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94-542: It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Gorzów Voivodeship and Zielona Góra Voivodeship , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name recalls the historic Lubusz Land ( Lebus or Lubus ), although parts of the voivodeship belong to the historic regions of Lower Silesia , Greater Poland and Lusatia . The functions of regional capital are shared between two cities: Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra . Gorzów serves as

188-441: A levée en masse of Greater Poland , without the traditional approval of the provincial sejmik . Noblemen, angered by the disruption of the harvest and the unconventional form of the call, massed near the village of Duża Cerkwica (Cerekwica, Groß Zirkwitz) and demanded from the king several privileges, which were granted in the privilege of Cerekwica on September 14, 1454. Casimir divided his forces into seven large units and

282-520: A levée en masse to lay siege to Marienburg , but Polish forces were unable to take the castle even with Prussian reinforcements, which were relocated to Malbork after taking Stuhm on August 8, 1454. The Teutonic Knights defended themselves skillfully and were able to defeat forces from Danzig in a sudden attack on September 13. The degrading situation of the Polish crown worsened further when in September 1454

376-478: A demand intentionally excessive to serve as an initial negotiating bargain, actually aiming to restore the 17 voivodeships existing prior to 1975 as an ultimate compromise. As Poland was at the time governed under political cohabitation, the opposition party constituting the political background of the President decided to capitalize on the popular discontent which erupted against the government on an unanticipated scale;

470-779: A few thousand armed peasant infantry. They also had more artillery than the Polish army. The Prussian cities were also able to raise a small navy, partially from armed trade ships, partially from hired privateers from other cities. The Teutonic Order in 1454 lost most of its arsenals, but later it was able to raise armies from loyal knights (free Prussians) and peasants. However, most of its forces were hired mercenaries, mainly from Germany and Bohemia. The first land operations from February to August 1454 were carried out by Prussian state conscripts, supported by Czech mercenaries from Moravia and soldiers from Lesser Poland . This force, commanded by Scibor von Baysen ( Polish : Scibor Bażyński ), brother of Johannes von Baysen, tried to besiege

564-525: A fierce battle in the Lubusz Voivodeship regarding the seat of the institution. There have also been numerous attempts to relocate some of the existing public institutions under various pretexts from one city to another, in some cases successful, as well as of merging a pair of equal institutions of a type existing in both cities, in order to make one of them a branch of the other, with obscure or no justification in most cases for such merger. Nevertheless,

658-435: A further march to Graudenz (Grudziądz) , the nobility refused and instead decided to pay a new tax, which would allow the king to hire more mercenaries. After that, the situation did not change much. The Teutonic Knights were able to recover another city, Memel (Klaipėda) , but their offensives in other directions were stopped by the burghers of Thorn and of Culmerland, and the leadership of Andrzej Tęczynski . In autumn 1455

752-456: A general local majority consensus prevails that the compromise, although unsatisfactory for any of the two cities, spared both of them the fate of a number of cities which lost in 1999 entirely the status of a voivodeship capital and all voivodeship-level institutions, along with the associated attractiveness and prestige of the city as a place to live, crucial for its growth, with the ensuing profoundly detrimental phenomena. The Lubusz Voivodeship

846-548: A large army of mercenaries under the command of Rudolf, prince of Sagan (Żagań) , and a Moravian nobleman, the talented soldier Bernhard von Zinnenberg ( Polish : Bernard Szumborski ) arrived in Prussia from the Holy Roman Empire. The army had 9,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry, plus artillery and many wagons in tabor formations. Rudolf's army slowly moved to Konitz to rescue it from the Polish siege. It forced Casimir to call

940-531: A pontoon bridge near Thorn in June. Again the army was supported by Tatar auxiliary forces from Lithuania and by the king's own army. The army was commanded by Piotr of Szamotuly , the castellan of Poznań . The Polish army marched directly to Marienburg, reaching the city on August 10. This time it was well equipped with artillery sent by Danzig and Elbing. The siege, however, was another fiasco, due partly to lengthy negotiations, and partly to Piotr's lack of aggression on

1034-428: Is a land of forests and lakes; forests cover 48% of the area. The river Oder , flowing through the voivodeship, is one of the few large European rivers retaining broadleaved and riparian forests . Areas with the highest natural values are protected as national parks ( Drawa National Park and Warta Mouth National Park ), landscape parks and wildlife reserves . The 19th century Muskau Park , located on both sides of

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1128-710: Is a memorial to the victims of the Stalag Luft III murders of Allied POWs, perpetrated by Nazi Germany in World War II. There are multiple other memorials to victims of Nazi Germany in the region. The garrison town of Żagań hosts Poland's oldest monument of Wojtek , the soldier bear of the Polish II Corps . One of the world's tallest Christ statues, the Christ the King Statue is located in Świebodzin , whereas Słubice hosts

1222-410: Is divided into 14 counties ( powiats ): 2 city counties and 12 land counties. These are further divided into 82 gminas . The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population). The gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 10.8 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.2% of Polish economic output. The GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

1316-674: Is the 1454-1466 Polish-Teutonic War. For a list of all Polish-German Wars, see Polish-German Wars . Supported by: Supported by: The Thirteen Years' War ( Polish : wojna trzynastoletnia ; German : Dreizehnjähriger Krieg ), also called the War of the Cities , was a conflict fought in 1454–1466 between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order . After the enormous defeat suffered by

1410-615: The Bohemian Crown in 1373, Poland made a peaceful attempt to regain the northern portion of the area. In 1402, the Bohemian rulers reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków . Poland was to buy and re-incorporate the northern outskirts of the present Lubusz Voivodeship, but eventually the Bohemian rulers sold the area to the Teutonic Order , who in turn sold it back to Brandenburg in 1454 to raise funds for war against Poland . The southern part of

1504-641: The Duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good . In two weeks in August 1457, three ships from Danzig defeated a combined Danish–Livonian fleet of 16 ships near Bornholm . Earlier, in 1454, Jan Janski de Turze (pl:Jan z Jani) of the Clan of Ostoja had become the first Polish Voivode of Gdańsk and Pomerania . The Clan had been fighting the Teutonic side since the days of Stibor of Stiboricz ,

1598-527: The Gross-Rosen concentration camp and a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , in which mostly Jewish and Polish, but also French, Russian, Czech, Italian, Greek, Yugoslav, Dutch, Romanian, Hungarian, Lithuanian and German prisoners were held. Obrzyce was the place of Aktion T4 murders of mentally ill and disabled people. The region was the site of fierce fighting during the war in 1945. Under

1692-739: The Knights Templar and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the past, contains the Castle of the Order of St. John , and several other medieval structures. Major museums dedicated to the history of the region are located in Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra. There are museums dedicated to Allied prisoners of war at the former German POW camps in Dobiegniew and Żagań. In Żagań, there

1786-477: The Middle Ages , including the current regional capitals of Zielona Góra and Gorzów Wielkopolski . The youngest towns are Łęknica , Czerwieńsk , Nowa Sól , Szlichtyngowa and Zbąszynek , all either first mentioned or established in the later periods. Following the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, various portions of the present Lubusz Voivodeship were part of various duchies, initially

1880-540: The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland , and the Saint Michael's Honey Fair held annually in Gorzów Wielkopolski. The southern part of the voivodeship with Zielona Góra is one of the leading winemaking regions of Poland, and other traditional beverages from the voivodeship are beer , mead , nalewki and vodka . Various types of traditional Polish kiełbasa , also designated as traditional foods by

1974-489: The Oflag II-C , Stalag III-C , Stalag VIII-C and Stalag Luft III major German prisoner-of-war camps for Polish, French , British, Belgian, Canadian, Serbian, Italian , American, Australian, New Zealander, Soviet, Norwegian, Czech, Slovak, South African, Dutch, Greek, Yugoslav, Senegalese , Algerian and Moroccan POWs were operated in the territory. The latter was the site of the "Great Escape" in 1944. There are museums at

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2068-539: The Polish–German border , has entered the UNESCO World Heritage List . The voivodeship abounds in lakes, especially in its central and northern parts; around those lakes numerous bathing resorts, holiday centres and farms offering tourist services have been established. The voivodeship, especially its northern part, is a notable for production of honey, with several varieties listed as traditional foods by

2162-712: The Misplaced Pages Monument . Motorcycle speedway enjoys a large following in the province with the Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski and Falubaz Zielona Góra clubs being among the most accomplished in the sport in the country. The teams contest the Lubusz Voivodeship Derby, one of the fiercest speedway rivalries. 52°11′43″N 15°20′51″E  /  52.19528°N 15.34750°E  / 52.19528; 15.34750 Gorz%C3%B3w Voivodeship Gorzów Voivodeship ( Polish : województwo gorzowskie )

2256-568: The 17 voivodeships existing prior to the 1975 reform . As a consequence, the original draft made no provision for a separate Lubusz voivodeship – Gorzów was to become along with Kostrzyn , Strzelce Krajeńskie and Drezdenko a part of West Pomeranian Voivodeship , Zielona Góra was to be included along with Krosno, Nowa Sól, Żagań, Gubin and Żary in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship , while a narrow horizontal strip encompassing Międzyrzecz , Sulęcin , Świebodzin , Słubice and Sulechów

2350-575: The 18th century, Wschowa was an important royal city of Poland , as it often hosted Polish kings and several sessions of the Polish Senate, hence being dubbed the "unofficial capital of Poland". King Augustus III of Poland also often stopped in Brody . In 1701, the Kingdom of Prussia was established, which included Brandenburg-held Lubusz Land, and various areas were eventually gradually annexed by Prussia in

2444-578: The Bohemian Ulrich Czerwonka (or Oldrzych) immediately started negotiations with Poland to discuss selling the castles. The international situation also became significantly worse. On March 25, Emperor Frederick III banned the Prussian Confederation, forbidding trade with its members. On September 24, 1455, Pope Callixtus III warned that he would excommunicate the Prussian Confederation and all its allies unless they made peace with

2538-538: The Bohemians, was an important tactic. The Poles had artillery, at first primitive cannons such as bombards . Pistols, or handguns , were used but were ineffective. More important were crossbows , which, when properly used, could cause large losses. The army of the Prussian estates consisted of conscripts and small units provided by cities (around 750 people per unit). In total they could provide about 16,000 soldiers, plus

2632-512: The Duke of Transylvania and one of the most loyal Lords of King Sigismund von Luksemburg . The strategy of the Clan of Ostoja was in the beginning of 15th century not only use of military forces but also to use diplomacy in order to make the Teutonic side weaker economically, so they could not pay the mercenaries they depended on. By the time Jan Janski de Turze become voivode of Pomerania, Szarlejski of Ostoja

2726-544: The German Order at the hand of Poland-Lithuania in 1410 and the ensuing political, military and economic problems, the state was rife with internal conflict between the ruling Order and the native Prussian warlords, who shared concerns with assimilated Prussian and German townsfolk. Eventually this tension led to an uprising by the Prussian Confederation representing the local Prussian nobility and cities, who sought

2820-663: The Grand Master Ludwig von Erlichshausen in the city and castle of Marienburg, but without much success due to the professional command of Heinrich Reuß von Plauen the Elder, Komtur of Elbing. In the meantime there was some organised support for the Teutonic Order from the German principalities, mainly in Saxony . The reinforcements entered Prussia in the second half of March 1454, from

2914-571: The Grand Master avoided battle as too risky. The army started the siege of Lessen, whose defense was commanded by the Austrian mercenary Fritz Raweneck . However, the army was unprepared for taking castles, and the large preparations ended with another fiasco. The first negotiations between the two sides, conducted from January 9 to January 10, 1455, were unsuccessful. The situation became difficult for Casimir. To pay his mercenaries he had to borrow from

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3008-449: The Holy Roman Empire was Podolia , near the Tatars . Negotiations ended unsuccessfully on September 26, and the war continued. The new Polish army was larger than before, including soldiers from Red Ruthenia , small auxiliary forces of Lithuanian Tatars, and a few mercenaries from Silesia. It laid siege to Lessen, but Raweneck was able to defend the city. Additionally, when Casimir IV ordered

3102-612: The Knights near their castles. Kashubians , Poles , Germans , and Prussians were slowly melting into one nation, and as national differences disappeared, the common goals of all the ethnic and social groups of Prussia became more prominent, and the Prussian estates leaned increasingly towards Poland. In 1397 Prussian knights had founded a secret organisation called the Eidechsenbund (English translation: Lizard Union ), more or less against

3196-542: The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland, are produced in the Nowa Sól , Wschowa , Zielona Góra , Żagań and Żary counties in the southern part of the Lubusz Voivodeship, whereas Siedlisko, Nowa Sól County produces a variety of traditional cheeses and quarks . The voivodeship contains 3 cities and 40 towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (as of 2021): Towns: Lubusz Voivodeship

3290-536: The Order. In June 1455 the Teutonic Knights gained a new ally, King Christian I of Denmark , who declared war against Poland and the Prussian Confederation. This meant nothing more than a disturbance in trade, however, since Denmark was still busy fighting with Sweden. Shocked by the loss of Kneiphof, Casimir, in debt and unable to hire new mercenaries, called another levée en masse . The Polish army moved slowly to Thorn, but military actions were halted briefly when

3384-482: The Poles. They received support, especially from Greater Poland and from the party of Queen Sophia of Halshany , mother of King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland. The Bishop of Kraków, Zbigniew Oleśnicki , opposed this support and tried to prevent war. In January 1454, the year that Casimir IV was married to Elisabeth of Austria , the Prussian faction asked Casimir IV for protection by the Kingdom of Poland . Casimir asked

3478-492: The Polish King within 6 months of acquiring power. This was honored for approximately the next two centuries with tensions rising seldomly during this period. The Teutonic Order also returned Eastern Pomerania to Poland after nearly 150 years and ceded the bishopric of Warmia , which together formed the so-called Royal Prussia , as both lands fell under direct rule of the Polish King. Tension quickly flared up afterward, and this

3572-542: The Prussian Confederation asked Emperor Frederick III for mediation in their conflict with the Teutonic Order. Disagreeing with the confederacy, Frederick banned it and ordered it to obey the Teutonic Order on 5 December 1453. Faced with that situation the Prussians sent envoys to Poland – although the Prussian Confederation, under the influence of Thorn and the Pomeranian and Culmerland nobility, had already sought contact with

3666-507: The Prussian Confederation for a more formal petition. On 4 February 1454, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sent a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. Two days later the confederacy started its rebellion and soon almost all Prussia, except for Marienburg, Stuhm (Sztum) , and Konitz (Chojnice) , were free from Teutonic rule. Most of the captured Ordensburg castles were immediately destroyed. On 10 February 1454,

3760-612: The Teutonic Knights first pawned, then sold the Neumark back to the Margraviate of Brandenburg in the Treaties of Cölln and Mewe . At the end of April 1454, the Prussian army started the siege of Konitz; the defence of the city was commanded by Heinrich Reuß von Plauen from Greitz . However, Szarlejski lacked any significant commanding skill, his army had not enough artillery, and the Prussian estates were unable to pay their mercenaries, so Konitz

3854-522: The Teutonic Knights, but that organization had failed as it was not supported by the urban population. After the victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at Grunwald during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1409–1411), the Prussian estates eagerly pledged allegiance to King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) of Poland. But they quickly returned to the order's rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Marienburg (Malbork) . A clause in

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3948-492: The Teutonic Order. This event resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 15th century, the towns of Prussia rapidly grew economically. However, this was not followed by an increase in their political influence. The rule of the Teutonic Knights was seen as more and more anachronistic – taxes (customs) and the system of grain licenses (every trader had to pay large fees for

4042-404: The army marched to Konitz, where it was joined by Prussians. On September 18, 1454 the Teutonic Knights defeated the Polish army in the resulting Battle of Konitz . The defeat was a near disaster. The Polish army quickly withdrew from Marienburg, and Stuhm was recovered by the Teutonic Order. They were also able to take other large towns, such as Mewe (Gniew) and Dirschau (Tczew) . Impressed by

4136-405: The battlefield. His inept leadership allowed Fritz Raweneck to take yet another castle. The nobles demanded the storming of the castle, and when this did not happen, they started deserting and returning to Poland. In Lower Prussia , there was a peasant rebellion against Polish rule. The peasants captured a few castles and gave them to the Teutonic Knights, declaring that they were ready to fight on

4230-700: The breakthrough reconciliation accord known as the Paradyż Agreement, brokered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów and formalized in a document signed during a highly publicized local summit in the Gościkowo-Paradyż Abbey on 13 March 1998. This compromise agreement, was negotiated and concluded between the delegations of both rival cities, composed of the respectively aligned most powerful local and national scene politicians and business people, with its most important provision being

4324-474: The castle, and also received three other counties. The king again granted broad privileges to the Prussian cities. It was generally expected that now, with the fall of the Teutonic Order's capital, the war would end quickly. Optimism faded, however, when the Polish army commanded by Prandota Lubieszowski was unable to take Mewe, which was again defended by Raweneck. Casimir had to return to Poland to seek money to pay his debts and mercenaries. The mood worsened when

4418-417: The cities with help from the king's army. The Polish and Prussian estates were able to gather 190,000 Hungarian gold pieces, most of which had been borrowed from Danzig. On June 6, 1457, the castles of Marienburg, Dirschau, and Eylau were transferred to the Polish army. Two days later Casimir entered the castle of Marienburg, and its burghers paid homage to him. Ulrich Czerwonka became the first Polish sheriff of

4512-513: The cities, caused by new large war taxes. The last East Prussian town loyal to the Polish king, Kneiphof , was taken on June 14, 1455 after a long siege by the Teutonic Knights commanded by Heinrich Reuss von Plauen the Elder . The Poles suffered defeat after defeat, and they later also lost Warmia (Ermeland). However, the Grand Master was unable to pay his mercenaries and they took Marienburg, Dirschau, and Eylau (Iława) in May 1455. Mercenaries under

4606-507: The clergy. He decided to give two cities as a fief to Eric II of Pomerania from Stolp (Słupsk) , hoping it would secure northern Pomerania. To calm opposition, Casimir later went to Lithuania, where he was forced to stay until the summer of 1455. In that situation the Teutonic Knights were able to recover the eastern part of Prussia, including the Königsberg towns of Altstadt and Löbenicht on April 17, 1455. They were aided by rebellions in

4700-503: The confederacy sent an official delegation to Poland, headed by Johannes von Baysen . By 20 February, the delegates were in Kraków and asked Casimir to bring Prussia into the Polish kingdom. After negotiating the exact conditions of incorporation, the king agreed and delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledged allegiance to Casimir on 6 March 1454. Poland sent the Grand Master a declaration of war, predated to 22 February. Both sides expected

4794-489: The crusaders' victory, some Prussian lands also capitulated. This was a great victory for the Teutonic Knights, although they lacked enough money to pay the victorious mercenaries. On October 9, the Grand Master promised them that if he could not pay them by February 19, 1455, they would receive all cities, castles, and lands of Prussia, with the rights to sell them. Mercenaries later captured two other cities, Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) and Lessen (Łasin) , near Marienburg. None of

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4888-471: The current voivodeship remained part of the duchies of Żagań and Głogów, ruled by the houses of Piast and Jagiellon , with the Żagań duchy eventually passing to houses of foreign background, including Czech, Saxon and French, whereas other areas were gradually incorporated directly into the Kingdom of Bohemia . In 1635, most of the south-western part of the present Lubusz Voivodeship passed from Bohemia to Saxony , and from 1697 formed part of Poland-Saxony . In

4982-562: The direction of the Neumark . They were able to take the highly important strategic city of Konitz, which was situated on the important route from Poland to the mouth of the Vistula . Johannes von Baysen moved conscript and mercenary forces there, and they were soon followed by Mikołaj Szarlejski of the Clan of Ostoja , who was the representative of the Polish kingdom and received the title of "Supreme Commander of Forces in Prussia". In 1454 and 1455,

5076-592: The duchies of Greater Poland and Silesia , and later also Legnica , Głogów , Lubusz and Żagań , ruled by various lines of the Piast dynasty . Overtime, portions of the present Lubusz Voivodeship were lost by Poland. In 1250 the Lubusz Land was acquired by the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg . In 1319–1326 it was contested by various Polish and German rulers, before falling back to Brandenburg. After Brandenburg passed to

5170-481: The following centuries, starting with the south-eastern part of the current voivodeship in 1742, followed by eastern portions (western outskirts of Greater Poland) in 1793 (briefly regained by Poles in 1807–1815 as part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw ), and the south-western part in 1815. Within Prussia and Germany the territory was divided between the provinces of Neumark / Brandenburg , South Prussia / Posen , and Silesia / Lower Silesia . During World War II ,

5264-402: The grand master organised a new offensive. The Teutonic Knights received significant aid from the burghers of Königsberg, free Prussian knights, and others. Although they were unable to take Wehlau (Znamensk) and Schippenbeil (Sępopol) , the two Polish-controlled castles that were the initial target of the offensive, they again defeated the Polish army in September 1457. With the assistance of

5358-446: The king finally agreed to mediation by Frederick II, Margrave of Brandenburg ; all earlier propositions of mediation from different sides had been rejected. The elector, however, failed to negotiate a peace, because the Teutonic Knights, after recent successes, were unwilling to compromise. The Poles suggested that the Teutonic Order should leave Prussia and go elsewhere to fight with pagans; a location suggested earlier by Polish envoys to

5452-520: The king. The total army could amount to 30,000 cavalry. From the beginning of the 15th century, the Polish Crown started to hire mercenaries, who usually fought under the flag of St. George (especially Bohemian ( Czech ) mercenaries). The flag was either a red cross on white, or a white cross on red; the latter was used only when two Bohemian units met on opposite sides of a battlefield and had to be differentiated. The concept of tabor , learned from

5546-449: The largest and most important cities of Prussia, such as Königsberg , surrendered, and they were determined to continue the war. As a result, the Teutonic Order was totally dependent on help from the Holy Roman Empire. To save the situation for Poland, Casimir started hiring more Bohemian and Silesian soldiers and sending them to the cities of Pomerania, Pomesania , and Culmerland. He also decided to call for another levée en masse from

5640-432: The local administration exercised through the 49 existing voivodeships established in 1975 was inefficient, anachronistic, impractical, detrimental to maintaining regional identity, and untenable. However, the reform draft accepted by the government surprised the public and caused widespread outcry, as its authors foresaw creation of only 12 large voivodships, thus going much further than the widely expected reconstitution of

5734-518: The local elites in Zielona Góra was in turn to become a single capital centre, reverting to the situation before 1975, while any prospect of sharing the governing institutions was for a long time treated with their hostility. In spite of that, the looming threat of a "everybody lose" scenario set to materialize in case of a possible implementation of the original reform draft, paved the way for neutralizing this argument through forcing both rival sides into

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5828-636: The main stronghold of Teutonic Knights, Malbork (Marieburg), and in return asked them to leave the stronghold. In this way, the Polish side succeeded to overtake Malbork without force, in 1457. Later, in 1466 Stibor de Poniec sealed the Second Peace of Thorn , which also finally broke the power of the Teutonic Knights. After long negotiations, Teutonic mercenaries agreed to sell three castles in Prussia, including Marienburg, to Poland. Heavy new taxes caused rebellions in Danzig and Thorn that were bloodily suppressed by

5922-418: The most obvious mean readily available for the opposition was a presidential veto, which in fact ensued. In order to salvage the reform from being killed altogether, the government was, in the face of lacking the supermajority required to overturn the veto at the time, forced to reconsider the original shape of the reform and to reconcile it with the reservations of the President and his political background, with

6016-509: The new ( Hussite ) king of Bohemia, and Matthias Corvinus as king of Hungary . In spring 1458 Casimir IV again called for a levée en masse , which included the Masovians . Ignoring the mediation of John Giskra (Jan Jiskra), a Czech mercenary who hoped for an end to war with Prussia and the start of a new conflict with Hungary, the Polish army slowly marched into Prussia, crossing the Vistula via

6110-465: The nobility of Culmerland (Chełmno Land) , Thorn, Culm (Chełmno) , and from the Hanseatic cities of Elbing (Elbląg) and Danzig. Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf was seen to approve the existence of the confederacy, but his successor, Konrad von Erlichshausen , opposed it. His non-compromising policy was followed and intensified by Ludwig von Erlichshausen who took that office in 1449 or 1450. In 1452,

6204-504: The north, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the east, Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the south, and Germany ( Brandenburg and Saxony ) to the west. The first leaders of the Polans, Mieszko I and especially Bolesław I the Brave added a number of surrounding territories to the newly established core Polish state, and Lubusz Land came under Polish rule. Part of the historic province was located on

6298-474: The other one as the voivodeship capital, and hoping to use the engineered scare as the main argument in the ongoing discussions against creating the Lubusz voivodeship, The animosity, existing indeed between the cities, has been historically rooted in a widespread perception among Gorzów inhabitants that the 1950 decision to designate Zielona Góra as the voivodeship capital instead of their larger and more populous city,

6392-456: The peace treaty stated that it was guaranteed by the Prussian states, which would gain the right to defy the Teutonic Order if it broke the treaty. In the succeeding wars the Prussian estates opposed any conflict, and pushed the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights to make peace. On February 21, 1440, a group made up of individuals from the Prussian cities, nobility, and clergy, formed the Prussian Confederation . The main contributors were from

6486-473: The peasants of eastern Masuria , tired of the war, revolted against the Teutonic Knights but were defeated at Rhein (Ryn) on January 1, 1456. Land-based military actions were limited to raids and local skirmishes. In the maritime arena, Casimir urged Danzig to build a fleet that would be able to break sea connections between the Teutonic Order and its allies. In May 1456 privateers hired by Danzig captured Dutch ships , which caused conflict with Amsterdam and

6580-475: The privilege of trading grain) were hindering economic development in the province. At the same time the nobility wanted a larger say in the running of the country and were looking enviously at neighbouring Poland, where the Polish nobility enjoyed wider privileges. The Knights were also accused of violating the few existing privileges of the nobility and the cities. Craftsmen were discontented because of competition from so-called partacze , or artisans settled by

6674-401: The protection of the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon . This essentially amounted to a switching of sides which the German Order immediately took as a mortal threat, and a war broke out between Poland and the Teutons. The Thirteen Years' War ended in the victory of Poland and in the Second Peace of Toruń . The Teutonic Order became a Polish fief and its Grand Masters had to commit to homage to

6768-492: The result of a compromise adjustment increasing the number of voivodeships to 16, with Lubusz Voivodeship included among the four additional ones created according to the agreement. The path leading to such and outcome was far from smooth. The government made an effort to highlight and exploit the decades-long animosity between the approximately same-size two principal cities, spreading scare against its inevitable re-ignition and explosion in any of these two cities after designating

6862-479: The seat of the centrally-appointed voivode , or governor, and Zielona Góra is the seat of the elected regional assembly ( sejmik ) and the executive elected by that assembly, headed by a marshal ( marszałek ). In addition, the voivodeship includes a third city ( Nowa Sól ) and a number of towns. The region is mainly flat, with many lakes and woodlands. In the south, around Zielona Góra, grapes are cultivated. Lubusz Voivodeship borders West Pomeranian Voivodeship to

6956-656: The site of the camps in Dobiegniew and Żagań , and there is a memorial to the victims of the Stalag Luft III murders in Żagań. Particularly infamous camps in the region were the Oderblick labor education camp in Świecko and the Sonnenburg concentration camp in Słońsk , in which Polish, Belgian, French, Bulgarian, Dutch, Yugoslav, Russian, Italian, Ukrainian, Luxembourgish, Danish, Norwegian, Czech, Slovak and other prisoners were held, and many died. There were also eleven subcamps of

7050-503: The terms laid down by Joseph Stalin in the Potsdam Agreement , the borders of Poland and Germany were redrawn and the area of the Lubusz Voivodeship fell within the new borders of Poland. In 1998, the government of Jerzy Buzek decided to introduce an administrative reform , with its principles including the restoration of counties and a steep reduction in the number of voivodeships. A general consensus existed among scholars that

7144-476: The town's burghers, Teutonic forces under the command of Bernard von Zinnenberg, who had been released from service with the Poles, took Marienburg by surprise on September 28, 1457; only the castle commanded by Czerwonka remained in Polish control. Lubieszowski was able to stop some further advances of the Teutonic army. However, they recaptured Eylau, which again pledged allegiance to the Teutonic Order, Culm, and Preußisch Stargard (Starogard Gdański) . The situation

7238-515: The unjust favoring of their own seat, the city of Zielona Góra; a sentiment reinforced further by the surprise relocation of the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gorzów to Zielona Góra in 1992, renamed as a result the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów , and finally and perhaps most importantly, by the historical, perpetual and almost sacred rivalry between the motorcycle speedway clubs located in both cities. The objective of

7332-565: The unusual arrangement to divide and distribute the governing institutions of the voivodeship more or less equally between the two cities. On the basis of this broadly supported agreement, an effective public pressure endorsed jointly by the two centers was successfully exerted on the central government which ultimately acquiesced to the demand of establishing Lubusz Voivodeship. Nevertheless, creating any new type of public institution at voivodeship level in Poland continues to ignite almost automatically

7426-995: The voivodeship Furthermore, there are several preserved old towns with historic town halls and market squares (i.e. Zielona Góra , Wschowa , Świebodzin and Bytom Odrzański ). Of the historic town halls, the one in Kargowa was the site of an armed defense against the annexation by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. Several towns contain entirely or partly preserved medieval town walls with towers and gates, i.e. Kożuchów , Strzelce Krajeńskie , Gorzów Wielkopolski , Wschowa. There are multiple castles, including Piast Royal and Ducal castles in Krosno Odrzańskie , Kożuchów , Międzyrzecz and Żagań . There are also numerous palaces, including at Brody , Dąbrówka Wielkopolska , Glisno , Jędrzychowice , Kalsk , Mierzęcin , Trzebiechów , Żary . The village of Łagów , which hosted

7520-478: The war to end quickly. In 1454 Poland was in conflict with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which meant that although Casimir IV was Grand Duke of Lithuania as well as King of Poland, Lithuania sent no aid during the war to Poland and, aside from a few ineffective raids, did not participate during the conflict. There was also the threat of attack by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Elsewhere, the international situation

7614-474: The western bank of the Oder River , where the main settlement Lubusz, later known as the German town of Lebus , was located. The entire territory of the present Lubusz Voivodeship was part of Poland by 1002. The oldest towns in the region, dating back over 1,000 years, include Trzciel , Skwierzyna , Iłowa , Szprotawa , Jasień , Krosno Odrzańskie , Międzyrzecz and Żary , with most other towns also founded in

7708-563: The whole Polish kingdom. The levée en masse in Opoka , this time dominated by nobility from Lesser Poland , demanded privileges similar to those given in Cerekwica; the king quickly approved them. Later on from November 11 to November 16, 1454, while under the influence of the aristocracy from Lesser Poland, Casimir changed some of the promises given earlier both in Opoka and Cerekwica through privileges for

7802-455: The whole country given in Nieszawa (the privilege of Nieszawa ). This time the Polish army counted almost 3,000 cavalry, plus 3,000 mercenaries. The mercenaries had a few capable commanders, such as Jan Kolda from Zampach and Jan Skalski from the northern Bohemian city of Malá Skála (literally, "little rock") and a member of the family of Valdsztejn, Waldstein, or Wallenstein . This time

7896-598: Was 17,600 euros or 58% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 67% of the EU average. The sole airport in the voivodeship is the Zielona Góra Airport . The A2 , A18 and S3 highways pass through the province. Protected areas in Lubusz Voivodeship include two national parks and eight landscape parks . These are listed below. There are four Historic Monuments of Poland and one World Heritage Site in

7990-491: Was Voivode of Kujawy and used the help of his Clan brother to raise funds to hire mercenaries fighting on Polish side. Stibor de Poniec of Ostoja, the Lord General of Greater Poland , joined the cause in 1457. Together with his Clan brothers Jan Janski and Szarlejski, Stibor de Poniec raised new funds to hire more mercenaries to fight on the Polish side. However, Stibor decided to use those funds to pay mercenaries that defended

8084-503: Was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland between 1975 and 1998 when it was superseded by Lubusz Voivodeship . Its capital city was Gorzów Wielkopolski . 52°44′00″N 15°14′00″E  /  52.733333°N 15.233333°E  / 52.733333; 15.233333 This Poland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Thirteen Years%E2%80%99 War (1454%E2%80%931466) This

8178-602: Was dealing with the Ottoman Turks . The main part of the Polish army of that period was conscripted. All noblemen, when called by the king, had to appear accompanied by their village-mayors and village-administrators. Cities gave wagons with horses, food, and service to them (including escorts). Units were divided into choragwie ( standards ) of two kinds: family , which were made by very large clans, and land which were from nobles from particular territory. Peasants also participated as infantrymen. The highest command belonged to

8272-560: Was not seriously endangered. After the arrival of Casimir IV, when he received the official oath of allegiance from his new subjects in Elbing and Thorn, he directed to Konitz a pospolite ruszenie ( levée en masse ) of Polish nobles from Kuyavia , which replaced the unpaid mercenaries. Cavalry forces such as the nobles, however, were ill-suited to the taking of castles, so the situation in Konitz did not change. The king also sent his own units and

8366-588: Was quite good for Poland, as no outside states were likely to intervene. The southern border of Poland was more or less secure because of the weakness of the Bohemian lands, which resulted from the Hussite Wars . Although the Hanseatic League sympathized with the Prussian cities, the league backed the Teutonic Knights because the order granted them extra privileges. The Livonian Order had problems with Denmark and

8460-452: Was saved for the Poles by a new army sent from Greater Poland. The international situation became increasingly complicated. The new Prince-Bishop of Ermeland was Cardinal Eneas Silvio Piccolomini, known for his pro-Teutonic sympathies. In 1458, Piccolomini was elected Pope Pius II . Another complication was the death of Ladislaus the Posthumous and the election of George of Poděbrady as

8554-516: Was soon followed by the War of the Priests (1467–1479), a drawn-out dispute over the independence of Warmia, in which the Knights sought revision of the Peace. They yet again lost to Poland, which held onto its gains. A dispute between Poland and the Teutonic Order over control of Eastern Pomerania had lasted since the 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) , when the territory was contested and annexed by

8648-555: Was taken by the anticlerical communist government due to a hidden motivation of punishing Gorzów for becoming the see of the newly established Roman Catholic apostolic administration governing the majority of the Recovered Territories , with the ensuing discrimination of the city by the voivodeship authorities in the years 1950-1975 in terms of establishing any new public cultural and educational institutions, other public investments or public funds allocations, in vivid contrast to

8742-528: Was to be assigned to the Greater Poland Voivodeship as a bizarre sort-of corridor to the German border. However, mass protests broke out as a result in the cities such as Bydgoszcz, Koszalin, Opole or Kielce. Many of the people opposing the draft reform initially demanded retaining as many as 25 voivodeships (including the 2 ones seated in Gorzów and Zielona Góra), a number nevertheless widely regarded as

8836-695: Was unable to help the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. Because of conflict between Sweden and Denmark, both sides stayed more or less neutral in the upcoming conflict. France and England were too weakened after the Hundred Years' War , and England was also embroiled in civil war, the Wars of the Roses . The Duke of Burgundy , Flanders , and the Netherlands , Philip the Good , was more interested in creating an independent Kingdom of Burgundy. Pope Nicholas V 's primary concern

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