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55-538: Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Sultanate of Maguindanao ( Maguindanaon : Kasultanan nu Magindanaw , Jawi : كسولتانن نو مڬیندنو; Filipino : Kasultanan ng Mangindánaw ) was a Sunni Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao , in the southern Philippines , especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces ( Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte ), Soccsksargen , Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region . Its known historical influence stretches from

110-578: A Hittite vassal state. The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in Egyptian hieroglyphs , and the other in Akkadian using cuneiform script; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties. The treaty differs from others, however, in that the two language versions are worded differently. Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that

165-738: A color of royalty, and idioms of Chinese origin entered Mindanao culture. Royalty was connected to yellow. The color yellow was used by the Sultan in Mindanao. Chinese tableware and gongs were exported to the Moros. Merchant Chinese were tranquilly residing alongside the Moros in Maguindanao. Similar to neighboring sultanates, Maguindanao was decentralized ; every town remained autonomous and ruled by their rajas, datus, etc. However, aspects of centralized authority lay in some sectors of governance absolutely controlled by

220-479: A diverse mosaic of indigenous ethnicities and communities; besides the Maguindanaon themselves, under various forms of vassalage were Iranun (including Maranao ), Sama-Bajau , Subanon , Sarangani , and Kalagan peoples, while in more mutual yet interdependent trade-based relationships were highlander Tirurays and Manobos . The Iranun peoples settled along the coasts of the entire Illana Bay , including

275-482: A failed secession , as it implies mutual recognition of statehood. In cases such as the American Civil War , it usually ends when the losing side's army surrenders and its government collapses. By contrast, a successful secession or declaration of independence is often formalized by means of a peace treaty. Treaties are often ratified in territories deemed neutral in the previous conflict and delegates from

330-468: A peace treaty in modern diplomacy arises from the fact that even when a war is actually over and fighting has ceased, the legal state of war is not automatically terminated upon the end of actual fighting and the belligerent parties are still legally defined as enemies. This is evident from the definition of a "state of war" as "a legal state created and ended by official declaration regardless of actual armed hostilities and usually characterized by operation of

385-405: A peace treaty such as the following: In modern history , certain intractable conflict situations may be brought to a ceasefire before they are dealt with via a peace process in which a number of discrete steps are taken on each side to reach the mutually-desired eventual goal of peace and the signing of a treaty. A peace treaty also is often not used to end a civil war, especially in cases of

440-506: A problem. The conditions were ripe for a deal. During negotiations, Augustus granted the Kushite envoys all they asked for, and also cancelled the tribute earlier demanded by Rome. Premmis (Qasr Ibrim), and areas north of Qasr Ibrim in the southern portion of the "Thirty-Mile Strip" were ceded to the Kushites. The Dodekaschoinos was established as a buffer zone, and Roman forces were pulled back to

495-461: A written l , and the prevalence by which it is used or is dominant denotes the local dialects of Maguindanaon. /l/ may also be heard as a retroflex [ɭ] in intervocalic positions. The Laya (Raya) or lowland dialect of Maguindanaon, spoken in and around Cotabato City, prefers the flapped r over l , while the more conservative upland variety spoken in Datu Piang and inland areas favors l . As in

550-406: Is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments , which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice , which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a surrender , in which an army agrees to give up arms; or a ceasefire or truce , in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting. The need for

605-455: Is more far-reaching than later treaties' simple declaration of the end of hostilities. It also contains a mutual-assistance pact in case one of the empires should be attacked by a third party or in the event of internal strife. There are articles pertaining to the forced repatriation of refugees and provisions that they should not be harmed, which might be thought of as the first extradition treaty. There are also threats of retribution, should

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660-878: The Battle of Waterloo , and the Treaty of Versailles , formally ending the First World War between Germany and the Allies . Despite popular belief, the war did not end completely until the Allies concluded peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1919 at the Treaty of Sèvres , and even then the reaction to this treaty caused the outbreak of the Turkish War of Independence . Upon the victory of the Turkish National Movement in that conflict and

715-741: The Egyptians came suing for peace, and the Egyptian version claims the reverse. The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque, and the "pocket-book" version was taken back to Egypt and carved into the Temple of Karnak . The Treaty was concluded between Ramesses II and Hatusiliš III in the twenty-first year of Ramesses' reign ( c.  1258 BC ). Its eighteen articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceed to maintain that their respective people also demand peace. It contains many elements found in more modern treaties, but it

770-631: The Majapahit invasion of the latter. Islamization then happened afterwards. Two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway lived peacefully in the Cotabato Valley on Mindanao and then Sharif Kabungsuwan , a member of the Ba 'Alawi sada of Johor in what is now modern day Malaysia , preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to their ancestral animist beliefs. The brothers parted ways, with Tabunaway heading to

825-585: The Maranao language , Maguindanaon pronouns can be also free or bound to the word/morpheme before it. Maguindanaon numerals: Maguindanao is written with the Latin script, and used to be written with the Jawi script . Among works on the language published by Jacinto Juanmartí, his sacred history Compendio de historia universal contains Maguindanao texts in both Jawi and the Latin script. Peace treaty A peace treaty

880-503: The Pulangi and Simuay deltas and Polloc harbor , and further inland along the shore of Lake Lanao as Maranaos . Although they were autonomously led by their datus , they were vassals of the Sultan from paying tributes and formal acknowledgements. During Barahaman's reign, their population was estimated to be around 90,000-100,000. Alongside the Bajaus, they were the most important allies of

935-551: The peninsula of Zamboanga to bay of Sarangani until Davao Gulf . During the era of European colonization , the sultanate maintained friendly relations with British and Dutch traders. According to the Yuan annals of 1304 in the Nanhai Zhi , a polity known as Wenduling (文杜陵) may have been the predecessor state of Maguindanao. Wenduling was invaded by then Hindu-Buddhist Brunei (Pon-i), until it rebelled and successfully broke away after

990-852: The sa ilud principalities served as entrepôts for both domestic and foreign trade and the sa raya region as its breadbasket . Several economic reforms were made under Kudarat: wax was monopolized in Sarangani and the Davao Gulf ports, and restricted trade in the former only by permission with a license from the Sultan himself. He also acquired shahbandars to oversee the trade and commodities sectors. The most important exports were rice , wax , tobacco , and clove and cinnamon barks , alongside coconut oil , sago , beans, tortoiseshells , bird's nests , and ebony hardwood . The people of Maguindanao are certainly known under one name, but consist of many different nations. At its peak, Maguindanao maintained

1045-455: The Hittites, with Ramesses II capturing the city of Kadesh and Amurru in his 8th year as king. However, the prospect of further protracted conflict between the two states eventually persuaded both their rulers, Hatusiliš III and Ramesses, to end their dispute and sign a peace treaty. Neither side could afford the possibility of a longer conflict since they were threatened by other enemies: Egypt

1100-668: The Maguindanao Sultanate. During the Spanish colonial period, the Sultanate of Maguindanao was able to defend its territory, preventing the Spaniards from colonizing the entire coastal Mindanao and ceding the island of Palawan to the Spanish government in 1705. The island priory ceded to him by Sulu Sultan Sahabuddin. This was to have help dissuade Spanish encroachments into the island of Maguindanao and Sulu itself. Chinese gongs, yellow as

1155-418: The Maguindanao; the sultanate heavily depended on their vast manpower to maintain the status quo throughout the region. Paradoxically, however, they were also perceived by Maguindanao royalty as the least trustworthy of all groups; they were apparently notorious for rogue activities, and several punitive expeditions were made to quell minor Iranun uprisings. European traders were sometimes advised to sail south of

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1210-461: The Ottoman Empire. Another famous example would be the series of peace treaties known as the Peace of Westphalia . It initiated modern diplomacy, involving the modern system of nation-states . Subsequent wars were no longer over religion but revolved around issues of state. That encouraged Catholic and Protestant powers to ally, leading to a number of major realignments. The Korean War is an example of

1265-1025: The Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War , the American administration began publishing a number of works on the language in English, such as a brief primer and vocabulary in 1903, and a translation of Juanmartí's reference grammar into English in 1906. A number of works about and in the language have since been published by Filipino and foreign authors. Maguindanao has 3 major dialects: Ilud, Laya, and Biwangen. Maguindanao dialects are: The vowels [e] and [o] only occur in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay. The phonemes /z/ and /dʒ/ only appear in loanwords. The sound [dʒ] also appears an allophonic realization for

1320-490: The Sultan's envoys, interpreters, tribute collection from the coastal settlements, and as river guardians. The Subanon peoples of the Zamboanga peninsula were also vassals of the sultanate. Aside from offering manpower, they were entrusted with two main roles: production and trade of local cinnamon ( Cinnamomum mindanaense ) and maintaining storage networks for the Maguindanao's hardware, especially cannons. The Tirurays of

1375-522: The Sultanate of Maguindanao, Kingdom of Buayan , and Domain of Allah Valley . Maguindanao language The Maguindanaon language is the native language of the Maguindanaon people of the province of Maguindanao located in the west of Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines. It was the language of the Sultanate of Maguindanao , which lasted until near the end of the Spanish colonial period in

1430-546: The UN Security Council Resolution 1483 , adopted on May 22, 2003, stipulated the postwar regime for the stability and security of Iraq exclusively. One of the UN's roles in peace processes is to conduct post-conflict elections but, on the whole, they are thought to have no effect, or even a negative effect, on peace after civil war. However, when peace agreements transform rebel groups into political parties,

1485-507: The capital itself, though nearby. Small in numbers, they were typically fishermen who supplied sea produce for trading vessels and Maguindaon land dwellers, sometimes sailing as far as the Tomini Gulf for catches. However, they were also called upon for a variety of other jobs ranging from supplying boats, joining slave raiding expeditions , and as boat rowing entourage for royalty and other esteemed officials alongside more dangerous jobs as

1540-534: The effect on peace is positive, especially if international interveners use their moments of power distribution to hold the former combatants to the terms of their peace agreement. Probably the earliest recorded peace treaty, although it is rarely mentioned or remembered, was between the Hittite Empire and the Hayasa-Azzi confederation, around 1350 BC. More famously, one of the earliest recorded peace treaties

1595-444: The emperor by the Kushite envoys as the treaty also created a favorable impression with other foreign ambassadors present on Samos, including envoys from India, and strengthened Augustus' hand in upcoming negotiations with the powerful Parthians. The settlement ushered in a period of peace between the two empires for around three centuries. Inscriptions erected by Queen Amanirenas on an ancient temple at Hamadab, south of Meroe, record

1650-449: The end of World War II, United Nations Charter Article 2 restricts the use of military force. The UN Charter allows only two exceptions: "military measures by UN Security Council resolutions" and "exercise of self-defense " in countries subjected to armed attacks in relation to the use of force by states. Under the current UN system, war is triggered only by the enforcement of military measures under UN Security Council resolutions or

1705-473: The exercise of self-defense rights against illegal armed attacks. Therefore, if the use of military force arises, it is called 'international armed conflict' instead of 'war'. The fact that the current international law system avoids the use of the term 'war' also avoids the conclusion of a peace treaty based on the existence of war . A peace treaty was not signed after the end of the Iraq War in 2003, and only

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1760-522: The families of local chieftains and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao, with its seat in Slangan (the western part of present-day Cotabato), making him virtually Sultan of the whole island. The sultanate was largely centered around the Cotabato Valley. Sultan Muhammad Kudarat , and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest sultans who controlled Mindanao. In his island sanctuary in Sulu, he

1815-484: The late 19th century. The earliest works on the language by a European were carried out by Jacinto Juanmartí, a Catalan priest of the Society of Jesus who worked in the Philippines in the second half of the 19th century. Aside from a number of Christian religious works in the language, Juanmartí also published a Maguindanao–Spanish/Spanish–Maguindanao dictionary and reference grammar in 1892. Shortly after sovereignty over

1870-482: The legal framework governing the post conflict period, or jus post bellum . Since 1950, the rate at which interstate wars end with a formal peace treaty has substantially declined. The content of a treaty usually depends on the nature of the conflict being concluded. In the case of large conflicts between numerous parties, international treaty covering all issues or separate treaties signed between each party. There are many possible issues that may be included in

1925-580: The lowlands and Mamalu to the mountains, but they vowed to honor their kinship, and thus an unwritten pact of peace between Maguindanaons and the Teduray was forged through the two brothers. Shariff Kabungsuwan preached Islam in the area, which was earlier Hindu -influenced from Srivijaya times, at the end of the 16th century and established himself as Sultan seated in Malabang . He exiled some of his people who apostatised to Cotabato. He subsequently married into

1980-484: The neutral countries acting as witnesses to the signatories . Since its founding after World War II the United Nations has sought to act as a forum for resolution in matters of international conflict. A number of international treaties and obligations are involved in which member states seek to limit and control behavior during wartime. The action of declaring war is now very unlikely to be undertaken. Since

2035-532: The northern and western mountains surrounding the Cotabato Basin, and like the Tirurays, held largely mutual trade relationships with the sultanate. Manobo territories were outside the margins of any Maguindanao control and considered too dangerous. Consequently, trade activity was restricted to only between them and the royal family and principal datus. They mostly traded gold for clothing. Since its capture in 1625,

2090-442: The old Greek Ptolemaic border at Maharraqa. Roman emperor Augustus signed the treaty with the Kushites on Samos. The settlement bought Rome peace and quiet on its Egyptian frontier, as well as increased the prestige of Roman Emperor Augustus, demonstrating his skill and ability to broker peace without constant warfare, and do business with the distant Kushites, who a short time earlier had been fighting his troops. The respect accorded

2145-460: The people of the Sarangani islands were subjugated by Maguindanao through various enforced trade policies in that area, and may be considered slaves of the sultanate than merely subjects. Aside from serving as the Sultan's primary warehouse, Kudarat restricted their trading activities with foreigners through his personal permission for a license, except for several Chinese in wax trading. The islands' crossroads position served various professions for

2200-595: The predominantly Iranun Polloc area into the Simuay River if heading towards the capital for safety, and were denied permanent trading posts for the same reason. The Sama-Bajau , or simply Badjaos, of Maguindanao were primarily based around the Simuay delta, though they were nomads who lived on the shorelines and did not live in permanent settlements like the Iranun; additionally, they were particularly barred from living within

2255-402: The rules of war". As a result, even when hostilities are over, a peace treaty is required for the former belligerents in order to reach agreement on all issues involved in transition to legal state of peace. The art of negotiating a peace treaty in the modern era has been referred to by legal scholar Christine Bell as the lex pacificatoria , with a peace treaty potentially contributing to

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2310-409: The sequences /d + s/ (e.g. [dʒaɭumˈani ka] /(ə)dsalumani ka/ 'repeat that!') and /d + i/ (only before another vowel before vowel, e.g. [ˈmidʒas] /midias/ 'stockings'); the sound [z] also appears as an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. /ɾ/ can also be trilled [ r ] . Intervocalic /d/ is realized as [ɾ] . /ɾ/ and /l/ are interchangeable in words which include

2365-643: The signing of the Treaty of Lausanne , the last major diplomatic extension of the First World War came to an end. The Treaty of Versailles, as well as the Kellogg-Briand Pact , is possibly the most notorious of peace treaties, and is blamed by many historians for the rise of Nazism in Germany and the eventual outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. The costly reparations that Germany was forced to pay

2420-429: The southern Tiruray Highlands and its coast held a mutual but interdependent position with the sultanate largely defined by trade. Trade pacts were established between Magindanaon datus and Tiruray neighborhoods through seketas teel ("cutting rattan together"). They largely traded forest and some agricultural produce like wax, tobacco, as well as manpower. Manobos comprise a variety of different highland peoples in

2475-660: The sultan. (TBE) Maguindanao maintained close relations with Ternate, Sulu, and Brunei, but developed a rivalry with Buayan. However, Buayan would become a de facto subject state under Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao. (TBE) Since the ratification of a peace treaty between Muslims and Christians in 1645 by Kudarat and Zamboanga governor Francisco de Atienza Ibañez, the following period of relative stability ushered an economic golden age as Maguindanao reopened its harbors to international trade, first based in Kudarat's capital of Simuay (present-day Sultan Mastura ). Maguindanao's economy

2530-426: The sultanate, from ship repair, agricultural produce, wood, water, and manpower. Otherwise known in historical accounts as simply peoples of the Davao Gulf area, Kalagans were also subject to similar protectionist trade restrictions by Maguindanao since Kudarat's reign. Maguindanao since shared control of the area with Kandahar ( Sangir ) until usurpation by the former during Sultan Barahaman's rule. Probably only

2585-580: The town of present-day Davao and nearby settlements were subjugated and paid tribute. Like Sarangani, they offered manpower and agricultural and forest goods. Kalangan, another settlement elsewhere in the region, had its own tributaries inland and did not pay tribute to Maguindanao, but provided food and traded wax and lower prices for visiting Maguindanaon traders. Historical records document 24 Sultans of Maguindanao. Simuay (1637-1671) Sibugay (1900-1926) As of May 2018, there are three major royal families in Maguindanao. Each having an enthroned sultan under

2640-456: The treaty be broken. The treaty is considered of such importance in the field of international relations that a replica of it hangs in the UN's headquarters. Following the five years war between Kushite Kandake , Amanirenas and Augustus of Rome , a peace treaty was conducted in the year 21/20 BC. Mediators were sent from Kush to Augustus who was in Samos at that time. An entente between

2695-462: The two parties was beneficial to both. The Kushites were a regional power in their own right and resented paying tribute. The Romans also sought a quiet southern border for their absolutely essential Egyptian grain supplies, without constant war commitments, and welcomed a friendly buffer state in a border region beset with raiding nomads. The Kushites too appear to have found nomads like the Blemmyes to be

2750-471: The victors, the fact that Germany had to accept sole responsibility for starting the war, and the harsh restrictions on German rearmament were all listed in the Treaty of Versailles and caused massive resentment in Germany. Whether or not the treaty can be blamed for starting another war, it exemplifies the difficulties involved in making peace. However, no such conflict resulted from the more punitive settlement with

2805-429: The war and the favorable outcome from the Kushite perspective. Along with his signature on the official treaty, Roman emperor Augustus marked the agreement by directing his administrators to collaborate with regional priests in the erection of a temple at Dendur, and inscriptions depict the emperor himself celebrating local deities. Famous examples include the Treaty of Paris (1815) , signed after Napoleon 's defeat at

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2860-507: Was concluded between the Hittite and the Egyptian Empires after 1274 BC Battle of Kadesh (see Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty ). The battle took place in what is modern-day Syria , the entire Levant being at that time contested between the two empires. After an extremely costly four-day battle, in which neither side gained a substantial advantage, both sides claimed victory. The lack of resolution led to further conflict between Egypt and

2915-562: Was faced with the task of defending its long western border with Libya against the incursion of Libyan tribesmen by building a chain of fortresses stretching from Mersa Matruh to Rakotis, and the Hittites faced a more formidable threat in the form of the Assyrian Empire, which "had conquered Hanigalbat, the heartland of Mitanni, between the Tigris and the Euphrates" rivers, which had previously been

2970-683: Was known as Sultan Nasiruddin, and is buried there. His grandson Abd al-Rahman continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence. The Maguindanao sultanate also had a close alliance with the Ternate sultanate of the Moluccas region of Indonesia. Ternate regularly sent military reinforcements to Maguindanao during the Spanish-Moro Wars . Nevertheless, its power was reduced when the Confederate Sultanates of Lanao declared independence from

3025-569: Was principally driven by two sectors: trade exports of raw materials like agricultural and jungle produce, and slave labor ; it did not maintain a market large enough for imported spices , gold, silk, and other exotic goods. Consequently, this model largely relied on annual outgoing trade expeditions led by Chinese nakodas accompanying trading chiefs most frequently to Ternate and Manila , and regularly to Amboina , Makassar , Batavia and elsewhere in Java , and around Sumatra . Within Maguindanao,

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