A jirga ( Pashto : جرګه , jərga ) is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali , the Pashtun social code. It is conducted in order to settle disputes among the Pashtuns, but also by members of other ethnic groups who are influenced by them in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
86-501: Historically, a loya jirga or a "great council" has been convened in order to elect a new head of state, approve a new constitution or resolve critical issues. Loya jirgas have reportedly been organized since the rise to power of the Hotak dynasty in the early 18th century. In July 1747, Afghan chiefs assembled in Kandahar to elect a new king, choosing the 25-year-old Ahmad Shah Durrani , who
172-410: A Jirga , summoning all tribal leaders who unanimously selected Ahmad Shah as king. A piece of wheat or barley was then placed on Ahmad Shah's turban. Singh cites this account, despite there being no contemporary evidence to suggest this occurred. In reality, Ahmad Shah was brought to power through a nine man military council. Ahmad Shah's accession was further disputed by Jamal Khan, the leader of
258-428: A mediator , choosing someone such as a senior religious leader, a local notable, or a mediation specialist (a khan or məshər ). In tribal Pashtun society, the maliks serve as de facto arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national jirgas as well as delegates to Parliament. The mediator hears from each of
344-487: A regiment of Durrani tribesmen. Ahmad Shah's forces committed massacres and sacked Delhi alongside Nader Shah's forces in 1739. According to legend, Nizam ul-Mulk , the Mughal governor of Hyderabad , who was an expert in physiognomy , predicted that Ahmad Shah would become king. Nader Shah took notice of this and also believed in the prophecy, supposedly clipping a piece of Ahmad Shah's ears, and remarking "When you become
430-489: A town hall meeting . When the Afghans took power they tried to legitimize their hold with such a jirga. While in the beginning only Pashtuns were allowed to participate in the jirgas , later other ethnic groups like Tajiks and Hazaras were allowed to participate as well. The member of the jirgas were mostly members of the royal family, religious leaders and tribal leaders of the Afghans. King Amanullah Khan institutionalized
516-533: A June 2020 Tribune Pakistan report, a jirga (a type of quasi kangaroo court ) attempted ruling to give up a 13-year-old minor girl in marriage to a 41-year-old married man as Swara (punishment) for her brother's alleged disliked relation with his cousin, the Jirga's attempt was foiled by a close relative of the boy with help of police. In another 2020 June incident in Sindh Pakistan, police struggled to clamp down on
602-753: A Safavid loyalist movement in the south led by Sayyed Ahmad , who had taken over much of Fars, Hormozgan, and Kerman. Ashraf's army was defeated in the October 1729 at the Battle of Damghan by Nader Shah Afshar, an Iranian soldier of fortune from the Afshar tribe , and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty that replaced the Safavids in Persia. Nader Shah had driven out and banished the remaining Ghilji forces from Persia and began enlisting some of
688-541: A ban on the holding of jirgas in April 2004 because of the sometimes inhumane sentences which were imposed on people, especially on women and men who married of their own free will. The ban, however, has been ignored. An all-female jirga or a Khwaindo jirga (a "sister's council") was held in Pakistan, and it had a total of 25 members. It was headed by Tabassum Adnan which helped 11 women get justice as of 2013. On 11–14 March 2022,
774-474: A circle when debating and hearing a given dispute during a tribal jirga. In Pashto, a grand jirga is known as loya jirga ( لویه جرګه , lōya jərga ). A mini-jirga is called jirgagai ( جرګګۍ , jərgagəy ). The institution, which is centuries old, is a similar idea to the Islamic shura ("consultative assembly"). It is thought that the ancient Indo-Iranian tribes, also known as Arya or Aryans , practiced
860-517: A civil dispute who willingly consent to the same; rest of practices and attempts by Jirgas to adjudicate on civil or criminal matters is not lawful, and that unlawful practices of Jirgas are violate Articles 4, 8, 10-A, 25 and 175(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan, and also that "operation of jirgas/ panchayats, etc violates Pakistan's international commitments under the UDHR , ICCPR and CEDAW , which place
946-461: A force to halt the Afghans. As a result, Ahmad Shah led his forces to Tun and then Farah , where they defeated an army sent by Adel Shah. With Farah under his control, the Afghans proceeded to Grishk , and then Kandahar. While on-route to Kandahar, Ahmad Shah recovered a military convoy that contained the annual tribute from Sindh . The value of the treasure is disputed, but it's given within an estimate of 3,000,000–260,000,000 rupees. The convoy
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#17328377403881032-435: A group and arguments can drag out for days. Various issues can be addressed such as major disaster, foreign policy, declaration of war, the legitimacy of leaders, and the introduction of new ideas and laws. The community council meaning is often found in circumstances involving a dispute between two individuals; a jirga may be part of the dispute resolution mechanism in such cases. The disputants would usually begin by finding
1118-444: A jirga which declared two sisters to be ignoble 'Karis' fined father of the girls for one million rupees plus ordered killing of the sisters (an outlawed but prevalent practice of declaring 'Kari's-literal black spot on honour of the family or community – subjectable to severe punishments including honour killing many times for alleged compromising on expectations of modesty and chastity out of suspicions). The Sindh High Court imposed
1204-517: A king, this will remind you of me". Nader Shah also requested that Ahmad Shah be generous with his descendants. Nejatie is skeptical of the account. In 1744, Ahmad Shah was promoted to a personal staff of Nader Shah. In a campaign against the Ottomans , Ahmad Shah distinguished himself and was allowed to raise a contingent of 3–4,000 Durrani tribesmen by Nader Shah. Ahmad Shah's contingent became one of Nader Shah's most trusted, utilizing them to shatter
1290-478: A pilgrimage to Mecca . He managed to get a fatwa from the religious authorities approving Mirwais's plan to overthrow tyrannical Safavid rule. In the summer of 1708 or January 1709 he returned to Kandahar and waited for the opportunity to kill Gurgin Khan. That opportunity came in April 1709. The Kakar tribe refused to pay taxes and revolted, so Gurgin Khan and his men went out to campaign against them. Protected by
1376-574: A responsibility on the state of Pakistan to ensure that everyone has access to courts or tribunals, (and all people) are treated equally before the law and in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals". According to correspondent I.A. Rehman, In January 2019 Pakistani government law officials from provinces and federal confirmed governments-made commitments to Supreme Court of Pakistan to not to allow Panchayat and Jirga platforms for illegal practices of violating fundamental constitutional rights of women by honour killings, wani, swara, karo kari, and that
1462-555: A result, he chose to adopt a government style similar to the Mughals and Safavids , with his main idea of a government based off an absolute monarchy . A tribal council ruled in hand with Ahmad Shah as well, serving as a form of cabinet . However, Ahmad Shah had made the positions of his cabinet hereditary , thus making it difficult to dismiss advisors without causing conflict. Their roles, however, were mostly purely de-jure , and tasks were delegated to subordinates. The civil service of
1548-579: A result, the Afghans promised Shah Nawaz the position of governor of the Punjab if he accepted Durrani suzerainty. Shah Nawaz accepted this before the Mughal vizier promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted. The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after diplomatically insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir Shah
1634-542: A seven-week march; he crushed disturbances going on in the province at the time. He soon encountered Mirwais Hotak , the mayor ( kalantar ) of Kandahar and one of the richest and most influential people among the Ghilzais . At first Mirwais had good relations with the Georgians but it began to sour when Mirwais was removed from his position as mayor in 1706 and replaced by Alam Shah Afghan. The Georgians were hated throughout
1720-493: A sort of jirga system with two types of councils – simite and sabhā . The simite (summit) comprised elders and tribal chiefs. The king also joined sessions of the simite . Sabhā was a sort of rural council. In present-day India , they are still referred to as Samiti and Sabha . In Afghan society, the jirga is still maintained and favored, mostly by tribal leaders to solve internal or external disputes with other tribes. In some cases it functions like
1806-559: A substantially effect on the lives of women across the Pakistan. Basit Mahmood also criticizes United Kingdom's donor agency Department for International Development for funding of misogyny protecting ADR tribunals. In a January 2019 on petition from National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW) judgement Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled that, beyond permissible limits of the law to the extent of acting as arbitration, mediation, negotiation or reconciliation forums between parties involved in
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#17328377403881892-433: A week. It formed a new Transitional Administration that took office shortly thereafter. More than 1,000 of the participants were elected in a two-stage procedure. Each district elected 20 members, who then elected one person who would represent the entire district in a secret vote. At least one member was allocated to each of the country's 362 districts, with an additional seat being allocated for every 22,000 people. No one
1978-680: Is credited with founding the modern state of Afghanistan. From 11 to 14 October 2024, the Pashtun National Jirga was held in Khyber to discuss the critical issues faced by the Pashtuns in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The word jirga is cognate to Middle Mongol noun, ǰerge (originally meaning rank and order), referring to a large assembly of men forming a very broad circle, initially intended for laying siege around games or animals to be hunted for food or sport. Pashtun elders also typically sit in
2064-510: Is resolved amicably the court will formalize judgement, and if not parties can choose to opt-in further formal judicial administration for their grievances. Basit Mahmood criticizes the bill's provisions allowing the government to appoint "neutrals" to each jirga not being sufficient since the so-called "neutrals", who must approve their verdicts would most likely be consisting of retired judges and religious scholars of conservative nature and that will put principle of neutrality upside down and with
2150-508: The Abdali Afghans of Farah and Kandahar in his military. Nader Shah's forces, among them Ahmad Shah Abdali and his 4,000 Abdali troops, went on to conquer Kandahar in 1738. They besieged and destroyed the last Hotak seat of power, which was held by Hussain Hotak (or Shah Hussain). Nader Shah then built a new town nearby, named " Naderabad " after himself. The Abdalis were then restored to
2236-659: The Awami National Party (ANP), while the other was hosted on 7 August 2021 in Hashtnagar , Charsadda by Afzal Khamosh of the Mazdoor Kisan Party (MKP). Mahmood Khan Achakzai , Nawab Ayaz Jogezai , Abdul Rahim Ziaratwal , Abdul Qahar Wadan , Obaidullah Babat , Nasrullah Zayrai and Arfa Siddiq of the Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (PMAP), Manzoor Pashteen , Mir Kalam and Wranga Loni of
2322-619: The Barakzai tribe. The Barakzai were the most powerful clan of the Durranis centered in the Kandahar and Helmand regions. The dispute over accession continued until an agreement was made where Jamal Khan would submit to Ahmad Shah as king, while Ahmad Shah would make Jamal Khan and his descendants Wazir . With an agreement reached, Sabir Shah, Ahmad Shah's advisor, took a piece of greenery or stalk and attached it to Ahmad Shah's cap, officially crowning him. Scholars state that Ahmad Shah's rise to power
2408-589: The British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution, in response to which the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum for merging the province into Pakistan. In April 2006, former Balochistan Chief Minister Taj Muhammad Jamali offered to arrange a meeting between President Pervez Musharraf and a loya jirga for peace in Balochistan . A loya jirga
2494-664: The Khudai Khidmatgars , members of the Provincial Assembly, Mirzali Khan (Faqir of Ipi), and other tribal chiefs, just seven weeks before the Partition of India . The loya jirga declared the Bannu Resolution , which demanded that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun territories of British India, instead of being made to join either India or Pakistan. However,
2580-543: The Pakistan Muslim League (PMLN), Muhammad Khan Sherani of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI), Chief of Waziristan Gul Alam Wazir , historian Parvesh Shaheen , and numerous other Pashtun, Baloch and Hazara leaders were part of the Bannu Jirga. The resolutions were also endorsed by several Afghan political leaders, including Hamid Karzai , Haneef Atmar and Amrullah Saleh . Some of the most important demands of
2666-647: The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), Mohsin Dawar , Latif Afridi , Afrasiab Khattak , Bushra Gohar and Jamila Gilani of the National Democratic Movement (NDM), Khadim Hussain and Maulana Khanzeb of the Awami National Party (ANP), Afzal Khamosh of the Mazdoor Kisan Party (MKP), Farhatullah Babar and Ahmad Kundi of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Sardar Yaqoob Nasar of
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2752-547: The Yusufzai , Afridi , and Khattak . With Nasir Khan overwhelmed, he completely withdrew from Peshawar and fled to Delhi. Shah Nawaz Khan, the Mughal governor of the Punjab , opened correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over the Punjab itself, was opposed by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah , who refused to recognize him as governor. As
2838-577: The regent in Kandahar while he left on campaign, Ahmad Shah marched his army toward Ghazni only to be halted at Qalati Ghilji by his former allies, the Tokhi Ghilzai . Ahmad Shah stormed the fortress of Qalat, bringing the Tokhis to submission and annexing their lands over the following decades. Ahmad Shah continued to Ghazni, defeating the governor established there and conquering it with little opposition. Before advancing on Kabul, Ahmad Shah garnered
2924-399: The 16th century until the early 18th century. At the same time, the native Afghan tribes living in the area were Sunni Muslims . Immediately to the east was the powerful Sunni Mughal Empire , who occasionally fought wars with the powerful Safavids over the territory of southern Afghanistan. The Khanate of Bukhara controlled the area to the north at the same time. By the late 17th century,
3010-465: The Afghans, the Mughals were utterly defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to Delhi . With the defeat of the Mughals, the Afghans entered Lahore , plundering and massacring the city. Thousands were also conscripted into the Afghan army, while the Mughals began mobilizing a larger army. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February with his army, beginning to advance on Delhi . The Afghans captured Sirhind and pressed
3096-712: The Ghaznavid Nasher Khans, Mirwais and his men ambushed Gurgin Khan on April 21 and killed him. They expelled the Georgian garrison from Kandahar and the surviving Georgians fled to Gereshk and waited. When the Safavid court heard of this, they sent Kaikhosro Khan with 12,000 men to recapture Kandahar. He left Isfahan for Qandahar in November 1709, and were aided by members of the Abdali tribe . The army progressed slowly as
3182-727: The Iranian conqueror Nader-Qoli Beg (later Shah ), leading the resurgent Safavid banner, defeated him at the Battle of Damghan of 1729. Ashraf Hotak was banished to what is now southern Afghanistan, confining Hotak rule to a small corner of their former empire. In 1738, Hotak rule ended when Nader Shah defeated Ashraf's successor Hussain Hotak after a lengthy siege of Kandahar . Subsequently, Nader Shah began re-establishing Iranian suzerainty over regions lost decades before to Iran's archrivals—the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The Shi'a Safavids ruled Loy Kandahar as their easternmost territory from
3268-501: The Pashtun National Jirga, 11–14 March 2022, were: Hotak dynasty The Hotak dynasty ( Pashto : د هوتکيانو ټولواکمني Persian : امپراتوری هوتکیان ) was an Afghan monarchy founded by Ghilji Pashtuns that briefly ruled portions of Iran and Afghanistan during the 1720s. It was established in April 1709 by Mirwais Hotak , who led a successful rebellion against the declining Persian Safavid empire in
3354-510: The Pashtun National Jirga, or Bannu Jirga, was held at Mirakhel in Bannu , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in order to defend the rights of the Pashtuns in the country. The critical issues which were faced by the Pashtuns were discussed during the jirga in a bid to suggest solutions to them. The Bannu Jirga endorsed the declarations of two earlier Pashtun Jirgas, one of which was organized on 10 March 2020 at Bacha Khan Markaz, Peshawar by Asfandyar Wali Khan of
3440-632: The Qizilbash by giving them districts in Chindawol and Murad Khani . With Kabul under his control, Ahmad Shah dispatched his Commander-in-chief , Jahan Khan, toward Peshawar with the intention of advancing as far as Attock . Jahan Khan quickly overran Jalalabad , and Nasir Khan was unable to create a significant defense at the Khyber Pass , forcing him to flee. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many Pashtun tribes to declare for them, such as
3526-558: The Safavids started to decline. With the death of Shah Abbas in 1629, succeeding Safavid rulers were less effective and caused the empire to decline. On 29 July 1694, Shah Suleiman died and Sultan Husayn took the throne. Under his reign the problems worsened. Husayn barely left the palace during his reign, not an uncommon aspect of many later Safavid Shahs. Later Safavid rulers were immobile and their courts were riddled with factionalism unlike their more mobile ancestors who spent more time on campaigns and had smaller courts. The government
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3612-473: The administration of the empire. This was further exasperated by Ahmad Shah when he gave the right of revenue collection to the highest bidder. The victors of these auctions, typically members of Ahmad Shah's own tribe, were completely free in taxing as much as they wished. While members of the Durrani tribe rapidly became rich, some landholders were forced into complete debt, forcing many to sell their lands or flee
3698-439: The advance, outmaneuvering Mughal forces until they were caught at Manupur , where they battled. The Afghan army pressed the attack until a catastrophe occurred in the form that the ammunition stores of the Afghan army caught fire and exploded, incinerating 1,000 men, and forcing a complete withdrawal from the battlefield. The Mughals did not pursue the Afghan army due to the death of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah , and turmoil in
3784-453: The camp. Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in Kandahar while he embarked on campaign, had revolted. Ahmad Shah immediately returned to Afghanistan , and marched on Kandahar. Durrani wrote a collection of odes in his native Pashto. He was also the author of several poems in Persian. One of his most famous Pashto poems
3870-697: The capital of his empire, and instead pursued military campaigns, returning only to restore stability after conflict. By the end of his reign, Ahmad Shah committed to over fifteen military campaigns, Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan , and three in Afghan Turkestan . Weeks after Ahmad Shah's accession, Nasir Khan, the governor of Kabul , Ghazni , and Peshawar revolted against him. Ahmad Shah previously imprisoned Nasir Khan and ransomed him for an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees, and while Nasir Khan
3956-642: The community. In the recent military operations against al Qaeda and the Taliban in Pakistan's restive southern tribal agencies bordering Afghanistan, jirgas played a key role of moderator between the government and the militants. The tradition of jirga has also been adopted by Muslims in the Kashmir valley of Indian-administered Kashmir . As per 2017 political dispensation in Government, unofficial Jirga and Panchayats are very popular among masses, so formal recognition of
4042-470: The court was unwilling to help much, and they arrived at Farah in April–May or November 1710. In the summer of 1711 Kaikhosro marched to Kandahar and besieged it. The Ghilzais sued for peace but Kaikhosro refused to accept it, so they kept fighting. The Baluchis frequently harassed the Georgians and forced them to retreat on October 26. The defenders of Kandahar emerged and pursued the Georgians, resulting in
4128-608: The death of Kaikhosro. Another Persian army was sent to Kandahar in 1712 but they never made it there as their commander died in Herat, leaving the Hotaks to their own devices. With this, Mirwais was able to extend his control over the entire province of Kandahar. After his peaceful passing in November 1715 from natural causes, his brother Abdul Aziz succeeded him; the latter was murdered later by Mirwais' son Mahmud after having only ruled for eighteen months. In 1720, Mahmud's Afghan forces crossed
4214-474: The delegates, some of whom instigated a revolt. Resistance against Amanullah's reforms eventually led to the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) . In June–July 2002 , Hamid Karzai elected to oversee a loya jirga . This was only possible because in the fall of 2001, Karzai was able to successfully lead one of the largest tribes in southern Afghanistan in a revolt against the rule of the Taliban . The loya jirga
4300-423: The deserts of Sistan and captured Kerman . He planned to conquer the Persian capital, Isfahan. After defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad on March 8, 1722, he proceeded to besiege Isfahan . The siege lasted about six months and the people of Isfahan were in such a state of hunger that they were forced to eat rats and dogs. On October 23, 1722, Sultan Husayn abdicated and acknowledged Mahmud as
4386-477: The dynasty lived under great turmoil due to bloody succession feuds that made their hold on power tenuous. After the massacre of thousands of civilians in Isfahan – including more than three thousand religious scholars, nobles, and members of the Safavid family – the Hotak dynasty was eventually removed from power in Persia. Ashraf Hotak took over the monarchy following Shah Mahmud's death in 1725. He had to deal with
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#17328377403884472-739: The empire was dominated by the Qizilbash , as most of the Durrani elite were illiterate . The Qizilbash also significantly formed the major port of Ahmad Shah's bodyguard , counterbalancing other Durrani leaders and tribes. The complications and effectively divided government made the administration difficult to function, and caused ethnic tension between the Qizilbash and tribal council of Ahmad Shah. Further complications erupted in Ahmad Shah's administration over exempting his own tribe from taxation. Other Afghan tribes and ethnicities were discontent from such, as they were also devoid of being allowed to serve in
4558-457: The founder of modern Afghanistan . Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan , and three in Afghan Turkestan . A brilliant military leader and tactician, Ahmad Shah is typically compared to rulers such as Mahmud of Ghazni , Babur , and as well as Nader Shah . He has also been referred to as the "greatest general of Asia of his time". His birth name
4644-505: The general area of Kandahar, with the Ghiljis being pushed back to their former stronghold of Kalat-i Ghilji . This arrangement lasts to the present day. Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shāh Durrānī ( Pashto : احمد شاه دراني ; Persian : احمد شاه درانی ), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto : احمد شاه ابدالي ), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is often regarded as
4730-452: The governments are committed to CEDAW In January 2018, Basit Mahmood criticized 2017 Pakistan act for Alternative Dispute Resolution saying that it creates scope for a parallel justice system which eventually can undermine states' authority. As per Dilawar Wazir's June 2020 news report in Pakistani news daily Dawn and subsequent editorial, district administration in Pakistan's tribal area
4816-434: The governor of Kandahar and Ahmad Shah's uncle to secure complete power over the Durrani regiments. With the dispute over leadership concluded, Ahmad Shah commanded a force of over 6,000 Afghans. Following this, Ahmad Shah moved through Khabushan , advancing to Kashmar . While on-route, Ahmad Shah accumulated supplies for his army and proceeded toward Torbat-e Heydarieh , where they received news that Adel Shah had sent
4902-414: The jirga. From Amanullah until the reign of Mohammed Zahir Shah (1933–1973) and Mohammed Daoud Khan (1973–1978) the jirga was recognized as a common meeting of regional Pashtun leaders. The meetings do not have scheduled occurrences, but rather are called for when issues or disputes arise. There is no time limit for a jirga to conclude, and the meetings often take time because decisions can only be made as
4988-422: The kingdom, likely being bought up by the Durranis who had driven them to bankruptcy . Ahmad Shah instead focused on seeing himself as the successor of Nader Shah . Instead of establishing a capable administration, Ahmad Shah focused on wars and military campaigns to supply his treasury, with any downturns easily being covered by the treasures of war. Throughout his reign, he rarely spent his time in Kandahar ,
5074-406: The new Shah of Persia. For the next seven years until 1729, the Hotaks were the de facto rulers of most of Persia, and the southern areas of Afghanistan remained under their control until 1738. The Hotak dynasty was a troubled and violent one from the very start as an internecine conflict made it difficult to establish permanent control. The majority of Persians rejected the leaders as usurpers, and
5160-409: The power of his other commanders due to his perception that they were planning to rebel or kill him. In June 1747, Nader Shah was convinced that his personal guard intended to assassinate him. As a result, he summoned Ahmad Shah and other loyal commanders. Nader Shah ordered Ahmad Shah to assemble his Durrani regiments, and to arrest his personal guard. If the personal guard resisted, Ahmad Shah
5246-494: The prestige of a court in the tribal areas of Pakistan. Although a political agent appointed by the national government maintains law and order through the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), the actual power lies in the jirga. The political agent maintains law and order in his tribal region with the help of jirgas. The jirga can award capital punishment , such as stoning to death in case of adultery, or expulsion from
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#17328377403885332-469: The province. They ruled with brutality towards the local population. This would encourage the Ghilzais to revolt against Safavid rule, and Mirwais was involved in one of these revolts. Gurgin Khan found out and sent Mirwais to Isfahan . While there, he saw the weakness of the Safavid court and complained about the brutality of Gurgin Khan. He turned the shah and his court against Gurgin Khan, and then went on
5418-544: The region of Loy Kandahar ("Greater Kandahar") in what is now southern Afghanistan. In 1715, Mirwais died of natural causes and his brother Abdul Aziz succeeded him. He did not reign long as he was killed by his nephew Mahmud , who deposed the Safavid Shah and proclaimed his own rule over Iran. Mahmud in turn was succeeded by his cousin Ashraf following a palace coup in 1725. Ashraf also did not retain his throne for long, as
5504-526: The remaining seats, a total of 160 seats were allocated to women. On 14 December 2003 , a 502-delegate loya jirga was convened in Kabul to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution . Originally planned to last ten days, the assembly endorsed the charter by January 4, 2004. Some other historical jirgas in the history of Afghanistan are: On June 21, 1947, in Bannu , a loya jirga was held consisting of Bacha Khan , his brother Chief Minister Dr Khan Sahib ,
5590-476: The royal enclosure and entered Nader Shah's tent, assassinating him. Chaos ensued following the assassination, and plans to coverup by the conspirators failed. They resorted to pillaging the royal enclosure while news of Nader Shah's death rapidly spread. The next morning, the royal guard attacked Ahmad Shah's forces, who despite being heavily outnumbered, drove the Persians and Qizilbash off. Ahmad Shah then entered
5676-401: The same will help make the system more transparent and responsible, while left leaning political dispensations in opposition expressed their apprehension that weaker sections will suffer while feudalism will benefit. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, 2017 of Pakistan makes provision for selection of neutral observing arbitrator from Government approved panel agreed by parties. If a dispute
5762-679: The service of Nader Shah. Accompanying him on his invasion of India , Ahmad Shah was later resettled in Mazandaran alongside his brother. Iranica states that Ahmad Shah may have become the governor of Mazandaran. After the death of his brother, Ahmad Shah enlisted in the Afsharid military in 1742. Some sources suggest that it was only Zulfiqar Khan that left for Mazandaran, while Ahmad Shah remained in Nader Shah's service as an officer. During Nader Shah's invasion of India, Ahmad Shah personally commanded
5848-517: The support of the Suleimankhel tribes in the region, while Taqi Khan managed to procure the defection of the Qizilbash garrison in Kabul, so that once the Afghan army would arrive, they'd hand over the city. The acceptance of these terms forced Nasir Khan to flee to Peshawar, and when Ahmad Shah arrived at Kabul in October 1747, the Qizilbash handed over the Bala Hissar fortress. Ahmad Shah awarded
5934-471: The tent of Nader Shah, taking the Koh-i-Noor diamond and a signet ring from his body. Having driven off the Persians and Qizilbash, Ahmad Shah departed for Kandahar with his regiments, and his Uzbek ally , Hajji Bi Ming. Ahmad Shah first settled the dispute of leadership, asserting himself as the leader of Durrani tribesmen by forcing the former leader to step down. Ahmad Shah also killed 'Abd al-Ghani Khan,
6020-462: The two sides and then he forms a Jirga of community elders, taking care to include the supporters of both sides. The jirga then considers the case and, after it discusses the matter, it comes to a decision about how to handle it, which the mediator then announces. The jirga's conclusion is binding. A loya jirga was gathered by Mirwais Hotak in Shari Safa near Kandahar in 1709. A jirga at Kandahar
6106-521: The world, زما به هېر نه سي دا ستا ښکلي باغونه I will never forget your beautiful gardens د ډیلي تخت هېرومه چې را ياد کړم I forget the throne of Delhi when I remember, زما د ښکلي پښتونخوا د غرو سرونه The mountain tops of my beautiful Pashtunkhwa د فريد او د حميد دور به بيا سي The eras of Farid [Sher Shah Suri] and Hamid [Lodi] will return, چې زه وکاندم پر هر لوري تاختونه When I launch attacks on all sides که تمامه دنيا يو خوا ته بل خوا يې If I must choose between
6192-432: Was Love of a Nation : ستا د عشق له وينو ډک سول ځيګرونه By blood, we are immersed in love of you ستا په لاره کښې بايلي زلمي سرونه The youth lose their heads for your sake تا ته راسمه زړګی زما فارغ سي I come to you and my heart finds rest بې له تا مې اندېښنې د زړه مارونه Away from you, grief clings to my heart like a snake که هر څو مې د دنيا ملکونه ډېر سي Whatever countries I conquer in
6278-485: Was Ahmad Khan, born into the Abdali tribe. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah . His tribe also changed the name from Abdali, instead becoming the Durrani. Afghans often call him Ahmad Shāh Bābā , meaning "Ahmad Shah the Father ". In historical sources, his tribe name is interchangeably used between Abdali and Durrani, with other common names for him being Ahmad Shah Abdali. Ahmad Shah
6364-587: Was attempting to raise this amount, the Ghilzai tribes refused to pay their taxes toward the Durranis , and only wished to do so to their Mughal sovereign, Muhammad Shah . With a growing Ghilzai revolt, Nasir Khan declared his independence from Durrani suzerainty and began raising an army of Uzbeks and Hazaras , while also frantically asking Muhammad Shah for aid. In Autumn of 1747, Ahmad Shah began his campaign against Nasir Khan. Appointing his nephew Luqman Khan as
6450-401: Was attended by Afghan representatives who appointed Ahmad Shah Durrani as their new leader. In September 1928, a jirga was called by King Amanullah at Paghman near Kabul, the third loya jirga of his reign (1919–1929) to discuss reforms, during which King Amanullah asked Queen Soraya to remove her veil in order to gain support for his modernizing policies. However, this was too much for
6536-510: Was barred from the meeting with the exception of people who were accused of engaging in terrorism , people who were suspected of being involved in the illegal drug trade, people who committed human rights abuses, people who committed war crimes , people who committed pillage, and people who committed theft of public property. Additionally, nomads, refugees, intellectuals, representatives of cultural institutions, representatives of social organizations, and religious scholars were all in attendance. Of
6622-537: Was born between 1720–1722 in either Herat , Afghanistan , or Multan , Pakistan . Sources are disputed on where he was born. Contemporary scholarship came to the consensus that Ahmad Shah was born in Multan, but this is disputed by Nejatie, who states that the majority of sources from Ahmad Shah's time state that he was born in Herat, rather than Multan, including the Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi . His father, Zaman Khan,
6708-580: Was effectively a military coup , rather than an election. Following his accession, Ahmad Shah adopted the epithet "Durr-i Durrān", meaning "Pearl of Pearls", also changing his tribes name from Abdali to Durrani . At the beginning of his rule, Ahmad Shah's empire consisted of Kandahar , Helmand , and Farah . The Hazaras of the Bala Murghab and Nasir Khan I of Kalat also rested under Afghan suzerainty. However, Ahmad Shah had no administrative experience, nor did much of his closest advisors. As
6794-652: Was escorted by Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi , a disgruntled former officer of Nader Shah, and Nasir Khan, the governor of Kabul and Peshawar . Taqi Khan joined Ahmad Shah and divided the wealth, while Nasir Khan refused and was imprisoned. Later, he was ransomed on the conditions of an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees, and that he would enter Ahmad Shah's suzerainty. The army of Ahmad Shah grew to over 18,000 men, also including war elephants . Upon reaching Kandahar, Ahmad Shah established camp in Naderabad and prepared to be crowned as King. According to legend, Ahmad Shah declared
6880-427: Was given permission to kill them all. He was ordered to do this at first light. Nader Shah then chose to sleep with his favorite wife, but did so outside the royal tent, where the same guards he accused of treachery presumed night duty , while Ahmad Shah with his regiments were established at the defenses of the camp. News of Nader Shah's plan leaked, with the conspirators being forced to act. Four conspirators entered
6966-582: Was held at Kalat in September 2006 to announce that a case would be filed in the International Court of Justice regarding the sovereignty and rights of the Baloch people . The jirga was also used as a court in cases of criminal conduct, but this usage is being replaced by formal courts in some settled areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan, elsewhere it is still used as courts in tribal regions. The jirga holds
7052-509: Was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army. Ahmad Shah crossed the Ravi River on 10 January, and established himself at the Shalimar Gardens , outside of Lahore . The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah began battle on 11 January, and as the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then
7138-465: Was organized by the interim administration of Hamid Karzai, with about 1,600 delegates, some of the delegates were selected during elections which were held in various regions of the country, and other delegates were selected by members of various political, cultural, and religious groups. It was held in a large tent on the grounds of the Kabul Polytechnic on June 11 and it was scheduled to last about
7224-452: Was struggling to see one Ahmadzai Wazir tribe avoids to implement its jirga ruling of raising a parallel armed force ( lashkar ) of around 2,400 people to demolish houses of left-leaning political opponents. To make the tribal jirga to submit to a financial compromise, the district administration had to call in elite security force, and make victim submit to demand of 1 million rupees plus four rams as reparation from victim and his clan. As per
7310-700: Was the ruler of the Sadozai Sultanate of Herat . Zaman Khan had died in 1721, leading to Ahmad Shah being raised alongside his brother Zulfiqar Khan in Shindand and Farah . In the mid 1720s, Zulfiqar Khan was invited to rule Herat. Nothing else is heard of Ahmad Shah until 1731–1732, when Zulfiqar Khan was defeated by Nader Shah , forcing both Zulfiqar Khan and Ahmad Shah to flee to Kandahar , where they remained political prisoners of Hussain Hotak . After Nader Shah conquered Kandahar , Ahmad Shah and Zulfiqar Khan were freed. Ahmad Shah spent much of his early life in
7396-536: Was weak and the army was ineffective. This power vacuum allowed tribal groups like the Turkmen , Baluch , Arabs , Kurds , Dagestanis , and Afghans to constantly raid frontier provinces. In 1704, the Safavid Shah Husayn appointed his Georgian subject and king of Kartli George XI ( Gurgīn Khān ), a convert to Islam , as the governor of Kandahar . In early May 1704, George marched from Kerman and after
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