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47-521: Magna Hungaria was mentioned by the thirteenth-century Franciscan Giovanni da Plano Carpini in his reports of his travels in Northern Asia and Central Asia . Friar Julian , a thirteenth century Hungarian monk and explorer, also visited Magna Hungaria in the interest of finding the Eastern Hungarians , the group of Hungarians that travelled east rather than west with the rest of the people towards

94-472: A History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind, vol. 4, no 3, 1958, p. 513-540 (lire en ligne [archive], consulté le 15 mars 2022) 24.Kristó 1996, p. 49-50. 25. Róna-Tas 1999, p. 328. Giovanni da Pian del Carpine Giovanni da Pian del Carpine OFM (or Carpini ; Latin : Iohannes de Plano Carpini, anglicised as John of Plano Carpini ; c.  1185  – 1 August 1252 )

141-1094: A Turkic ethnic group established mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan . Based on these characteristics, it is concluded that the Magyars were closely related to the Turks during the long period that they spent in the Pontic steppes . 1.Macartney 1953, p. 85-86. 2.Fodor 1975, p. 197. 3.Fodor 1975, p. 198 & 201. 4.Róna-Tas 1999, p. 429. 5.Tóth 1998, p. 15. 6.Fodor 1975, p. 201. 7.Kristó 1996, p. 87. 8.Kristó 1996, p. 68. 9.Kristó 1996, p. 67-68. 10.Fodor 1975, p. 122-123. 11.Róna-Tas 1999, p. 121 & 429. 12.Kristó 1996, p. 32. 13.Fodor 1975, p. 202. 14.Fodor 1975, p. 203. 15.Róna-Tas 1999, p. 209. 16.Róna-Tas 1999, p. 209-213 & 230-231. 17.Engel 2001, p. 10. 18.Róna-Tas 1999, p. 105. 19.Csorba 1997, p. 32. 20.Engel 2001, p. 9-10. 21.Kristó 1996, p. 35. 22.Róna-Tas 1999, p. 323. 23.(en) Denis Sinor, « The outlines of Hungarian prehistory », International Commission for

188-601: A compilation of agronomic works from earlier Greek and Punic texts that are otherwise lost; De Ceremoniis ("On Ceremonies", in Greek, Περὶ τῆς βασιλείου τάξεως), describing the kinds of court ceremonies (also described later in a more negative light by Liutprand of Cremona ); De Administrando Imperio ("On the Administration of the Empire", bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ὑιὸν Ρωμανόν), giving advice on running

235-519: A godfather to marry his goddaughter. Constantine VII died at Constantinople on 9 November 959 and was succeeded by his son Romanos II . It was rumored that he had been poisoned by his son or his daughter-in-law Theophano . Constantine VII was recognized as a writer and scholar, surrounding himself with educated people of the Imperial Court. He wrote, or had commissioned, the works Geoponika ("On Agriculture", in Greek Τὰ γεωπονικά),

282-635: A letter to the Pope written in Mongol, Arabic, and Latin that was a brief imperious assertion of the Khan's office as the scourge of God. They began a long winter journey home. Often, they had to lie on the bare snow or on ground scraped bare of snow with a foot. They reached Kiev on 10 June 1247. There and on their further journey the Slavonic Christians welcomed them as risen from the dead with festive hospitality. Crossing

329-441: A man of his class, he seems to have been an excellent painter. He was the most generous of patrons—to writers and scholars, artists and craftsmen. Finally, he was an excellent Emperor: a competent, conscientious and hard-working administrator and an inspired picker of men, whose appointments to military, naval, ecclesiastical, civil and academic posts were both imaginative and successful. He did much to develop higher education and took

376-508: A native of Umbria , in central Italy . His surname was derived from Pian del Carpine (literally " Hornbeam Plain"), an area known later as Magione , between Perugia and Cortona . He was one of the companions and disciples of his near-contemporary and countryman Saint Francis of Assisi . Highly esteemed within the Franciscan order , Giovanni had a prominent role in the propagation of its teachings in northern Europe , holding in succession

423-576: A period during which the steppes became a heavily used place of passage. An important point of reference for historians is that of the culture of Prohorovo , which, according to available archaeological data, certainly spread to the present-day region of Bashkiria around 400 BC. The migration of the Huns towards the west forced many population groups established in Western Siberia to flee towards Europe between 350 and 400 AD. circa 550 B.C. move. The arrival of

470-622: A special interest in the administration of justice. By his wife Helena Lekapene , the daughter of Emperor Romanos I , Constantine VII had several children: Constantine VII is still remembered in the Eastern Orthodox liturgy when the transfer of the Holy Mandylion is celebrated on 16 August in the Julian calendar which corresponds to 31 August in the Gregorian calendar . This feast

517-562: A useful summary of the commission by Porphyrogenitus of the Constantine Excerpts: He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories. He therefore decided that a selection under fifty-three titles should be made from all the important historians extant in Constantinople; thus he hoped to assemble in a more manageable compass the most valuable parts of each author. ... Of

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564-455: Is best known for the Geoponika (τά γεοπονικά), an important agronomic treatise compiled during his reign, and three, perhaps four, books; De Administrando Imperio (bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν Ῥωμανόν), De Ceremoniis (Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως), De Thematibus (Περὶ θεμάτων Άνατολῆς καὶ Δύσεως), and Vita Basilii (Βίος Βασιλείου), though his authorship of

611-824: Is the report compiled by Carpine, of his trip to the Mongol Empire . Written in the 1240s, it is the oldest European account of the Mongols. Carpine was the first European to try to chronicle Mongol history. Two versions of the Ystoria Mongalorum are known to exist: Carpine's own and another, usually referred to as the Tartar Relation . Erik Hildinger translated Giovanni's book into English. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus ( Ancient Greek : Κωνσταντῖνος Πορφυρογέννητος , Kōnstantinos Porphyrogennētos ; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959)

658-588: The Carpathian Basin during the ninth century. According to mainstream historiography, Magna Hungaria was located in the forest-steppe regions of Bashkortostan , now part of Russia or more precisely in the area of the Kushnarenkovo and Karayakupovo cultures, in the region of the Southern Urals . In the 1230s, inspired by the version provided by a Hungarian chronicle, Brother Julien set out in search of

705-601: The Caspian Sea and the Aral to the Jaxartes or Syr Darya ( quidam fluvius magnus cujus nomen ignoramus , "a big river whose name we do not know") and the Muslim cities that stood on its banks. Then they went along the shores of the lakes of Dzungaria until, on the feast of St Mary Magdalene (22 July), they reached the imperial camp called Sira Orda (Yellow Pavilion), near Karakorum and

752-463: The Kievan Rus' . The reasons for this voyage have never been clarified; but she was baptised a Christian with the name Helena, and sought Christian missionaries to encourage her people to adopt Christianity . According to legends, Constantine VII fell in love with Olga, but she found a way to refuse him by tricking him into becoming her godfather . When she was baptized, she said it was inappropriate for

799-451: The Mongol Empire , controlling most of Eastern Europe. In Europe, dread of the " Tatars " (Mongols) was still widespread four years later, when Pope Innocent IV decided to dispatch the first formal Catholic mission to the Mongols. The missionaries were sent partly in protest at the Mongol invasion of Christendom and partly to gain information regarding the Khan's intentions and military strength. Pope Innocent IV chose Giovanni to head

846-573: The Orkhon River . Giovanni and his companions rode an estimated 3000 miles in 106 days. Since the death of Ögedei Khan , the imperial authority was in interregnum and Güyük , Ögedei's eldest son, was designated to the throne. His formal election in a great Kurultai , or diet of the tribes, took place while the friars were at Sira Orda, which entailed the gathering of 3000 to 4000 envoys and deputies from all parts of Asia and eastern Europe, bearing homage, tribute and presents. On 24 August they witnessed

893-677: The Rhine at Cologne , they found the Pope still at Lyon and delivered their report and the Khan's letter. Not long afterward, Giovanni was rewarded with the archbishopric of Primate of Serbia in Antivari in Dalmatia , and was sent as legate to Louis IX of France . He lived only five years following the hardships of his journey. He died, according to the Franciscan Martyrology and other authorities, on 1 August 1252. The Ystoria Mongalorum

940-554: The Vita Basilii is not certain. The epithet porphyrogenitus alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated with porphyry , where legitimate children of reigning emperors were normally born. Constantine was also born in this room, although his mother Zoe had not been married to Leo at that time. Nevertheless, the epithet allowed him to underline his position as the legitimate son, as opposed to all others, who claimed

987-603: The Empire internally and on fighting external enemies; a history of the Empire covering events following the death of the chronographer Theophanes the Confessor in 817; and Excerpta Historica ("Excerpts from the Histories"), a collection of excerpts from ancient historians (many of whose works are now lost) in four volumes (1. De legationibus. 2. De virtutibus et vitiis. 3. De insidiis. 4. De sententiis). In The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius , John Michael Moore (CUP, 1965) provides

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1034-653: The Huns put an end to the domination of the Iranian peoples over the Eurasian steppes . Subsequently, the Sabirs , Avars , Onogurs , Khazars , as well as other Turkic peoples kept the grasslands of the Eastern Europe more or less continuously for several centuries. Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī , a Persian geographer and historian active during the first half of the 11th century, ventured to consider

1081-545: The Magyars as being “a branch of the Turks” , a form of description taken up by Leo VI the Wise and Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus . Linguists have laboriously reconstructed the approximately 450 Hungarian terms borrowed from Turkic languages before the year 900. Certain particularly atavistic characteristics of the songs Hungarian folklore shows similarities with those of the Chuvashes ,

1128-558: The ancestors of the Eastern Magyars met by Brother Julien would have moved towards Magna Hungaria from the south. According to another academic hypothesis, the name of at least one Magyar tribe, probably that of the Gyarmat, is linked to the name of a Bashkir population group, the Yurmatï.9 Traditional funeral rites, notably the use of death masks, as well as the presence of parts of horses in

1175-509: The fifty-three titles into which the excerpts were divided, only six have survived: de Virtutibus et Vitiis; de Sententiis; de Insidiis; de Strategematis; de Legationibus Gentium ad Romanos; de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes . The titles of only about half the remaining forty-seven sections are known. Also amongst his historical works is a history eulogizing the reign and achievements of his grandfather, Basil I ( Vita Basilii , Βίος Βασιλείου). These books are insightful and of interest to

1222-494: The formal enthronement at another camp in the vicinity called the Golden Ordu, and they were then presented to the new emperor. The great Khan, Güyük, refused the invitation to become Christian and demanded rather that the Pope and rulers of Europe should come to him and swear allegiance to him, a demand recorded in a letter from Güyük Khan to Pope Innocent IV . The Khan did not dismiss the expedition until November. He gave them

1269-401: The general John Tzimiskes , who one year later captured Samosata , in northern Mesopotamia . An Arab fleet was also destroyed by Greek fire in 957. Constantine had active diplomatic relationships with foreign courts, including those of the caliph of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman III and of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor . In the autumn of 957 Constantine was visited by Olga of Kiev , regent of

1316-515: The historian, sociologist, and anthropologist as a source of information about nations neighbouring the Empire. They also offer a fine insight into the Emperor himself. In his book, A Short History of Byzantium , John Julius Norwich refers to Constantine VII as "The Scholar Emperor". Norwich describes Constantine: He was, we are told, a passionate collector—not only of books and manuscripts but works of art of every kind; more remarkable still for

1363-555: The immediate restitution of all peasant lands, without compensation; by the end of his reign, the condition of the landed peasantry, which formed the foundation of the whole economic and military strength of the Empire, was better off than it had been for a century. In 949, Constantine launched a new fleet of 100 ships (20 dromons , 64 chelandia , and 10 galleys) against the Arab corsairs hiding in Crete , but like his father's attempt to retake

1410-650: The island in 911, this attempt also failed. On the Eastern frontier things went better, even if with alternate success. In the same year, the Byzantines conquered Germanicea , repeatedly defeated the enemy armies, and in 952 they crossed the upper Euphrates . But in 953, the Hamdanid amir Sayf al-Dawla retook Germanicea and entered the imperial territory. The land in the east was eventually recovered by Nikephoros Phokas , who conquered Adata , in northern Syria , in 958, and by

1457-616: The legendary homeland of the Magyars, Magna Hungaria, after learning of its existence and the fact that a group of Hungarians had separated from others by not moving towards Eastern Europe . During his journey, he encountered a Hungarian-speaking population "near the great Etil River", identified by researchers as the Volga or the Kama . The lands to which the clergyman goes are those of the Volga Bulgarians and are located in present-day Bashkiria , in

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1504-537: The mission and apparently he was in charge of nearly everything in the mission. As a papal legate , he bore a letter from the Pope to the Great Khan, Cum non solum . "At the age of sixty-three Carpini embarked from Lyon ," where the Pope then resided, on Easter day (16 April 1245), accompanied by another friar, Stephen of Bohemia , who broke down at Kaniv near Kiev and was left behind. After seeking counsel of an old friend, Wenceslaus , king of Bohemia , Giovanni

1551-438: The new and shaky regime survived the attempted usurpation of Constantine Doukas , and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos quickly assumed a dominant position among the regents. Patriarch Nicholas was presently forced to make peace with Tsar Simeon of Bulgaria , whom he reluctantly recognized as Bulgarian emperor. Because of this unpopular concession, Patriarch Nicholas was driven out of the regency by Constantine's mother Zoe . She

1598-571: The offices of warden ( custos ) in Saxony and provincial ( minister ) of Germany . He may also have held positions in Barbary and Cologne , and been provincial of Spain . Giovanni was a provincial of Germany at the time of the great Mongol invasion of eastern Europe and the Battle of Legnica (modern Legnickie Pole ) on 9 April 1241. The defeat of European forces at Legnica almost led to Ögedei , Khan of

1645-480: The second and most formidable part of their journey. They were "so ill", wrote the legate, "that we could scarcely sit a horse; and throughout all that Lent our food had been nought but millet with salt and water, and with only snow melted in a kettle for drink". Their bodies were tightly bandaged so that they could endure the excessive fatigue of the enormous ride, which took them across the Jaec, or Ural River and north of

1692-537: The southern European part of Russia. The academic controversy over whether Magna Hungaria is actually the original home of the Magyars or whether they settled there during their westward migration from the West Siberian Plain is doomed to remain unanswered.567 According to a different scientific hypothesis, Magna Hungaria is neither the original home of the Magyars nor their first permanent stop on their long journey towards Europe. Indeed, according to this hypothesis,

1739-602: The throne during his lifetime. Sons born to a reigning Emperor held precedence in the Eastern Roman line of succession over elder sons not born "in the purple" . Constantine was born in Constantinople on 17/18 May 905, an illegitimate son of Leo VI before an uncanonical fourth marriage. To help legitimize him, his mother gave birth to him in the Purple Room of the imperial palace, hence his nickname Porphyrogennetos . He

1786-675: The tombs, could be reconstructed thanks to the discovery of a cemetery dating from the 9th or 10th century and located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kama, near present-day Bolšie Tigany . It is interesting to note that the two uses mentioned above are also found in Hungarian burial sites located in the Carpathian basin and dating from the 10th century. Most researchers claim that the Bolšie Tigany cemetery

1833-471: The western frontiers of the empire. He was one of the most senior princes of the house of Genghis Khan . There, the envoys, with their presents, had to pass between two fires to remove possible injurious thoughts and poisons, before being presented to the prince (early April 1246). Batu ordered them to proceed to the court of the supreme Khan in Mongolia . On Easter day once more (8 April 1246), they started on

1880-554: Was elevated to the throne as a two-year-old child by his father and uncle on 15 May 908 ( Whitsunday ). In early 913, as his uncle Alexander lay dying, he appointed a seven-man regency council for Constantine. It was headed by the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos , the two magistroi John Eladas and Stephen , the rhaiktor John Lazanes , the otherwise obscure Euthymius and Alexander's henchmen Basilitzes and Gabrielopoulos. Following Alexander's death (6 June),

1927-526: Was a medieval Italian diplomat, Catholic archbishop, explorer and one of the first Europeans to enter the court of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire . He was the author of the earliest important Western account of northern and Central Asia , Eastern Europe , and other regions of the Mongol dominion. He served as the Primate of Serbia , based in Antivari , from 1247 to 1252. Giovanni appears to have been

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1974-799: Was deposed by his sons, the co-emperors Stephen and Constantine . Romanos spent the last years of his life in exile on the Island of Prote as a monk and died on 15 June 948. With the help of his wife, Constantine VII succeeded in removing his brothers-in-law, and on 27 January 945, Constantine VII became sole emperor at the age of 39, after a life spent in the shadow. Several months later, on 6 April ( Easter ), Constantine VII crowned his own son Romanos II co-emperor. Having never exercised executive authority, Constantine remained primarily devoted to his scholarly pursuits and delegated his authority to bureaucrats and generals, as well as to his energetic wife Helena Lekapene. In 947, Constantine VII ordered

2021-477: Was eclipsed by a senior emperor. Constantine's youth had been a sad one due to his unpleasant appearance, his taciturn nature, and his relegation to the third level of succession, behind Christopher Lekapenos , the eldest son of Romanos I Lekapenos. Nevertheless, he was a very intelligent young man with a large range of interests, and he dedicated those years to studying the court's ceremony. Romanos kept and maintained power until 16/20 December 944, when he

2068-609: Was joined at Wrocław by another Franciscan, Benedykt Polak , who was appointed to act as interpreter. The route passed by Kiev, entered the Tatar posts at Kaniv and then ran across the Nepere to the Don and Volga . Giovanni is the first Westerner to give the modern names for those rivers. On the Volga stood the Ordu, or camp, of Batu , the famous conqueror of eastern Europe and supreme Mongol commander on

2115-589: Was no more successful with the Bulgarians, who defeated her main supporter, the general Leo Phokas , in 917. In March 919, she was replaced as regent by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos , who married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine. Romanos used his position to advance to the ranks of basileopatōr in April 919, to kaisar ( Caesar ) on 24 September 920, and finally to co-emperor on 17 December 920. Thus, just short of reaching nominal majority , Constantine

2162-528: Was the fourth Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty , reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina , and the nephew of his predecessor Alexander . Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with Romanos Lekapenos , whose daughter Helena he married, and his sons. Constantine VII

2209-521: Was used by Magyars who remained in Magna Hungaria when other groups left the territory, or who came from other regions inhabited by the Magyars during their migrations. If the original home of the Magyars was in Western Siberia , rather than Magna Hungaria, their ancestors moved from Western Siberia towards Eastern Europe . This movement probably occurred during the period between 500 BC and 700 AD,

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