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131-978: Lubomirski Palace is the name of several palaces of the Lubomirski family : Lubomirski Palace, Białystok pl:Pałac Rüdigerów w Białymstoku Lubomirski Palace, Warsaw pl:Pałac Lubomirskich w Warszawie Presidential Palace, Warsaw Szustr House pl:Pałac Szustra Lubomirski Palace, Kraków pl:Pałac Lubomirskich w Krakowie Lubomirski Palace, Lublin pl:Pałac Lubomirskich w Lublinie Lubomirski Palace, Opole Lubelskie Lubomirski Palace, Przemyśl pl:Pałac Lubomirskich w Przemyślu Summer Palace, Rzeszów pl:Letni Pałac Lubomirskich w Rzeszowie Lubomirski Palace, Lviv Lubomirski Palace in Rivne Dubno Castle Residential castles [ edit ] Łańcut Castle Nowy Wiśnicz Castle Rzeszów Castle Topics referred to by

262-700: A Christian Poland. On his death, he left to his son and successor, Bolesław I the Brave , a country with greatly expanded territories and a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also enigmatically appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document dating to about 1085, called Dagome iudex , which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope almost a hundred years earlier. The term possibly refers to Mieszko's adopted Christian name, Dagobert , which often features in historical writing. Most sources also identify Mieszko I as

393-636: A Slavic land, which "together they wholly devastated (...) with fire and tremendous depopulation". It is not clear which Slavic territory was invaded. Perhaps another raid against the Polabians took place. However, there are indications that it was an expedition against the Czechs, Mieszko's first against his southern neighbors. Possibly on this occasion the Duke of the Polans accomplished the most significant expansion of his state,

524-408: A Ukrainian Wachmeister (guard) Petrenko, and some prisoners attempted a mass jailbreak, supported by an attack from the outside, but failed. Petrenko and several others committed suicide. The Resistance attack detachment was ambushed and suffered very heavy casualties, practically ceasing to exist. In reprisal, over 380 prisoners were executed the next day. Prince Jerzy Ignacy Lubomirski (1882 – 1945)

655-489: A document called Dagome iudex , where the Polish ruler placed his lands under the protection of the pope and described their borders. Only a later imprecise summary of the document has been preserved. There are two main theories concerning reasons behind the issuing of Dagome iudex : Dagome iudex is of capital importance for Polish history because it gives a general description of the Polish state's geographical location at

786-501: A hostage. Mieszko's conflict with Odo I was a surprising event because, according to Thietmar, Mieszko respected the Margrave highly. Thietmar wrote that "Mieszko would never wear his outdoor garment in a house where Odo was present, or remain seated after Odo had gotten up." It is believed that in practical terms the victory at Cedynia sealed Western Pomerania 's fate as Mieszko's dependency. According to archaeological research, during

917-651: A member of the family. While taking up his duties, Sebastian had the support of Stefan Batory . In 1595, Sebastian received the title of Count of Wiśnicz from the Emperor Rudolf II ; in 1591, he entered the Senate as governor of Małogoszcz . He opened a private salt mine shaft "Kunegunda" in Siercza , which was exploited for about 100 years. Money gained from the salt trade allowed the Lubomirski family to lend money to even

1048-681: A monastery and church of the Bernardines), and in Ujazdów (now part of Warsaw), where, at the end of the 17th century, he built a bathhouse that became the Palace on the Water of Stanisław August Poniatowski , and the Ermitage, which was planned as a place of meditation and relaxation. Stanisław Herakliusz was a friend of many European artists and patrons of the arts, as evidenced by correspondence. He had relations with

1179-475: A number of theatres in her palaces. The notion of theatre then had a much broader meaning than now. It included not only the theatre performances, but also opera , cabaret , and acrobatic performances . For her, Franciszek Karpiński wrote the "Song about the Lord’s birth", better known under the title "God is born". In honour of her daughter, Cyprian Kamil Norwid wrote a panegyric. Tadeusz Kościuszko set out from

1310-647: A radical expansion of the fortifications at Gniezno and Ostrów Lednicki , which may be associated with the Polish-German war, or the expectation of such. The duration of the expedition suggests that it may have reached as far east as the vicinity of Poznań . The Polish-German agreement was concluded in the spring or possibly summer of 980, because in November of that year Otto II left his country and went to Italy . It appears that during this time Mieszko I married Oda , daughter of Dietrich of Haldensleben , Margrave of

1441-460: A result, in 965 Mieszko married his daughter Dobrawa (also named Dobrava , Doubravka or Dąbrówka ). This political Polish-Bohemian alliance is likely to have been initiated by the Polish ruler. It is probable that the marriage was officially arranged in February 965. The next step was the baptism of Mieszko. There are different hypotheses concerning this event. Most often it is assumed that it

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1572-438: A river, but a curved rod – a sign of episcopal or secular power, signifying that for many centuries before the adoption of the name, the family had exercised significant power. This theory assumes, in its later part, that, in the 15th century, the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz incorrectly ascribed the origin of the coat of arms of the fellowship (Szreniawa without a cross), and other heraldists accepted this view. The history of

1703-499: A salary paid twice a year. For faithful service, workers were given ownership of land in perpetual or inheritable possession. The family, originally small in number, grew considerably, which led to divisions of material wealth but enhanced political influence, due to having the support of more people in the Sejms , in the Senate, or at the royal court. Members of the family were able to count on

1834-485: A similar level of economic and general development, they were socially connected primarily by tribal structures. It appears that the elders cooperating with the Duke first felt the need for super-tribal unity, as expansion allowed them to broaden their influence. Mieszko and his people were described around 966 by Abraham ben Jacob , a Sephardi Jewish traveller, who at that time visited the Prague court of Duke Boleslaus I

1965-570: Is Thietmar's claim that Mieszko "subordinated himself to the King". Most historians believe that it was only a matter of recognition of Otto's royal authority. Some suggest that a fealty relationship could have been involved. Whether or not the German-Polish invasion of Bohemia actually happened, the friendly relations between the Czechs and the Poles came to an end. Bohemia resumed its earlier alliance with

2096-550: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lubomirski family The Lubomirski family have been actors in the history of Poland since the 10th century. There are two theories regarding the family's origin. One, by Adam Boniecki, a Polish heraldist , assumes that there were two branches of the family. One settled at the Szreniawa River in Proszowice County while

2227-536: Is maternally related to the Piast of Masovia family. Zofia Lubomirska was the great-granddaughter of Anna Lubomirska, the daughter of Konrad III Rudy , the prince of Mazovia. Katarzyna Lubomirska (c. 1585 – 1620) was the wife of Konstanty Bazyli II, Prince of Ostróg, who was closely related to Bolesław IV , a descendant of Konrad Mazowiecki . A descendant of the House of Lubomirski, reportedly Ladislas Jean Lubomirski (father of

2358-693: Is now Ukraine and Slovakia . The Lubomirski family enjoyed political, military, and economic influence, which was concentrated in the provinces of Kraków, Sandomierz, Stanisławów , and Ruthenia , to eventually cover the whole area of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They kept this state of ownership until the collapse of the Polish state, when they were deprived of many estates as a result of penalties for pro-independence activities. The Lubomirski family looked to invest by buying large estate complexes. They consciously strived to gather them into one contiguous whole. Territorial expansion began in

2489-566: Is suspected that the Emperor did not succeed. Due to bad weather, the Emperor was back at the border of Thuringia and Saxony in December of that year. It is uncertain whether the invasion actually took place. The chronicle only stated that it was an expedition "against the Slavs". Archaeological discoveries appear to support the thesis of Otto's invasion. In the last quarter of the 10th century there had been

2620-517: The Dagome iudex document, though its origin is uncertain. Historians speculate that it was derived from Mieszko's adopted Christian name Dagobert or an abbreviation of the two names – "Dago" for Dagobert and "me" for Mieszko. Mieszko I took over the rule after his father's death c.  950 –960, probably closer to the latter date. Due to the lack of sources it is not possible to determine exactly which lands he inherited. Certainly among them were

2751-753: The Battle of Vienna , his troops were the first to reach the city gates . Under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, eight members of the family served as generals. Two of them took part in the war with the Russian Empire , which gave rise to the Kościuszko Insurrection . To build his numerous residences, Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski (1642 – 1702) hired Tylman of Gameren , later court architect to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki . Stanisław Lubomirski owned residences in Puławy, Czerniaków, (where he founded

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2882-501: The Battle of Warka , and recaptured Warsaw and Toruń , which had been occupied by the Swedes . Stefan Czarniecki supported the campaign. In 1660, at the head of private and royal armies, Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski conducted a lightning campaign that ended with the defeat of Russian forces at Cudnów and Połonka . In 1661, a worsening of relations with the king resulted in rebellion. The prince withdrew to Silesia ; and, degraded by

3013-503: The Czech and Hungarian crowns ; Jerzy Ignacy Lubomirski (1687-1753) sought the throne of Hungary . The culmination of these efforts was Zdzislaw Lubomirski 's serving as prince regent from 1917 to 1918. The Lubomirski family was related to almost all the dynasties ruling in Europe, the Capetien , Bourbon , Liudolfing , Wittelsbach , Hohenzollern , and Rurykowicz dynasties. The family

3144-561: The Czech language and had to come from Dobrawa's entourage and the church elements that arrived with her. Perhaps with her also came the first Polish bishop, Jordan . It could be that the reason for the Czech preference of Mieszko was the existence in Bohemia of a mission which followed the precepts of the Byzantine Greek brothers and later saints Cyril and Methodius , who developed and performed

3275-552: The French and Spanish courts, as well as members of the Medici family . These facilitated his carrying out a number of missions and negotiations on behalf of the Polish king. Stanisław Herakliusz was a talented author, a precursor of the Polish Baroque in literature. He spoke several languages and made use almost all known literary forms in his works. However, he was interested mostly in

3406-620: The Holy Roman Empire . Mieszko's alliance with the Czech prince Boleslaus the Cruel was strengthened by his marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa , who is said to have brought the Christian faith. Mieszko's baptism in 966 placed him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity ; he is sometimes called the " Clovis of Poland" for his role in laying the foundations for

3537-690: The NKVD and put in the Lubyanka Prison , where he met General Anders , later becoming the general's adjutant , fighting at the general's side throughout Europe. He eventually reached the United Kingdom and was a candidate for President of Poland in Exile. Prince Hieronim Lubomirski was killed at the age of 17, during the rescue of prisoners in Pawiak code-named Action "Pawiak" ("Akcja Pawiak"). On July 19–20, 1944,

3668-468: The Northern March , after abducting her from the monastery of Kalbe . Chronicler Thietmar described the event as follows: Although Thietmar made no mention of warfare that possibly took place on this occasion, the information on the return of the accord, acting for the good of the country and release of prisoners indicate that a conflict actually did occur. The marriage with Oda considerably affected

3799-458: The November and January uprisings and organized hospitals for the wounded on his estates. After the collapse of the uprising, his palace became a place where secret meetings of Polish patriots were held. Jerzy was active in social and scientific fields, maintaining a grammar school and poorhouse for the poor and establishing two scientific foundations, one funding the scientific testing of equipment,

3930-619: The Piast dynasty , he was the first Christian ruler of Poland and continued the policies of both his father Siemomysł and grandfather Lestek , who initiated a process of unification among the Polish tribes and the creation of statehood. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a potent politician, a talented military leader and a charismatic ruler. Through both alliances and military force, he extended ongoing Polish conquests and early in his reign subjugated Kuyavia and likely Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia . For most of his reign, Mieszko I

4061-652: The Rurik Dynasty "went towards the Lachy and took their towns: Przemyśl, Czerwień and other strongholds (...)". The exact interpretation of this passage is uncertain, because the Ruthenian word "Lachy" meant both the Poles in general and the southeastern Lendians. Mieszko's conquest of Sandomierz could also have taken place later, together with the takeover of the Vistulans (western and central Lesser Poland ). However, Widukind in

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4192-624: The Starosties of Spisz , Sandomierz, and Sącz . Income from the land leased from the king was comparable to that from private estates. The family introduced several innovative facilities and processes to their estates. Their arable farms adopted methods of industrial production; sugar factories , distilleries , and factories were built. They also introduced enlightened social practices, such as granting equal rights for subjects, allowing Jews to buy properties in private towns and to build houses, and vesting them with judicial powers. Jerzy Sebastian

4323-805: The University of Economics ) and girls (in Łagiewniki ) in the centre of Kraków. At these centres, young poor were prepared for adult life, being instructed for free in practical professions that could be the basis for future employment. Prince Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski (1826 – 1908) founded the Warsaw Charity Society. He was the long-standing president of the Ophthalmology Institute in Warsaw, which conducted ophthalmology research according to European standards. On his initiative, special teams were set up which helped poor people to get free eye care. During

4454-591: The Warsaw Philharmonic from closure by Tsarist officials. Władysław and Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski were important in creating the Family Association of the Princes Lubomirski. Prince Stanisław Sebastian Lubomirski (1875 – 1932) founded the Warsaw aviation association Aviata in 1910. His aim was to establish the first civilian pilot school and aircraft factory on Polish soil. The first airport of Aviata

4585-531: The (presumably) negative verdict of the Quedlinburg summit, but, more importantly, he may have wanted more favorable terms for his cooperation with Germany. The participation of Mieszko in the conspiracy against Otto II was documented in only one source, the chronicles of the monastery in Altaich in its entry for the year 974. The Duke of Bavaria was defeated, and Emperor Otto II regained full power. Shortly afterwards,

4716-511: The 10th century mentions Mieszko ruled over the Sclavi tribe of Licicaviki , which is identified with the Lendians. Some historians suggest that the regions of Sandomierz, Lublin and Czerwień (western Red Ruthenia ) were indeed annexed by Mieszko's state in the 970s, as lands valuable for trade reasons and as a starting point for a future attack against what was to become Lesser Poland, then in

4847-594: The 13th century, increased significantly. In the 17th and 18th centuries they were located in Lubomierz, Nowy Wiśnicz , Bochnia , Wieliczka , Łańcut , Baranów Sandomierski , Puławy , Rzeszów , Równe , Tarnów , Jarosław , Przeworsk , and Janowiec upon the Vistula , among others. To this day, the castle in Nowy Wiśnicz has been the property of the Family Association of the Princes Lubomirski. Many estates were located in

4978-734: The 970s the Sandomierz region and the Przemyśl area inhabited by the Lendians became incorporated into the Polish state. None of it is certain for the lack of written sources. It is possible that especially the Przemyśl area, also inhabited the White Croats , belonged at that time to Bohemia, which supposedly extended up to the Bug River and Styr River . The Primary Chronicle states that in 981 Vladimir of

5109-660: The Crown Prince Hieronim Augustyn was the most serious candidate for the Polish crown after the death of John III Sobieski . Prince Teodor Konstanty (1683-1745), governor of Kraków, submitted his candidacy for the Crown after the death of Augustus II the Strong . Prince Stanisław Lubomirski, governor of Kiev and Speaker of the Radom treasury tribunal, campaigned for the throne in 1764. Lubomirski princes were also candidates for

5240-570: The Cruel . Abraham presented Mieszko I as one of the four Slavic "kings", reigning over a vast "northern" area, with a highly regarded and substantial military force at his disposal. More precise contemporary records regarding Mieszko were compiled by Widukind of Corvey , and, half a century later, by Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg . By the time Mieszko I took over from his father, the Polans ' tribal federation of Greater Poland had for some time been actively expanding. Continuing this process, perhaps in

5371-593: The Danish King Harald Bluetooth and his son Sweyn . They may have acted in cooperation with the Wolinian autonomous entity. The Danish were defeated c. 991 and their ruler was expelled. The dynastic alliance with Sweden had probably affected the equipment and composition of Mieszko's troops. Perhaps at that time the Varangian warriors were recruited; their presence is indicated by archaeological excavations in

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5502-517: The Diet of Quedlinburg ] also, among many other princes: Mieszko, Mściwoj and Boleslaus and promised to support him under oath as the king and ruler". In 984 the Czechs took over Meissen , but in the same year Henry II gave up his pretension to the German throne. The role played by Mieszko I in the subsequent struggles is unclear because the contemporary sources are scarce and not in agreement. Probably in 985

5633-638: The Emperor (for the lands) up the Warta river." There are different hypotheses concerning the reasons for this invasion. Possibly Margrave Odo wanted to stop the growing power of the Polish state. Very likely Odo wanted to protect the Wolinian state, which he considered his zone of influence, from the Polish take-over. Possibly the Wolinians themselves called the Margrave and asked his help. In any event, Odo's forces moved in and on 24 June 972 twice engaged Mieszko's army at

5764-465: The German Church is incorrect , because Bohemia would not have its own church organization until 973. At the time of the baptism of Mieszko the existing Bohemian church establishment was a part of the Regensburg diocese. Thus, if the Polish ruler accepted the baptism through Prague's mediation, it had to be sanctioned in Regensburg. However, the religious vocabulary (words like baptism, sermon, prayer, church, apostle, bishop or confirmation) were adopted from

5895-430: The German Church. The thesis that proposes the introduction of Catholicism as a result of this war finds no confirmation in German sources. The homage is then a separate issue, since, according to the chronicle of Thietmar, Mieszko actually paid tribute to the Emperor from the lands usque in Vurta fluvium (up to the Warta River). In all probability Mieszko decided to pay tribute in order to avoid an invasion similar to

6026-449: The Imperial Diet in Quedlinburg in 973 to explain and justify their conduct. The exact judgment of the Emperor is unknown, but it is certain that the sentence was not carried out because he died a few weeks after the Diet. It is commonly assumed that the sentence was unfavorable to the Polish ruler. The Annals of Altaich indicates that Mieszko was not present in Quedlinburg during the gathering; instead, he had to send his son Bolesław as

6157-457: The January Uprising the prince was a member of the National Government of Romuald Traugutt , where he served as a head of the Department of Internal Affairs. For anti-Tsarist activities, he was exiled deep into Russia, to Nizhny Novgorod . He supported Polish education . He protected Polish vocational organizations from competition from Russian and Prussian ones and established credit unions . He tried to regain possession of Polish art stolen by

6288-461: The Lubomirski family comes from the 11th century. It is in the property section of the Crown Register of 1682 in Kraków . The original no longer exists. There is only a mention in the register under a given year. Successive members of the family took up positions of bishops , for example, Piotr, Archbishop of Gniezno mediated between the princes of the Piast dynasty during the congress in Łęczyca in 1180. The family performed important functions at

6419-420: The Lutici, which, in 990, resulted in a war with Mieszko, who was supported by Empress Theophanu . Duke Boleslaus II was probably the first one to attack. As a result of the conflict Silesia was taken over by Poland. However, the annexation of Silesia possibly took place around 985, because during this year the major Piast strongholds in Wrocław , Opole and Głogów were already being built. The issue of

6550-418: The Polabian Lusatian and Słupian tribes, and as a result came into direct contact with the Polish state. At the same time (about 960) Mieszko I began his expansion against the Velunzani and Lutici tribes. The war was recorded by the traveller Abraham ben Jacob . According to him, Mieszko I had fought against the Weltaba tribe, commonly identified with the Veleti. Wichmann the Younger , a Saxon nobleman who

6681-451: The Polabians. One year later, the Polish ruler had a personal meeting with the Emperor, an event mentioned in the Annals of Hersfeld , which reported that "Otto the boy-king ravaged Bohemia, but received Mieszko who arrived with gifts". According to Thietmar and other contemporary chronicles the gift given by Mieszko to the Emperor was a camel. The meeting cemented the Polish-German alliance, with Mieszko joining Otto's expedition against

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6812-458: The Polish duke sought salvation in baptism, as soon as they regained their strength, they repudiated the Christian faith and started the war against Christian anew". In 972 Poland was attacked by Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark . According to the chronicles of Thietmar, Odo acted unilaterally, without the Emperor's consent: "Meanwhile, the noble Margrave Hodo, having collected his army attacked Mieszko, who has been faithfully paying tribute to

6943-451: The Polish ruler ended his support for the Bavarian duke and moved to the side of the Emperor. It is believed that Mieszko's motivation was the threat posed to his interests by the Polabian Slavs uprising. The upheaval was a problem for both Poland and Germany, but not for Bohemia. In the Chronicle of Hildesheim , in the entry for the year 985 it is noted that Mieszko came to help the Saxons in their fight against some Slavic forces, presumably

7074-426: The Pope. Still other motives were responsible according to Gallus Anonymus , who claimed that it was Dobrawa who convinced her husband to change his religion. Likewise chronicler Thietmar attributes Mieszko's conversion to Dobrawa's influence. There are no reasons to negate Dobrawa's role in Mieszko's acceptance of Roman Catholicism; however, crediting rulers' wives with positive influence over their husbands' actions

7205-455: The Russians; and among others, he helped to reconstruct the Poniatowski monument standing in front of the Presidential Palace . He also restored and renovated the Zygmunt's Column , and bought Polish castles in Czersk and Iłża , in order to save them from being demolished. In 1875, he established the Museum of Industry and Agriculture in Warsaw. He established evening schools for craftsmen and journeymen as well as penny-saving banks for

7336-480: The Sejm court, fought for his political rehabilitation . His sons succeeded in this matter. Prince Hieronim Augustyn , a member of the Order of Hospitallers , devoted his life to fighting the Ottoman Turks, who were considered a cultural threat to European civilization. He also defeated Ukrainian commander Petro Doroshenko in a Cossack Uprising against Poland. In 1670, he fought against the Crimean Horde at Bracław and Kalnik  [ uk ] . In 1683, during

7467-419: The Szreniawici, or Drużynnici, family is closely linked with the rulers of the Piast dynasty . One of the Szreniawici was a canon at the Wawel court, and people using this coat of arms belonged to the inner circle of Bolesław II the Generous , according to Jan Długosz, in Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom of Poland ( Roczniki czyli Kronikisławnego Królestwa Polskiego ). The oldest document mentioning

7598-399: The Younger. Other sources make no mention of such conquest and of putting the Polans state on the same footing with the Polabian Slavs. On the other hand, the supporters of the Gero's invasion theory believe that the Margrave did actually carry out a successful invasion, as a result of which Mieszko I was forced to pay tribute to the Emperor and also was compelled to adopt Catholicism through

7729-410: The ancestral territory located south of Kraków and was directed toward the east. The combined estates reached their largest size at the time of Stanisław (d. 1649). It was the third largest holding in the Republic of Poland , only smaller than the entail of Ostróg and the estates of the Radziwiłł family . In addition to purchasing properties, the Lubomirski family leased rich royal estates, such as

7860-424: The areas inhabited by the Polans and Goplans , as well as the Sieradz - Łęczyca lands and Kuyavia . It is possible that this state included also Masovia and Gdańsk Pomerania . Soon the new ruler faced the task of integrating the relatively large, ethnically and culturally heterogeneous territory. Although the residents of areas controlled by Mieszko spoke mostly one language, had similar beliefs and reached

7991-403: The baptism" in Poland. The above information, as well as the fact that Bolesław lost Western Pomerania, suggest that the region was not truly incorporated into the Polish state, but only became a fief . This conjecture seems to be confirmed in the introduction of the first volume of the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus concerning the Pomeranians: "Although often the leaders of the forces defeated by

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8122-447: The basis of the chronicle of Cosmas of Prague , believe that the conquest of the lands around the lower Vistula River took place after Mieszko's death, specifically in 999. There is also a theory according to which during this transition period Lesser Poland was governed by Bolesław, whose authority was granted to him by the Bohemian duke. At the end of his life (c. 991–992), Mieszko I, together with his wife Oda and their sons, issued

8253-428: The battle, a testimony to Mieszko's high standing among the Empire's dignitaries, just one year after his baptism: Widukind of Corvey reported that the dying Wichmann asked Mieszko to hand over Wichmann's weapons to Emperor Otto I, to whom Wichmann was related. For Mieszko the victory had to be a satisfying experience, especially in light of his past defeats inflicted by Wichmann. The exact result of Mieszko's fighting in

8384-544: The behavior of plants in the changed climate conditions. The Zoological Museum of the Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) has been making use of his collections to this day. Prince Władysław Lubomirski (1866 – 1934) was a patron and founder of Music Young Poland. To facilitate the operation of the organization, he founded a company that promoted talented young Polish artists. He supported music education. He helped to promote Karol Szymanowski , Artur Rubinstein , and Grzegorz Fitelberg. He helped to protect

8515-516: The city and residents of suburban areas to get to the capital city. During World War II, the railways built by Lubomirski delivered supplies to the occupied city and brought employees to Warsaw offices and factories. Prince Stanisław Sebastian Lubomirski established the central union of Polish industry Leviatan, where he was the president from 1932. The union promoted the ideas of development of industry – lowering taxes, social security benefits for workers, and increasing state aid to industry. Members of

8646-401: The city, on both sides of the Vistula, with an earthen embankment, initially to protect against the spreading plague epidemic. There were only three crossings in the embankment, by which traffic in and out of the city was controlled. Later, the embankment, reinforced with guns, was used to defend the capital during the Kościuszko Uprising and the November Uprising . Throughout the 19th century,

8777-404: The court of the Piast dynasty and extended their estates through investing in land, mainly within the territory of the Małopolska province . Jakub Lubomirski served as a borough writer in the 14th century. Piotr (d. 1480), the heir of Lubomierz , the territorial designation that is the basis of the family name, is regarded as the progenitor of the Lubomirski family. The economic foundation of

8908-402: The date of his birth as somewhere between the years 920–931 (depending on the version of the manuscript); however, modern researchers do not recognize the chronicle as a reliable source. Several historians on the basis of their investigations postulated the date of Mieszko's birth to have been between 922–945; the activity of the Duke in his final years of life puts the date of his birth closer to

9039-406: The decisive battle against the Wolinians led by Wichmann the Younger , which gave Mieszko control over the mouth of the Odra River. The German margraves had not opposed Mieszko's activities in Pomerania, perhaps even supported them; the death of the rebellious Wichmann, who succumbed to his wounds soon after the battle, may have been in line with their interests. A telling incident took place after

9170-430: The development of various social and heritage projects in Poland. Jan Lubomirski-Lanckoroński is the current president of the foundation. Mieszko I of Poland Mieszko I ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈmjɛʂkɔ ˈpjɛrfʂɨ] ; c.  930 – 25 May 992) was Duke of Poland from 960 until his death in 992 and the founder of the first unified Polish state , the Civitas Schinesghe . A member of

9301-435: The education and living conditions of the Varsovians. His activities mapped out the direction that future politicians of the independent state would follow. In 1926, he undertook the role of mediator between the parties to the May coup . In the 1930s, he was a senator on the foreign affairs and military committees. During World War II he was imprisoned and tortured by the Gestapo . He died of wounds sustained in prison. In

9432-447: The embankment marked the boundary of the city. By the Act of 1770, Stanisław introduced permanent street names, which greatly facilitated the administration of the city and its functioning, especially facilitating registration and correspondence. Princess Izabela Lubomirska (1736 – 1816), the wife of Stanisław, rebuilt the Łańcut Castle and collected art and books from around the world. She

9563-650: The family founded monasteries , churches , and other religious buildings. Stanisław Lubomirski founded the Carmelite Monastery in Wiśnicz, which is still the pearl of Renaissance architecture in Poland. For many decades, residents of the castle in Wiśnicz contributed various legacies to the monastery. Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski (c. 1665 – 1727) gave to the Pauline Monastery at Jasna Góra many valuable objects, including

9694-501: The family rested on the exploitation of salt mines in Kraków province, the mineshafts being leased from rulers of Poland. The Lubomirski family also established private mines in Małopolska province. Sebastian (c. 1546 – 1613), who in 1581 became a mine administrator of Kraków, was the creator of this economic power. This was the first administrative position in the capital city occupied by

9825-641: The family used to live on the banks of the Szreniawa River in Szczyrzycki poviat (county), in the area surrounded by the Raba and Stradomka rivers, the Trzciański brook, and the Łososina and Krzyworzeka streams. Semkowicz says that the original territory of the Drużynnici family (ancestors of the Lubomirski, Wieruski, Rupniewski, and Lasocki families) was located there. Semkowicz says that the coat of arms does not show bends of

9956-583: The father of Sigrid the Haughty , a Scandinavian queen, the grandfather of Canute the Great and the great-grandfather of Gunhilda of Denmark , Canute the Great 's daughter and wife of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor . It is roughly to his borders that Poland was returned in 1945. There is no certain information on Mieszko's life before he took control over his lands. Only the Lesser Poland Chronicle gives

10087-536: The first years of Mieszko's reign, if it had not been done already by his father, Mieszko I conquered Masovia . Likely also during that period or earlier, at least part of Gdańsk Pomerania was obtained. Mieszko's interests were then concentrated mainly on areas occupied by the eastern ( i.e. , near the Oder River ) branches of the Polabian Slavs . In 963 Margrave Gero of Meissen conquered territories occupied by

10218-453: The hands of Bohemia. Sandomierz under this scenario was the central hub of the area, with Czerwień, Przemyśl and Chełm assuming the function of defensive borderland strongholds. After the death of Emperor Otto I in 973 Mieszko, like his brother-in-law, Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia , joined the German opposition in support of the attempted imperial succession of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria . Mieszko may have been motivated by revenge because of

10349-459: The humanities research conducted there, being still considered of value. Without the material and financial support of Henryk, the facility would have closed at an early stage of activity. Henryk for many years served as a curator of the facility. He also contributed to the formation of the Museum of the Princes Lubomirski, the first private museum in the Polish land generally available to the public. He

10480-434: The incorporation of Lesser Poland is also not completely resolved. Possibly Mieszko took the region before 990, which is indicated by the vague remark of Thietmar, who wrote of a country taken by Mieszko from Boleslaus. In light of this theory, the conquest of Lesser Poland could be a reason for the war, or its first stage. Many historians suggested that the Czech rule over Lesser Poland was only nominal and likely limited to

10611-484: The indirect control of Kraków and perhaps a few other important centers. This theory is based on the lack of archaeological discoveries, which would indicate major building investments undertaken by the Bohemian state. After its incorporation, Lesser Poland supposedly became the part of the country assigned to Mieszko's oldest son, Bolesław , which is indirectly indicated in the chronicle of Thietmar. Some historians, on

10742-460: The influential pagan priest class, which may have been blocking his efforts to establish a more centralized rule. A different hypothesis is linked with the above-mentioned acceptance of the veracity of Gero's invasion of Poland. According to it, it was the attack of the Margrave that forced the Catholicization, which was to be an act of subordination to the Emperor, done without the mediation of

10873-717: The information regarding the attack of Margrave Gero on the Slavic tribes, as a result of which he purportedly "subordinated to the authority of the Emperor Lusatia and the Selpuli [ viz. , the Słupian tribes] and also Mieszko with his subjects". According to the majority of modern historians, Thietmar made an error summarizing the chronicle of Widukind, placing the Gero raid there instead of the fighting that Mieszko conducted at that time against Wichmann

11004-415: The latter year. Mieszko's name has traditionally been thought to be a diminutive of Mieczysław but this is refuted by the majority of modern historians. According to a legend first described by Gallus Anonymus , Mieszko was blind during his first seven years of life. This typical medieval allegory referred to his paganism rather than an actual disability. Another name of Mieszko, "Dagome", appears in

11135-522: The liturgy in the Slavic rite, more readily understood by Mieszko and his subjects. The Slavic rite church branch had survived in Bohemia for another hundred years after Mieszko's baptism. After the normalization of relations with the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia, Mieszko I returned to his plans to conquer the western part of Pomerania . On 21 September 967 the Polish-Bohemian troops prevailed in

11266-558: The multi-day battle quickly, with the Turks being repelled on October 10, 1621. Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (1616 – 1667) was the only Polish aristocrat during the Deluge to not take the oath to Charles X Gustav . Jerzy gave shelter to king John II Casimir on his estate in Lubowla (today’s Slovakia ) and launched a counteroffensive of Polish troops. He lent his private army, which fought

11397-536: The new trends coming from Italy . His philosophical work "Dialogues of Artakses and Ewander" entered the canon of the Old Polish Literature and became required reading. An example of building in the very centre of Warsaw is a reconstruction of the Copper-Roof Palace ( Pałac Pod Blachą ), commissioned in the early 18th century by Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski . The palace, classical in form and situated on

11528-566: The nobility in rebellion. Marriages were also important. Members of the Lubomirski family became linked with equally powerful and wealthy families. It enabled them to extend their private estates, and even take over a part of the estate of Ostróg under the Kolbuszowa transaction of 1753. Stanisław Lubomirski (1583 – 1649) married Zofia Ostrogska ; Aleksander Michał Lubomirski married Helena Tekla Ossolińska ; Krystyna Lubomirska married Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł . Józef Karol (1638 – 1702)

11659-575: The occupation was a member of the Western Union. For keeping a secret storehouse of medicines for the Home Army , he was arrested and detained in prison in Montelupich . He was on the list to be shot but escaped to Kraków, where he was hidden. The Germans set the date for the transportation of his family to the concentration camp near Oświęcim . Prince Eugeniusz Lubomirski (1895 – 1982) was arrested by

11790-575: The one that Lusatia had suffered. This homage would take place in 965, or in 966 at the latest. Very likely the tribute applied only to the Lubusz land, which was in the German sphere of influence. This understanding of the tribute issue explains why already in 967 Mieszko I was described in the Saxon chronicles as the Emperor's friend (or ally, supporter, Latin : amicus imperatoris ). Probably in 964 Mieszko began negotiations with Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia . As

11921-572: The organization were elected to the Sejm , the Senate, were members of governments of the Second Republic of Poland , and served other state institutions. They published three magazines: Economic Review ( Przegląd Gospodarczy ), The Polish Courier ( Kurier Polski ), and The Telegram ( Depesza ). Stanisław Sebastian established the Industrial Bank of Warsaw SA (Bank Przemysłowy Warszawski S.A.) and

12052-485: The other established itself in Szczyrzyc County . The time of this division of the family is not known, but most likely it was before the adoption of Christianity by Poland . The Szreniawici family used a similar coat of arms, which means that the two families had the same ancestry. At the time of Mieszko I , the members of the Lubomirski family demonstrated bravery in battle against pagans . For this they were awarded

12183-743: The other rewarding Polish authors of outstanding scientific works. His brother Adam Hieronim Karol Lubomirski (1811 – 1873) was awarded the Virtuti Militari cross, for participating in the November Uprising. In 1883, Prince Henryk Lubomirski (1777–1850) gave his rich collection of books, archive material, works of art, and other antiques to the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov, which since has become an important scientific and cultural institution, with its 19th-century publications, on

12314-450: The photographer Alexi Lubomirski ), tested at Family TreeDNA . He belongs to Y-haplogroup J2b-L283 > PH1602. Prince Stanisław Lubomirski was famous for commanding at the Battle of Chocim in 1621, fought against Turkish-Tatar forces. Stanisław initially took part in the battle at the head of a private regiment , but when hetman Karol Chodkiewicz died, and hetman Koniecpolski was taken captive, Stanisław took command and ended

12445-447: The politics, chairing the Sejms, forming a private army, representing the king at the courts Europe . Many times they had a decisive influence on the choice of monarchs . They were defenders of the nobility , who often entrusted the family with their proxy vote at the Sejms and in the election of kings. Although Jerzy Sebastian was Grand Marshal and Field Hetman of the Crown , he supported

12576-474: The poor. He financed the publishing of sources important in the history of Poland, as well as professional magazines. He organized free libraries. Władysław Emanuel Lubomirski supported the Zoological Cabinet of the University of Warsaw , helping to purchase teaching aids and financing travel by employees of the university. He donated his collection of shells. He was interested in floristics and studied

12707-629: The poorest, and were active in educational organizations, financing schools, as well as being engaged in Polish culture . Prince Stefan Lubomirski (1862 – 1941) was a founder of the Polish Olympic Games Committee (later the Polish Olympic committee, PKOL), becoming its first president (its next president being his cousin, Prince Kazimierz Lubomirski), and a member of the International Olympic Committee . Prince Stefan

12838-445: The position and prestige of Mieszko, who entered the world of Saxon aristocracy. As a son-in-law of Margrave Dietrich, he gained an ally in one of the most influential politicians of the Holy Roman Empire. As the Margrave was a distant relative of the Emperor, Mieszko became a member of the circle connected to the imperial ruling house . Probably in the early 980s Mieszko allied his country with Sweden against Denmark . The alliance

12969-458: The privilege of the theatre and made Wojciech Bogusławski its director. He also opened a ballet drama school for 1000 people. Prince Stanisław Lubomirski went down in history as an administrator of Warsaw. He introduced permanent street lighting and supported a police unit with his private money. Above all, he wished to care for the health of the Varsovians, wherefore he decided to surround

13100-652: The rank of knight and a coat of arms, which depicts bends of the Szreniawa River in the form of a letter S of white colour on a red background, instead of the Szreniawici cross, with the motto Patriam Versus (Turned to the Homeland). This coat of arms has been used by the representatives of the family to the present time. The author of the second theory of the family's origins is the medievalist Władysław Semkowicz. In his article "The fellowship and Śreniawa. Heraldic study" („Drużyna i Śreniawa. Studyum heraldyczne”) he writes that

13231-595: The residence in Łańcut, to Kraków, when he incited the Kościuszko Uprising . They also bore the title of Count of Wisnicz und Jaroslaw. The Lubomirski family, like other affluent aristocratic families, engaged in artistic, cultural, and scientific patronage . At Wiśnicz, Wilanów, the Royal Baths, Łańcut, or Mokotów, they supported private theatre groups, financed artists, funded religious buildings, and maintained their residences. The reconstruction of Wiśnicz castle

13362-565: The sacred vessels. It was on his initiative to build the main gate leading to the Monastery. The gate is called the Gate of the Lubomirski Family. After 1795, the princes Lubomirski engaged in clandestine and insurgent activities against the occupying Russians; and, in consequence, they lost estates. Prince Jerzy Roman Lubomirski (1799 – 1865), the owner of Rozwadów , participated in the battles of

13493-430: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lubomirski Palace . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubomirski_Palace&oldid=824376042 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

13624-529: The south side of the Royal Castle , was bought by the king himself, in 1777, who later added the library. The previous owner of this building was Prince Jerzy Marcin Lubomirski (1738 – 1811), distinguished in service to the Polish theatre . He financed exhibitions of family and European art and organized numerous concerts, balls, and meetings. Celebrations organized by him were a meeting place for artists and aristocrats from across Europe, while in local memory he

13755-414: The support of their relatives in political or court activities. The family split into five major lineages: of Wiśnicz (from Aleksander Michał , 1614 – 1677), Łańcut (from Stanisław Herakliusz , 1642 – 1702), Przeworsk (from Aleksander Michał , – d. 1675), Rzeszów (from Hieronim Augustyn , c. 1647 – 1706), and Janowiec (from Jerzy Dominik , 1665 – 1727). The most numerous was that of Przeworsk, which

13886-462: The takeover of Lesser Poland . Thietmar's narrative, however, raises doubts as to whether the joined military operation actually happened. The chronicler claims that a settlement was then concluded between the Emperor and the Bohemian ruler Boleslaus II the Pious , which is not mentioned in any other source and is contrary to the realities of the political situation at that time. Another debatable point

14017-546: The territories of the largest Polish cities: Warsaw (e.g. Mokotów , Ujazdów, Czerniaków ), Kraków ( Wola Justowska , Kamienica Pod Baranami), Rzeszów (castle), Sandomierz , and Lviv (then Lwów). Maintaining foreign residences in Dresden , Vienna , and Paris enhanced family prestige. The members of the family were referred to as "the owners of the bank of the Dnieper River " because many of their estates were located in what

14148-561: The unrest. Ultimately the Lutici and the Obotrites were able to liberate themselves from German rule for the next two centuries. The Emperor left a minor successor, Otto III . His regency was claimed by Henry II of Bavaria . Like in 973, Mieszko and the Czech duke Boleslaus II took the side of the Bavarian duke. This fact is confirmed in the chronicle of Thietmar, which noted that "There arrived [at

14279-572: The vicinity of Poznań . In 982 Emperor Otto II suffered a disastrous defeat against the Emirate of Sicily . The resulting weakness of the imperial power was exploited by the Lutici , who initiated a great uprising of the Polabian Slavs in 983. German authority in the area ceased to exist and the Polabian tribes began to threaten the Empire. The death of Otto II at the end of that year contributed further to

14410-482: The village of Cidini , commonly identified with Cedynia . At first, the Margrave defeated Mieszko's forces; subsequently the Duke's brother Czcibor defeated the Germans in the decisive stage, inflicting great losses among their troops. It may be that Mieszko intentionally staged the retreat, which was followed by a surprise attack on the flank of the German pursuing troops. After this battle, Mieszko and Odo were called to

14541-407: The wealthiest people in the country. This enabled them to purchase properties or take them over from insolvent debtors. The family built up its economic position over many generations, accumulating assets that they held for centuries. The first mentions of the home in Lubomierz were recorded in 1398. The number of family estates, starting with Gdów and Szczyrzyca which the family also possessed in

14672-414: The west of Pomerania is not known. Subsequent loss of the region by Mieszko's son Bolesław suggests that the conquest was difficult and the hold over that territory rather tenuous. In one version of the legend of Saint Adalbert of Prague (known in Polish as Wojciech ) it is written that Mieszko I had his daughter married to a Pomeranian prince, who previously voluntarily "was washed with the holy water of

14803-414: The years 1919 – 1939, princes Lubomirski served as Members of Parliament , senators, and in the ministries. They were also engaged in the industrialization of the country. They belonged to the key organizations involved in the modernization of roads, railways, and aviation. They took part in the reconstruction of the Polish army . They formed banking centres and credit unions, which provided cheap loans to

14934-563: The young emperor waged a retaliatory expedition against Bohemia, in 978 forcing Duke Boleslaus into submission. In 977 Mieszko's wife, Dobrawa, died. At first there were no apparent repercussions, as the Polish ruler had maintained his alliance with Bohemia. In 979 Otto II supposedly attacked Poland. Mention of this event can be found in the Chronicle of the Bishops of Cambrai from the 11th century. The effects of this expedition are unknown, but it

15065-543: Was Teofilia Ludwika Zasławska ’s husband; Teresa Lubomirska (d. 1712) married Karol Filip , the Prince of Neuburg, and Marianna Lubomirska (1693 – 1729) married Paweł Karol Sanguszko , the Grand Marshal of Lithuania . In 1647, Stanisław Lubomirski received the hereditary title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire from Emperor Ferdinand III . The Lubomirski family itself was a candidate for Poland's crown. Grand Hetman of

15196-461: Was a common convention at that time. It is generally recognized that the baptism of Mieszko I took place in 966. The place is unknown; it could have had happened in any of the cities of the Empire (possibly Regensburg ), but also in one of the Polish towns like Gniezno or Ostrów Lednicki . The belief that the baptism was accomplished through the Czechs in order to avoid the dependence on Germany and

15327-448: Was a political decision, intended to bring Mieszko's state closer to the Czechs and to facilitate his activities in the Polabian Slavs area. At the same time, the baptism decreased the likelihood of future attacks by German margraves and deprived them of the opportunity to attempt Christianization of Mieszko's lands by force. An additional reason could be Mieszko's desire to remove from power

15458-507: Was a promoter of industrialization and reforms, a capable military commander, and a knight of the Order of White Eagle and the Order of Saint Stanislaus . He supported the Constitution of May 3, 1791 . The Lubomirski family built private schools for pupils on their estates. They often put schooling in the hands of professionals – the Order of Piarists and the Order of Jesuits . The members of

15589-795: Was active in the local community. He travelled to Vienna to discuss the construction of the bridge over the San River . He helped people particularly affected during the war. He was arrested in 1944 and detained and tortured in Tarnobrzeg prison. He was murdered by the Secret Police ( Urząd Bezpieczeństwa ) as a member of the Home Army. In 2010, family members established the Princes Lubomirski Foundation ( Fundacja Książąt Lubomirskich ), to facilitate charitable activities. The foundation supports

15720-418: Was further divided into three branches: dubrowieńsko-kruszyńska, równieńsko-przeworska, and dubieńska. Many members of this line are alive now. The members of the family served the state as marshals , starosts , governors , and hetmans . Four of the princes Lubomirski held the office of Grand Marshal of the Crown : Jerzy Sebastian , Józef Karol , Stanisław Herakliusz and Stanisław . They were active in

15851-610: Was involved in warfare for the control of Western Pomerania and annexed it to the vicinity of the lower Oder River . His internal reforms were aimed at expanding and improving the so-called war monarchy system. During the last years of his life, he fought the Bohemian state and captured Silesia and lands now constituting Lesser Poland . In foreign policy, Mieszko I placed the interests of his country foremost and entered into agreements with his former foes. He successfully used diplomacy by concluding alliances with Bohemia , Sweden and

15982-584: Was located at Mokotów Field , with the permission of Tsarist officials. On 7 of October 1918, after 123 years under the third partition, on the initiative of Prince Regent Zdzisław Lubomirski (1865 – 1943), Polish independence was proclaimed and published in the Monitor Polski . Zdzisław was a politician, president of the Civic Committee, and the president of Warsaw . He extended self-government , organized intervention works, credit unions, and cared for

16113-488: Was on familiar terms with poet Zygmunt Krasiński , who memorialized the prince in his Non-Divine Comedy , in the person of Orcio. In 1823, Henryk created the entail of Przeworsk ; but, as a result of his subversive activities, the entail was legalized by the partitioning authorities only after his death. In 1869, his son Prince Andrzej Lubomirski became the first recognized entailer. Prince Aleksander Lubomirski (1802 - 1893) founded centres for poor boys (at today's seat of

16244-415: Was particularly involved in the activities of democratization . He believed that the increase in economic rights of all his subjects would make him get richer, too. Schools and hospitals for the peasant population were founded, which were maintained with private family income. The family estates often hired people from the lowest class, caring about their education, offering a place of residence, clothing, and

16375-488: Was passionate about racehorse breeding , forming with his brothers the most modern horse-breeding farm in Poland at Widzów manor near Częstochowa . Stefan was the owner of the Warsaw Commuter Railways ( Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa ) company, which created the narrow gauge passenger and freight railways of Grójec , Jabłonków, and Wilanów. Railways allowed capital city dwellers to reach factories located outside

16506-476: Was planned by architect Maciej Trapola , the castle chapel being decorated with stucco by Giovanni Battista Falconi and wherein Stanisław Lubomirski , who financed the renovation of the castle, installed twenty sacred objects. Marceli Lubomirski for many years supported the work of poet Cyprian Kamil Norwid . He was immortalized by the poet in the book White Flowers . Józef Lubomirski (1751 – 1817)

16637-591: Was politically active; during the revolution, she sheltered part of the French court at her estate in Łańcut. She extended her residences, often employing the latest architectural solutions. She built a palace on her estate in Mokotów, the district of Warsaw that gets its name from her estate, Mon Coteau (My Hill). She was a lover of theatre and laid the foundation stone of the National Theatre in Warsaw , as well as maintaining

16768-530: Was remembered as an organizer of public events with fireworks displays. Prince Jerzy Marcin was also an adventurer and a member of the Bar Confederation . From 1758, he served in the Prussian and Russian armies. He was barred from political life in Poland by his family, but he went down in history as a lover of music and theatre. In 1777, he financed a production of Tartuffe by Molière ; in 1783 leased

16899-635: Was sealed with the marriage of Mieszko's daughter Świętosława with the Swedish king Erik . The content of the treaty is known from the traditional account—not entirely reliable, but originating directly from the Danish court—given by Adam of Bremen . In this text, probably as a result of confusion, he gives instead of Mieszko's name the name of his son Bolesław: Mieszko decided on the alliance with Sweden probably in order to help protect his possessions in Pomerania from

17030-760: Was the president of the Commercial Bank (Bank Handlowy) in Warsaw, the Central Union of Polish Industry (Centralny Związek Przemysłu Polskiego), the Polish Bank Association (Związek Banków Polskich), and the Association of Polish Industrialists (Stowarzyszenie Przemysłowców Polskich). He devoted his life to the struggle for the independence of the Polish economy from the influence of the partitioners, and, after regaining independence, from that of neighbouring countries. Prince Stefan Lubomirski (1898 – 1948) during

17161-531: Was then a leader of a band of Polabian Slavs, defeated Mieszko twice, and around 963 a brother of Mieszko, whose name is unknown, was killed in the fighting. The frontiers at the mouth of the Oder River were also desired by the German margraves. In addition, the Veleti Bohemia, which at that time possessed Silesia and Lesser Poland regions, constituted a danger for the young state of the Polans. The chronicle of Thietmar poses some problems of interpretation of

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