeated in the forest near Seckenheim by Frederick I and the counts of Leiningen and Katzenelnbogen , because the mounted vanguard of the alliance had felt so unthreatened that they had strayed too far ahead of their foot soldiers. Margrave Charles I and his brother, Bishop George of Metz, were wounded and taken prisoner. With

3726-574: The surrender of the allodial title in favor of the Duchess of Orléans, Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine who he claimed was the rightful heir to the Simmern lands. On 29 September 1688, the French troops marched into the Palatinate of the Rhine and on 24 October moved into Heidelberg, which had been deserted by Philipp Wilhelm , the new Elector Palatine from the line of Palatinate-Neuburg . At war against

3795-573: The term Thesaurar ("treasurer") was used instead of Domkustos . Elsewhere the title Thesaurar usually referred to the person responsible to the dean for handling income. The office of Domkustos may either be a senior, independent post within the cathedral chapter as, for example, until 1806 in Salzburg, one of the offices under the dean or provost ( Domdekan ), as in Mainz , or carried out in combination with other duties by one person. Frequently

3864-548: The time of its founding, it starts with a Thebes analogy ; in Count Rudolf and Emperor Ludwig, these degenerate brothers, it has its Eteocles and its Polynices [warring sons of Oedipus ]. Then the prince elector begins to grow in power. In 1400 the Palatine Ruprecht II, supported by three Rhenish prince electors, deposes Emperor Wenceslaus and usurps his position; 120 years later in 1519, Count Palatine Frederick II

3933-436: The town's gates and took it on 22 May. However, they did not attain control of the castle and destroyed the town in attempt to weaken the castle's main support base. The castle's occupants capitulated the next day. Now the French took the opportunity to finish off the work started in 1689, after their hurried exit from the town. The towers and walls that had survived the last wave of destruction, were blown up with mines. In 1697

4002-520: The town. 400 men lost their lives and Adolph's people plundered and sacked parts of the town including the former Dominican monastery. As a punishment for its support of Diether, Adolph removed the town's privileges of freedom and thus its status as a free town ; the town came under the rule of a vicedominus appointed by the Archbishop. The following day the citizens were summoned to the Dietmarkt market place. All 800 citizens who appeared were driven out of

4071-464: The town; about 400 of them were released again some time later and allowed to remain in Mainz. The diocesan feud itself ended only after several attempts at mediation in October 1463. Diether of Isenburg stood down and recognised Adolph as his successor in the Treaty of Zeilsheim . He himself was paid off with a considerable sum of money and a small principality, created from the Mainz estate, consisting of

4140-463: The towns of Höchst , Steinheim , and Dieburg . The alliances of both contenders for the archbishop's throne had been bought at considerable cost to both their personal and the archiepiscopal estate. A number of castles and towns were transferred to the Palatinate, Hesse and, briefly, even Saxony. The settlement of that debt remained a dominant issue in the Archbishopric in the coming years. After

4209-425: The townspeople to set small fires in their homes to create smoke and the illusion of widespread burning, prevented wider destruction. Immediately upon his accession in 1690, Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine had the walls and towers rebuilt. When the French again reached the gates of Heidelberg in 1691 and 1692, the town's defenses were so good that they did not gain entry. On 18 May 1693 the French were yet again at

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4278-494: The understanding at realization clarity would win, would be lost to the mind at turn depth. Timeline of events for Heidelberg Castle: Frederick V, Elector Palatine married the English king's daughter Elizabeth Stuart . The marriage involved great expense. Expensive festivities were organized and for them; he commissioned the Elizabeth gate at the piece garden be built. From October 1612 until April 1613, Frederick V spent nearly

4347-415: The well-kept ruins of the castle interior, he asks himself whether one should not redevelop the whole area again. Automatically one thinks, who would dedicate oneself to the devoted care of these enormous walls, were they to be constructed again. As to expenditure that does not make much difference, but how would it be arranged! It would require seeds of its historical imaginings, as far as extant pictures of

4416-445: Was able to achieve his papal confirmation only with some difficulty and by paying a large amount of money ( Servitiengeld , 20,000 guilders ), he opposed the political, legal, and financial demands of both Emperor and Pope. Pope Pius II thus sought his replacement by Adolph of Nassau who had been defeated in the 1459 election. He banished Diether on 21 August 1461 and declared him deposed, citing Diether's oppositional attitude towards

4485-398: Was built before 1214 and later expanded into two castles circa 1294; however, in 1537, a lightning bolt destroyed the upper castle. The present structures had been expanded by 1650, before damage by later wars and fires. In 1764, another lightning bolt caused a fire which destroyed some rebuilt sections. Heidelberg was first mentioned in 1196 as "Heidelberch". In 1155 Conrad of Hohenstaufen

4554-441: Was destroyed by American bombs." The reaction of the soldiers was very instructive. I will speculate briefly: the shock to their consciousness—stemming from an aesthetic, not an ethical problem—was extraordinary: the "ruin" no longer appeared beautiful to them; on the contrary, they regretted (thus: with realistic present consciousness) the recent destruction of a large building. Professor Ludwig Giesz goes further in his remarks about

4623-582: Was made the Count Palatine by his half-brother Frederick Barbarossa , and the region became known as the Electoral Palatinate . The claim that Conrad's main residence was on the Schlossberg (Castle Hill), known as the Jettenbühl, cannot be substantiated. The name "Jettenbühl" comes from the soothsayer Jetta, who was said to have lived there. She is also associated with Wolfsbrunnen (Wolf's Spring) and

4692-504: Was taken to Burg Eichelsheim (today Mannheim-Lindenhof). On a visit to Heidelberg in 1838, the French author Victor Hugo took particular pleasure in strolling among the ruins of the castle. He summarised its history in this letter: But let me talk of its castle. (This is absolutely essential, and I should actually have begun with it.) What times it has been through! Five hundred years long it has been victim to everything that has shaken Europe, and now it has collapsed under its weight. That

4761-493: Was to create the young King Charles I of Spain Emperor Charles V . It was during the reign of Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) that Martin Luther came to Heidelberg to defend one of his theses ( Heidelberg Disputation ) and paid a visit to the castle. He was shown around by Louis's younger brother, Wolfgang, Count Palatine , and in a letter to his friend George Spalatin praises the castle's beauty and its defenses. In 1619, Bohemian Protestant estates rebelling against

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