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57-526: Madame may refer to: Madam , civility title or form of address for women, derived from the French madame Madam (prostitution) , a term for a woman who is engaged in the business of procuring prostitutes, usually the manager of a brothel Madame (1961 film) , a Spanish-Italian-French film Madame (2017 film) , a French comedy-drama film Madame (singer) (born 2002), Italian singer and rapper Madame,

114-406: A 2001 case , said of her Fourth Amendment jurisprudence: "O'Connor recognizes that needless humiliation of an individual is an important factor in determining Fourth Amendment reasonableness." O'Connor once quoted the social contract theory of John Locke as influencing her views on the reasonableness and constitutionality of government action. In McCleskey v. Kemp (1987), O'Connor joined

171-497: A 5–4 majority that voted to uphold the death penalty for an African American man, Warren McCleskey, convicted of killing a white police officer, despite statistical evidence that Black defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty than others both in Georgia and in the U.S. as a whole. In the 1990 and 1995 Missouri v. Jenkins rulings, O'Connor voted with the majority that Federal district courts had no authority to require

228-521: A Governor General on second and subsequent reference (after "Your Excellency" or "Excellency" is used on initial reference). Female members of the Supreme Court are addressed by counsel in hearings as either Madam Justice or Justice ; in writing, a female justice is addressed as The Honourable Madame (Chief) Justice . The same style is used for other female members of the Canadian federal courts . In

285-447: A bill to repeal the state's criminal-abortion statute. In 1974, O'Connor had opined against a measure to prohibit abortions in some Arizona hospitals. Anti-abortion and religious groups opposed O'Connor's nomination because they suspected, correctly, she would not be willing to overturn Roe v. Wade . U.S. Senate Republicans, including Don Nickles of Oklahoma , Steve Symms of Idaho , and Jesse Helms of North Carolina called

342-570: A contractor has been critical of a governing body. According to law professor Jeffrey Rosen , "O'Connor was an eloquent opponent of intrusive group searches that threatened privacy without increasing security. In a 1983 opinion upholding searches by drug-sniffing dogs, she recognized that a search is most likely to be considered constitutionally reasonable if it is very effective at discovering contraband without revealing innocent but embarrassing information." Washington College of Law professor Andrew Taslitz, referencing O'Connor's dissent in

399-586: A female speaker of the Canadian Senate . In the United States, between the early 19th century and 1980, justices of the Supreme Court were formally called Mr. Justice (surname) . In 1980, the title was dropped in "to avoid the awkward appellation 'Madam Justice ' " in anticipation of a woman joining the court. Plaques on chamber doorways reading "Mr. Justice" were removed after Sandra Day O'Connor joined

456-404: A female ambassador by her last name (Ambassador Jones) to avoid confusion and ensure that she receives her due respect." Madam High Commissioner is an appropriate formal mode of spoken address for a female high commissioner . The title Madam may also be used to address female chargés d'affaires although titles "Mrs." or "Ms." may be used instead. Outside the settings of formal protocol,

513-616: A letter, but Day did not accept the proposal (which was one of four she received while a student at Stanford). Day achieved the Order of the Coif , indicating she was in the top 10 percent of her class. While in her final year at Stanford Law School, Day began dating John Jay O'Connor III , who was one class year behind her. On December 20, 1952, six months after her graduation, O'Connor and Day married at her family's ranch. Upon graduation from law school in 1952, O'Connor had difficulty finding

570-531: A majority Supreme Court opinion ( Grutter v. Bollinger ) saying racial affirmative action should not be constitutional permanently, but long enough to correct past discrimination – with an approximate limit of around 25 years. The Christian right element in the Reagan coalition strongly supported him in 1980, in the belief that he would appoint Supreme Court justices to overturn Roe v. Wade . They were astonished and dismayed when his first appointment

627-534: A paying job as an attorney in a law firm because of her gender. O'Connor found employment as a deputy county attorney in San Mateo, California , after she offered to work for no salary and without an office, sharing space with a secretary. After a few months, she began drawing a small salary as she performed legal research and wrote memos. She worked with San Mateo County District Attorney Louis Dematteis and deputy district attorney Keith Sorensen. When her husband

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684-699: A puppet made famous by entertainer Wayland Flowers Madame (clothing) , an Indian clothing company Places [ edit ] Île Madame , French island on the Atlantic coast Palazzo Madama , seat of the Senate of the Italian Republic in Rome Palazzo Madama, Turin , Italian palace See also [ edit ] Madam (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

741-422: A single one of Thomas's dissents. Some notable cases in which O'Connor joined the majority in a 5–4 decision were: O'Connor played an important role in other notable cases, such as: On February 22, 2005, with Rehnquist and Stevens (who were senior to her) absent, she became the senior justice presiding over oral arguments in the case of Kelo v. City of New London and becoming the first woman to do so before

798-654: Is a formal form of address for female presidents and vice presidents of republics . Madam Secretary is a formal form of address for a female member of the United States Cabinet ; a female Attorney General of the United States is formally addressed Madam Attorney General . Madam Speaker is a correct form of address for a female speaker of the United States House of Representatives (e.g. Nancy Pelosi ), British House of Commons (e.g. Betty Boothroyd ), or Canadian House of Commons , as well as

855-620: Is an appropriate formal mode of address for a female ambassador . In some countries, the wife of an ambassador also may be referred to as Madam Ambassador . This is the case in French-speaking countries , but not among U.S. diplomats or the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington . In countries where the wives of ambassadors may also be titled Madam Ambassador , the Foreign Service Institute advises U.S. diplomats to "refer to

912-559: Is commonly used in English for French-speaking women, e.g. "President and Madame De Gaulle." The terms Madame Mao and Madame Chiang Kai-shek were frequently used in English to refer to Jiang Qing (the wife of Mao Zedong ) and Soong Mei-ling (the wife of Chiang Kai-shek ), respectively; Madame approximated the Chinese respectful forms of address. Sandra Day O%27Connor Sandra Day O'Connor (March 26, 1930 – December 1, 2023)

969-540: Is considered awkward. A 2017 U.S. Army Human Resources Command publication noted that in the Northern United States , "it is common to hear young to middle-aged women say, 'Don't call me ma'am,' as it is seen as a title reserved for older women." In the Canadian Forces , "ma'am" is a proper response when coming to attention to a female officer or chief warrant officer calling the roll. The title Madame

1026-684: Is correct to address the Queen of the United Kingdom as "Ma'am" with the British short pronunciation (rhyming with "jam") for the remainder of a conversation. A letter to the Queen may begin with Madam or May it please Your Majesty . Other female members of the British royal family are usually addressed in conversation first as Your Royal Highness and subsequently as Ma'am . Madam President or Madame President

1083-572: The per curiam majority opinion in Bush v. Gore and in 1992 was one of three co-authors of the lead opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey that preserved legal access to abortion in the United States . On July 1, 2005, O'Connor announced her retirement, effective upon the confirmation of a successor. At the time of her death, O'Connor was the last living member of the Burger Court . Samuel Alito

1140-597: The Arizona Court of Appeals . She served on the Court of Appeals-Division One until 1981 when she was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan . Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other On July 7, 1981, Reagan – who had pledged during his 1980 presidential campaign to appoint

1197-575: The Senate Judiciary Committee began on September 9, 1981. It was the first televised confirmation hearing for a Supreme Court justice. The confirmation hearing lasted three days and largely focused on the issue of abortion. When asked, O'Connor refused to telegraph her views on abortion, and she was careful not to leave the impression that she supported abortion rights . The Judiciary Committee approved O'Connor with seventeen votes in favor and one vote of present. On September 21, O'Connor

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1254-541: The United States armed forces . U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force regulations state that ma'am is an appropriate greeting for junior personnel when rendering a hand salute to a female superior. The use of formal modes of address such as sir or ma'am , ingrained in military culture, is distinct from the American corporate or civilian setting, where most co-workers refer to each other by first name and use of formal titles

1311-524: The White House to express their discontent over the nomination; Nickles said he and "other profamily Republican senators would not support O'Connor". Helms, Nickles, and Symms nevertheless reluctantly voted for confirmation. Reagan formally nominated O'Connor on August 19, 1981. Conservative activists such as the Reverend Jerry Falwell , Howard Phillips , and Peter Gemma also spoke out against

1368-715: The courts of England and Wales , a magistrate is addressed as " Your Worship " or "Sir" (if male) or 'Madam' (if female). A female judge of the District Court may be addressed in writing as Dear Judge or Dear Madam , while a female judge of the High Court may be addressed as Dear Madam or Dear Dame (first name) or Dear Judge . While in court, however, District Court judges are addressed as Judge (or according to title), and female High Court judges are addressed as My Lady or Mrs/Ms Justice (last name) . In diplomacy , either Madam Ambassador and Ambassador (lastname)

1425-532: The "unpleasant" process of confirmation hearings. Initially, O'Connor's voting record aligned closely with the conservative William Rehnquist (voting with him 87% of the time during her first three years at the Court). From that time until 1998, O'Connor's alignment with Rehnquist ranged from 93.4% to 63.2%, hitting above 90% in three of those years. In nine of her first 16 years on the Court, O'Connor voted with Rehnquist more than with any other justice. Later on, as

1482-492: The Court's make-up became more conservative (e.g., Anthony Kennedy replacing Lewis Powell , and Clarence Thomas replacing Thurgood Marshall ), O'Connor often became the swing vote on the Court. However, she usually disappointed the Court's more liberal bloc in contentious 5–4 decisions: from 1994 to 2004, she joined the traditional conservative bloc of Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia , Anthony Kennedy , and Thomas 82 times; she joined

1539-732: The Court. O'Connor was unpredictable in many of her court decisions, especially those regarding First Amendment Establishment Clause issues. Barry Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State , said, "O'Connor was a conservative, but she saw the complexity of church-state issues and tried to choose a course that respected the country's religious diversity" (Hudson 2005). O'Connor voted in favor of religious institutions, such as in Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995), Mitchell v. Helms (2000), and Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002). Conversely, in Lee v. Weisman she

1596-474: The Supreme Court). O'Connor was a proponent of collegiality among justices on the court, often insisting that the justices eat lunch together. In 1993, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the second female Supreme Court justice. O'Connor said that she felt relief from the media clamor when she no longer was the only woman on the Court. In May 2010, O'Connor warned female Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan about

1653-592: The United States, ma'am is more commonly heard in the South and Midwest and less common on the East and West Coasts . "Ma'am" is commonly used as a verbal address for female officers of inspector and higher ranks in British police forces. The word is also used by junior personnel to address female superiors in the British Armed Forces . The use of sir and ma'am as forms of address for superiors are common in

1710-435: The appellation Mr./Madam Prime Minister and Mr./Madam Minister is "often heard informally" for prime ministers and other ministers but that is incorrect and Mr./Madam are not used in addressing a prime minister or other minister. Instead, they are addressed simply as "Prime Minister" or "Minister", as applicable. Madam is an appropriate title in conversation with a female Governor General of Canada or female spouse of

1767-517: The court in 1981. Female members of state supreme courts were previously sometimes styled as Madam Justice , matching the Mr. Justice formally used. Justice Rosemary Barkett of the Florida Supreme Court disliked the title, since she was unmarried, and announced that she would simply be called Justice Barkett , leading all the male justices to drop Mr. from their forms of address. In Canada,

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1824-535: The crèche did not violate the Establishment Clause because it did not express an endorsement or disapproval of any religion. In Board of County Commissioners, Wabaunsee County, Kansas v Umbehr (1996) she upheld the application of first amendment free speech rights to independent contractors working for public bodies, being unpersuaded "that there is a 'difference of constitutional magnitude' ... between independent contractors and employees" in circumstances where

1881-550: The dashboard, and had to learn to change flat tires herself. Sandra had two younger siblings, a sister and a brother, respectively eight and ten years her junior. Her sister Ann Day was a member of the Arizona Legislature from 1990 to 2000. Her brother was H. Alan Day, a lifelong rancher, with whom she wrote Lazy B: Growing up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest (2002), about their childhood experiences on

1938-468: The distance it created between the speaker and the person addressed; the "whiff of class distinctions " implied; and "dismissive, stiff and drab" associations. Others, such as etiquette authority Judith Martin , defend the term as dignified. Martin writes that Madam (or Ma'am ) and Sir are "all-purpose titles for direct address, as a foolproof way of conveying the respect due to people whose names escape you." There are regional differences in use; in

1995-425: The districts were unacceptably gerrymandered and O'Connor called the odd shape of the district in question, North Carolina's 12th , "bizarre". Law professor Herman Schwartz called O'Connor "the Court's leader in its assault on racially oriented affirmative action ", although she joined with the Court in upholding the constitutionality of limited race-based admissions to universities. In 2003, O'Connor authored

2052-475: The election for the seat the following year. By 1973, she became the first woman to serve as Arizona's or any state's majority leader . She developed a reputation as a skilled negotiator and a moderate. After serving two full terms, O'Connor decided to leave the Senate. In 1974, O'Connor was appointed to the Maricopa County Superior Court , serving from 1975 to 1979 when she was elevated to

2109-521: The fact and effects of segregation were still present". In 1996's Shaw v. Hunt and Shaw v. Reno , O'Connor joined a Rehnquist opinion, following an earlier precedent from an opinion she authored in 1993, in which the Court struck down an electoral districting plan designed to facilitate the election of two Black representatives out of 12 from North Carolina, a state that had not had any Black representative since Reconstruction , despite being approximately 20% Black  – the Court held that

2166-712: The first female majority leader of a state senate as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate . Upon her nomination to the Court, O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate . O'Connor usually sided with the Court's conservative bloc but on occasion sided with the Court's liberal members. She often wrote concurring opinions that sought to limit the reach of the majority holding. Her majority opinions in landmark cases include Grutter v. Bollinger and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . In 2000, she wrote in part

2223-414: The first woman to the Court  – announced he would nominate O'Connor as an associate justice of the Supreme Court to replace the retiring Potter Stewart . O'Connor received notification from President Reagan of her nomination on the day prior to the announcement and did not know that she was a finalist for the position. Reagan wrote in his diary on July 6, 1981: "Called Judge O'Connor and told her she

2280-498: The lack of a women's restroom near the Courtroom. Two years after O'Connor joined the Court, The New York Times published an editorial that mentioned the "nine men" of the "SCOTUS", or Supreme Court of the United States. O'Connor responded with a letter to the editor reminding the Times that the Court was no longer composed of nine men and referred to herself as FWOTSC (First Woman on

2337-424: The liberal bloc of John Paul Stevens , David Souter , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , and Stephen Breyer only 28 times. O'Connor's relatively small shift away from conservatives on the Court seems to have been due at least in part to Thomas' views. When Thomas and O'Connor were voting on the same side, she would typically write a separate opinion of her own, refusing to join his. In the 1992 term, O'Connor did not join

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2394-491: The majority opinion that stated prayer at school football games violates the Establishment Clause. O'Connor was the first justice to articulate the "no endorsement" standard for the Establishment Clause. In Lynch v. Donnelly , O'Connor signed onto a five-justice majority opinion holding that a nativity scene in a public Christmas display did not violate the First Amendment. She penned a concurrence in that case, opining that

2451-655: The nomination. Gemma called the nomination "a direct contradiction of the Republican platform to everything that candidate Reagan said and even President Reagan has said in regard to social issues." Gemma, the executive director of the National Pro-Life Political Action Committee , had sought to delay O'Connor's confirmation by challenging her record, including support for the Equal Rights Amendment . O'Connor's confirmation hearing before

2508-480: The practice of law. She volunteered in various political organizations, such as the Maricopa County Young Republicans, and served on Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater 's presidential campaign in 1964. O'Connor served as assistant Attorney General of Arizona from 1965 to 1969. In 1969, the governor of Arizona appointed O'Connor to fill a vacancy in the Arizona Senate . She ran for and won

2565-694: The ranch. For most of her early schooling, Day lived in El Paso with her maternal grandmother, and attended school at the Radford School for Girls , a private school, as the family ranch was very distant from any school, although Day was able to return to the ranch for holidays and the summer. Day did spend her eighth-grade year living at the ranch and riding a bus 32 miles to school. She graduated sixth in her class at Austin High School in El Paso in 1946. When she

2622-451: The state of Missouri to increase school funding to counteract racial inequality. In the 1991 case Freeman v. Pitts , O'Connor joined a concurring opinion in a plurality, agreeing that a school district that had formerly been under judicial review for racial segregation could be freed of this review, even though not all desegregation targets had been met. Law professor Herman Schwartz criticized these rulings, writing that in both cases "both

2679-403: The term ma'am may be used to address a woman with whom one is not familiar. The term is "meant to convey respect and graciousness lightly salted with deference." For example, waiters, store clerks, or police officers may use the term. Unlike miss , the term ma'am tends to be used for older women, which is one reason some dislike the term. Others dislike the term for other reasons, such as

2736-486: The title Madame . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame&oldid=1195258549 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Madam After addressing her as " Your Majesty " once, it

2793-456: Was confirmed by the U.S. Senate with a vote of 99–0. Only Senator Max Baucus of Montana was absent from the vote. He sent O'Connor a copy of A River Runs Through It by way of apology. In her first year on the Court, she received over 60,000 letters from the public, more than any other justice in history. O'Connor said she felt a responsibility to demonstrate women could do the job of justice. She faced some practical concerns, including

2850-574: Was 16 years old, Day enrolled at Stanford University and later graduated magna cum laude with a B.A. in economics in 1950. She continued at Stanford Law School for her law degree in 1952. There, she served on the Stanford Law Review whose then presiding editor-in-chief was future Supreme Court chief justice William Rehnquist . Day and Rehnquist also dated in 1950. The relationship ended upon Rehnquist's graduation and move to Washington, D.C.; however, in 1951, he proposed marriage in

2907-861: Was O'Connor, who they feared would tolerate abortion. They worked hard to defeat her confirmation but failed. In her confirmation hearings and early days on the Court, O'Connor was carefully ambiguous on the issue of abortion, as some conservatives questioned her anti-abortion credentials based on some of her votes in the Arizona legislature. O'Connor generally dissented from 1980s opinions which took an expansive view of Roe v. Wade ; she criticized that decision's "trimester approach" sharply in her dissent in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health . (1983) She criticized Roe in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986): "... I dispute not only

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2964-501: Was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan , O'Connor was the first woman to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice. A moderate conservative , she was considered a swing vote . Before O'Connor's tenure on the Court, she was an Arizona state judge and earlier an elected legislator in Arizona , serving as

3021-510: Was born on March 26, 1930, in El Paso, Texas , the daughter of Harry Alfred Day, a rancher , and Ada Mae (Wilkey). She grew up on a 198,000-acre family cattle ranch near Duncan, Arizona and in El Paso, where she attended school. Her home was nine miles from the nearest paved road, and did not have running water or electricity until Sandra was seven years old. As a youth she owned a .22-caliber rifle, and would shoot coyotes and jackrabbits . She began driving as soon as she could see over

3078-613: Was drafted, O'Connor decided to go with him to work in Germany as a civilian attorney for the Army's Quartermaster Corps . They remained there for three years before returning to the States where they settled in Maricopa County, Arizona , to begin their family. They had three sons: Scott (born 1958), Brian (born 1960), and Jay (born 1962). Following Brian's birth, O'Connor took a five-year hiatus from

3135-495: Was my nominee for supreme court. Already the flak is starting and from my own supporters. Right to Life people say she is pro abortion. She declares abortion is personally repugnant to her. I think she'll make a good justice." O'Connor told Reagan she did not remember whether she had supported repealing Arizona's law banning abortion . However, she had cast a preliminary vote in the Arizona State Senate in 1970 in favor of

3192-571: Was nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Supreme Court on January 31, 2006. During her term on the Court, O'Connor was regarded as among the most powerful women in the world. After retiring, she succeeded Henry Kissinger as the chancellor of the College of William & Mary . In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama . Sandra Day

3249-420: Was part of the majority in the case that saw religious prayer and pressure to stand in silence at a graduation ceremony as part of a religious act that coerced people to support or participate in religion, which the Establishment Clause strictly prohibits. This is consistent with a similar case, Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe , involving prayer at a school football game. In this case, O'Connor joined

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