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72-592: Ahmad Shah Durrani , who is considered the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, belonged to the Abdali tribe. In 1747 after establishing the Durrani Empire based in Kandahar , he adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān , "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Tareen Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself. According to linguist Georg Morgenstierne , the tribal name Abdālī may have "something to do with"

144-410: A Jirga , summoning all tribal leaders who unanimously selected Ahmad Shah as king. A piece of wheat or barley was then placed on Ahmad Shah's turban. Singh cites this account, despite there being no contemporary evidence to suggest this occurred. In reality, Ahmad Shah was brought to power through a nine man military council. Ahmad Shah's accession was further disputed by Jamal Khan, the leader of

216-575: A Soviet historian on Afghanistan, also asserted that the Hephthalite contributed to the ethnogenesis of Durrani Pashtuns: "The Pashtuns began as a union of largely East Iranian tribes ... dating from the middle of the first millennium CE, and ... connected ... [to] dissolution of the Hephthalite confederacy... Of the contribution of the Hephthalites to the ethnogenesis of the Pashtuns, we find evidence in

288-564: A Syriac chronicle from c. 555 CE, which mentions Khulas , Abdel , and Ephthalite as three of the nomadic tribes from the "lands of the Huns ." Arlinghaus linked the "Khulas" and the "Abdel" to the Khalaj (modern Ghilji ) and the Abdali (modern Durrani), respectively, arguing that the relationship between the Hephthalite, the Khalaj, and the Abdali may date back as far as the sixth century. Yu. V. Gankovsky,

360-487: A regiment of Durrani tribesmen. Ahmad Shah's forces committed massacres and sacked Delhi alongside Nader Shah's forces in 1739. According to legend, Nizam ul-Mulk , the Mughal governor of Hyderabad , who was an expert in physiognomy , predicted that Ahmad Shah would become king. Nader Shah took notice of this and also believed in the prophecy, supposedly clipping a piece of Ahmad Shah's ears, and remarking "When you become

432-511: A force to halt the Afghans. As a result, Ahmad Shah led his forces to Tun and then Farah , where they defeated an army sent by Adel Shah. With Farah under his control, the Afghans proceeded to Grishk , and then Kandahar. While on-route to Kandahar, Ahmad Shah recovered a military convoy that contained the annual tribute from Sindh . The value of the treasure is disputed, but it's given within an estimate of 3,000,000–260,000,000 rupees. The convoy

504-517: A king, this will remind you of me". Nader Shah also requested that Ahmad Shah be generous with his descendants. Nejatie is skeptical of the account. In 1744, Ahmad Shah was promoted to a personal staff of Nader Shah. In a campaign against the Ottomans , Ahmad Shah distinguished himself and was allowed to raise a contingent of 3–4,000 Durrani tribesmen by Nader Shah. Ahmad Shah's contingent became one of Nader Shah's most trusted, utilizing them to shatter

576-555: A result, he chose to adopt a government style similar to the Mughals and Safavids , with his main idea of a government based off an absolute monarchy . A tribal council ruled in hand with Ahmad Shah as well, serving as a form of cabinet . However, Ahmad Shah had made the positions of his cabinet hereditary , thus making it difficult to dismiss advisors without causing conflict. Their roles, however, were mostly purely de-jure , and tasks were delegated to subordinates. The civil service of

648-579: A result, the Afghans promised Shah Nawaz the position of governor of the Punjab if he accepted Durrani suzerainty. Shah Nawaz accepted this before the Mughal vizier promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted. The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after diplomatically insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir Shah

720-469: A small section of the Spin clan of Tareens living east of Quetta speaks the unique Wanetsi (Tareeno) dialect of Pashto, which is considered by some linguists to be distinctive enough to be classified as its own language. According to linguist Prods Oktor Skjaervo : "The Pashto area split into two dialect groups at a pre-literary period, represented today on the one hand by all the dialects of modern Pashto and on

792-587: Is a union territory and is governed by the Union Government of India . The islands form the smallest union territory of India with their total surface area being just 32 km (12 sq mi). Next to these islands are the Maldives islands. These islands are all part of the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands. Zalzala Koh was an island which was around for only a few years. After

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864-430: Is considered one of the most prestigious varieties of Pashto. This dialect retains archaic retroflex sibilants [ʂ] and [ʐ] , which have merged into other phonemes in other dialects. Southern Pashto also preserves the affricates [t͡s] and [d͡z] , which have merged into [s] and [z] in some dialects. The Tareen (Tarin) tribe is historically closely related to Durranis. Although most Tareens speak Southern Pashto,

936-633: Is disputed by Nejatie, who states that the majority of sources from Ahmad Shah's time state that he was born in Herat, rather than Multan, including the Tarikh-i Ahmad Shahi . His father, Zaman Khan, was the ruler of the Sadozai Sultanate of Herat . Zaman Khan had died in 1721, leading to Ahmad Shah being raised alongside his brother Zulfiqar Khan in Shindand and Farah . In the mid 1720s, Zulfiqar Khan

1008-715: Is now regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to Kashmir and North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south. In 1823, Emir Dost Mohammad Khan , who belonged to the Barakzai tribe of Durranis, founded the Barakzai dynasty centered at Kabul . Thereafter, his descendants ruled in direct succession until 1929 when King Amanullah Khan , under whom Afghanistan gained independence over its foreign policy from

1080-547: Is typically compared to rulers such as Mahmud of Ghazni , Babur , and as well as Nader Shah . He has also been referred to as the "greatest general of Asia of his time". His birth name was Ahmad Khan, born into the Abdali tribe. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah . His tribe also changed the name from Abdali, instead becoming the Durrani. Afghans often call him Ahmad Shāh Bābā , meaning "Ahmad Shah

1152-569: The Barakzai tribe. The Barakzai were the most powerful clan of the Durranis centered in the Kandahar and Helmand regions. The dispute over accession continued until an agreement was made where Jamal Khan would submit to Ahmad Shah as king, while Ahmad Shah would make Jamal Khan and his descendants Wazir . With an agreement reached, Sabir Shah, Ahmad Shah's advisor, took a piece of greenery or stalk and attached it to Ahmad Shah's cap, officially crowning him. Scholars state that Ahmad Shah's rise to power

1224-628: The British Raj , was forced to abdicate and his cousin Mohammed Nadir Shah was later elected king. The Barakzai dynasty ruled present-day Afghanistan until 1973 when Mohammed Zahir Shah , the last Barakzai king, was overthrown in a bloodless coup by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan . The coup ended the Barakzai kingdom and established the Republic of Afghanistan (1973—1978) . Contemporarily,

1296-499: The Father ". In historical sources, his tribe name is interchangeably used between Abdali and Durrani, with other common names for him being Ahmad Shah Abdali. Ahmad Shah was born between 1720–1722 in either Herat , Afghanistan , or Multan , Pakistan . Sources are disputed on where he was born. Contemporary scholarship came to the consensus that Ahmad Shah was born in Multan, but this

1368-738: The Horn of Africa and 380 km (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula. Masirah and the five Khuriya Muriya Islands are islands off the southeastern coast of Oman. There are many major cities and towns in the coast of Arabian Sea. Some of the major cities are Mumbai , Muscat , Karachi , Aden , Salalah , Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kozhikode , Alappuzha , Kollam , Mangalore , Bhavnagar , Jamnagar , Mogadishu , Gwadar , Abu Dhabi , Mundra , Dubai , Kannur , Panaji , Karwar , Udupi , Ratnagiri , Murdeshwar , Veraval , Colombo , Takamaka , and Dhiffushi . The Arabian Sea has one of

1440-805: The Port of Karachi , Port Qasim , and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, Chabahar Port in Iran and the Port of Salalah in Salalah , Oman . The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra ( Yemen ), Masirah Island (Oman), Lakshadweep (India) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the Maldives . The International Hydrographic Organization defines

1512-547: The Yusufzai , Afridi , and Khattak . With Nasir Khan overwhelmed, he completely withdrew from Peshawar and fled to Delhi. Shah Nawaz Khan, the Mughal governor of the Punjab , opened correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over the Punjab itself, was opposed by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah , who refused to recognize him as governor. As

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1584-800: The ethnonym of the largest of the Pashtun tribe unions, the Abdali ... associated with the ethnic name of the Hephthalites... The Siah-posh , the Kafirs ... of the Hindu Kush , [still] called all Pashtuns ... Abdal ... at the beginning of the 19th century." Abdur Rashīd (meaning "Servant of the Guide to the Right Path" or "Servant of God" in Arabic ). Abdur Rashid returned to Ghor and introduced Islam there. The book stated that Abdur Rashid's great-grandson, Tareen, had three sons: "One

1656-577: The regent in Kandahar while he left on campaign, Ahmad Shah marched his army toward Ghazni only to be halted at Qalati Ghilji by his former allies, the Tokhi Ghilzai . Ahmad Shah stormed the fortress of Qalat, bringing the Tokhis to submission and annexing their lands over the following decades. Ahmad Shah continued to Ghazni, defeating the governor established there and conquering it with little opposition. Before advancing on Kabul, Ahmad Shah garnered

1728-480: The tradition of Israelite descent among Pashtuns, which shows that the tradition was already popular among 16th-century Pashtuns. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Abdali were primarily pastoralists , not known for agricultural activities, but some of them were engaged in overland trade. Abdali and Tareen (a Pashtun tribe related to Abdalis) chieftains were patronized by both Safavid and Mughal appointed governors, and asked to patrol travel routes to ensure

1800-686: The 15th century Portuguese explorer Pero de Covilhăo , reaches depths of 4,400 metres (14,436 ft) and separates the Indus Fan region from the Oman Abyssal Plain, which eventually leads to the Gulf of Oman . The southern limits are dominated by the Arabian Basin , a deep basin reaching depths over 4,200 metres (13,780 ft). The northern sections of the Carlsberg Ridge flank the southern edge of

1872-565: The 2013 earthquake in Pakistan, the mud island was formed. By 2016 the island had completely submerged. Astola Island, also known as Jezira Haft Talar in Balochi , or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan's territorial waters. Socotra, also spelled Soqotra , is the largest island, being part of a small archipelago of four islands. It lies some 240 km (150 mi) east of

1944-465: The Afghans, the Mughals were utterly defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to Delhi . With the defeat of the Mughals, the Afghans entered Lahore , plundering and massacring the city. Thousands were also conscripted into the Afghan army, while the Mughals began mobilizing a larger army. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February with his army, beginning to advance on Delhi . The Afghans captured Sirhind and pressed

2016-765: The Akhdar (Green) Sea, Bahre Fars (Persian Sea), the Ocean Sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman; among them Zakariya al-Qazwini , Al-Masudi , Ibn Hawqal and Hafiz-i Abru . They wrote: "The green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures." in Iran and Turkey people call it Oman sea. In the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , as well as in some ancient maps, Erythraean Sea refers to

2088-628: The Arabian Basin, which include a 5,358 metres (17,579 ft) deep point off the northern limit of Calrsberg Ridge. Prominent sea mounts off the Indian west coast include Raman Seamount named after C. V. Raman , Panikkar Seamount, named after N. K. Panikkar , and the Wadia Guyot , named after D. N. Wadia . Sind'Bad Seamount, named after the fictional explorer Sinbad the Sailor , Zheng He Seamount, and

2160-510: The Arabian Basin. The deepest parts of the Arabian Sea are in the Alula-Fartak Trough on the western edge of the Arabian Sea off the Gulf of Aden. The trough, reaching depths over 5,360 metres (17,585 ft), traverses the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. The deepest known point is in the Arabian Sea limits at a depth of 5,395 metres (17,700 ft). Other significant deep points are part of

2232-513: The Arabian Sea is warming monotonously; it possibly is due to global warming. The intensification and northward shift of the summer monsoon low-level jet over the Arabian Sea from 1979 to 2015, led to increased upper ocean heat content due to enhanced downwelling and reduced southward heat transport. Regional endonyms for the Arabian sea in languages of the coastal regions surrounding it. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

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2304-509: The Arabian Sea, with the most important ones being Lakshadweep Islands (India), Socotra (Yemen), Masirah (Oman) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The Lakshadweep Islands (formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea, 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi) off the southwestern coast of India. The archipelago

2376-471: The Hephthalite. This hypothesis was endorsed by historian Aydogdy Kurbanov , who indicated that after the collapse of the Hephthalite confederacy, they likely assimilated into different local populations and that the Abdali may be one of the tribes of Hephthalite origin. 19th-century British Indian explorers, Charles Masson and Henry W. Bellew , also suggested that there was a direct relationship between Abdalis and Hephthalites. Joseph T. Arlinghaus referred to

2448-520: The Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green. The wildlife of the Arabian sea is diverse, and entirely unique because of the geographic distribution. Recent studies by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology confirmed that

2520-642: The Mount Error Guyot are some notable sea mounts in western Arabian Sea. Border and basin countries: The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with different names by Arabian and European geographers and travelers, including Erythraean Sea , Indian Sea, Oman sea , Erythraean, Persian Sea in para No 34-35 of the Voyage. In Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, Arab Samudra. Arab geographers, sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including

2592-632: The Qizilbash by giving them districts in Chindawol and Murad Khani . With Kabul under his control, Ahmad Shah dispatched his Commander-in-chief , Jahan Khan, toward Peshawar with the intention of advancing as far as Attock . Jahan Khan quickly overran Jalalabad , and Nasir Khan was unable to create a significant defense at the Khyber Pass , forcing him to flee. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many Pashtun tribes to declare for them, such as

2664-423: The administration of the empire. This was further exasperated by Ahmad Shah when he gave the right of revenue collection to the highest bidder. The victors of these auctions, typically members of Ahmad Shah's own tribe, were completely free in taxing as much as they wished. While members of the Durrani tribe rapidly became rich, some landholders were forced into complete debt, forcing many to sell their lands or flee

2736-439: The advance, outmaneuvering Mughal forces until they were caught at Manupur , where they battled. The Afghan army pressed the attack until a catastrophe occurred in the form that the ammunition stores of the Afghan army caught fire and exploded, incinerating 1,000 men, and forcing a complete withdrawal from the battlefield. The Mughals did not pursue the Afghan army due to the death of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah , and turmoil in

2808-453: The camp. Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in Kandahar while he embarked on campaign, had revolted. Ahmad Shah immediately returned to Afghanistan , and marched on Kandahar. Durrani wrote a collection of odes in his native Pashto. He was also the author of several poems in Persian. One of his most famous Pashto poems

2880-697: The capital of his empire, and instead pursued military campaigns, returning only to restore stability after conflict. By the end of his reign, Ahmad Shah committed to over fifteen military campaigns, Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan , and three in Afghan Turkestan . Weeks after Ahmad Shah's accession, Nasir Khan, the governor of Kabul , Ghazni , and Peshawar revolted against him. Ahmad Shah previously imprisoned Nasir Khan and ransomed him for an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees, and while Nasir Khan

2952-556: The coast of the sea. It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar . The Gwadar Port of Pakistan is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at Gwadar in Balochistan at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 460 km west of Karachi and approximately 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran. The port is located on

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3024-493: The eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline. Port of Salalah in Salalah, Oman is also a major port in the area. The International Task Force often uses the port as a base. There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port, which makes it a very safe bubble. The port handled just under 3.5m teu in 2009. There are several islands in

3096-739: The empire was dominated by the Qizilbash , as most of the Durrani elite were illiterate . The Qizilbash also significantly formed the major port of Ahmad Shah's bodyguard , counterbalancing other Durrani leaders and tribes. The complications and effectively divided government made the administration difficult to function, and caused ethnic tension between the Qizilbash and tribal council of Ahmad Shah. Further complications erupted in Ahmad Shah's administration over exempting his own tribe from taxation. Other Afghan tribes and ethnicities were discontent from such, as they were also devoid of being allowed to serve in

3168-560: The former Afghan president Hamid Karzai (2001–2014), like Ahmad Shah Durrani, also belongs to the Popalzai clan of Durranis. The current leader of the Taliban - Hibatullah Akhundzada is a member of Nurzai Panjpai . Although many are bilingual in Dari Persian , the Durrani of southern Afghanistan speak Southern Pashto , also known as "Kandahari Pashto", the "soft" dialect of Pashto . It

3240-434: The governor of Kandahar and Ahmad Shah's uncle to secure complete power over the Durrani regiments. With the dispute over leadership concluded, Ahmad Shah commanded a force of over 6,000 Afghans. Following this, Ahmad Shah moved through Khabushan , advancing to Kashmar . While on-route, Ahmad Shah accumulated supplies for his army and proceeded toward Torbat-e Heydarieh , where they received news that Adel Shah had sent

3312-422: The kingdom, likely being bought up by the Durranis who had driven them to bankruptcy . Ahmad Shah instead focused on seeing himself as the successor of Nader Shah . Instead of establishing a capable administration, Ahmad Shah focused on wars and military campaigns to supply his treasury, with any downturns easily being covered by the treasures of war. Throughout his reign, he rarely spent his time in Kandahar ,

3384-522: The limits of the Arabian Sea as follows: The International Indian Ocean Expedition in 1959 was among the first to perform hydrographic surveys of the Arabian Sea. Significant bathymetric surveys were also conducted by the Soviet Union during the 1960s. Significant features in the northern Arabian Sea include the Indus Fan , the second largest fan system in the world. The De Covilhao Trough, named after

3456-402: The north by Pakistan , on the east by India , and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives , on the southwest by Somalia . Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 5,395 meters (17,700 feet). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb , and the Gulf of Oman is in

3528-403: The northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf . The Arabian Sea's surface area is about 3,862,000 km (1,491,130 sq mi). The maximum width of the sea is approximately 2,400 km (1,490 mi), and its maximum depth is 5,395 metres (17,700 ft). The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus River . The Arabian Sea has two important branches: the Gulf of Aden in

3600-583: The other by Wanetsi and by archaic remains in other southeast dialects." Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shāh Durrānī ( Pashto : احمد شاه دراني ; Persian : احمد شاه درانی ), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto : احمد شاه ابدالي ), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan . Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan , and three in Afghan Turkestan . A brilliant military leader and tactician, Ahmad Shah

3672-409: The power of his other commanders due to his perception that they were planning to rebel or kill him. In June 1747, Nader Shah was convinced that his personal guard intended to assassinate him. As a result, he summoned Ahmad Shah and other loyal commanders. Nader Shah ordered Ahmad Shah to assemble his Durrani regiments, and to arrest his personal guard. If the personal guard resisted, Ahmad Shah

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3744-423: The rough country in the southern Arabian Peninsula was significant, and the Egyptian Pharaohs built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's Suez Canal , and another from the Red Sea to the Nile River , both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge sand storms in antiquity. Later the kingdom of Axum arose in Ethiopia to rule a mercantile empire rooted in

3816-425: The royal enclosure and entered Nader Shah's tent, assassinating him. Chaos ensued following the assassination, and plans to coverup by the conspirators failed. They resorted to pillaging the royal enclosure while news of Nader Shah's death rapidly spread. The next morning, the royal guard attacked Ahmad Shah's forces, who despite being heavily outnumbered, drove the Persians and Qizilbash off. Ahmad Shah then entered

3888-409: The safety of merchant caravans passing through Kandahar, which was a province located on a strategic trade corridor linking Hindustan , Iran , and Turkestan . In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire with its capital at Kandahar . He adopted the title Shāh Durr-i-Durrān , "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his tribe "Abdali" to "Durrani" after himself. Ahmad Shah

3960-639: The sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north. These routes usually began in the Far East or down river from Madhya Pradesh , India with transshipment via historic Bharuch (Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of modern-day Iran, then split around Hadhramaut , Yemen into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the Levant , or south into Alexandria via Red Sea ports such as Axum . Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan , travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentates. This southern coastal route past

4032-554: The southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb ; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian Coast . The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include Kandla Port , Mundra Port , Pipavav Port , Dahej Port , Hazira Port , Mumbai Port , Nhava Sheva Port (Navi Mumbai) , Mormugão Port (Goa) , New Mangalore Port and Kochi Port in India,

4104-410: The support of the Suleimankhel tribes in the region, while Taqi Khan managed to procure the defection of the Qizilbash garrison in Kabul, so that once the Afghan army would arrive, they'd hand over the city. The acceptance of these terms forced Nasir Khan to flee to Peshawar, and when Ahmad Shah arrived at Kabul in October 1747, the Qizilbash handed over the Bala Hissar fortress. Ahmad Shah awarded

4176-419: The tent of Nader Shah, taking the Koh-i-Noor diamond and a signet ring from his body. Having driven off the Persians and Qizilbash, Ahmad Shah departed for Kandahar with his regiments, and his Uzbek ally , Hajji Bi Ming. Ahmad Shah first settled the dispute of leadership, asserting himself as the leader of Durrani tribesmen by forcing the former leader to step down. Ahmad Shah also killed 'Abd al-Ghani Khan,

4248-414: The trade with Europe via Alexandria. Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are Mundra Port , Kandla Port , Nava Sheva , Kochi Port , Mumbai Port , Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram and Mormugão . The Port of Karachi , Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport lies on

4320-453: The whole area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea has been an important marine trade route since the era of the coastal sailing vessels from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the Age of Sail . By the time of Julius Caesar , several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon water transport through

4392-427: The world and you, زما خوښ دي ستا خالي تش ډګرونه I shall not hesitate to claim your barren deserts as my own Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea ( Arabic : بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ , romanized :  baḥr al-ʿarab ) is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean , bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula , Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel , on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran , on

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4464-448: The world's three largest oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of oxygen , sometimes so low as to be undetectable by standard equipment. The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman. Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on

4536-521: The world, زما به هېر نه سي دا ستا ښکلي باغونه I will never forget your beautiful gardens د ډیلي تخت هېرومه چې را ياد کړم I forget the throne of Delhi when I remember, زما د ښکلي پښتونخوا د غرو سرونه The mountain tops of my beautiful Pashtunkhwa د فريد او د حميد دور به بيا سي The eras of Farid [Sher Shah Suri] and Hamid [Lodi] will return, چې زه وکاندم پر هر لوري تاختونه When I launch attacks on all sides که تمامه دنيا يو خوا ته بل خوا يې If I must choose between

4608-432: Was Love of a Nation : ستا د عشق له وينو ډک سول ځيګرونه By blood, we are immersed in love of you ستا په لاره کښې بايلي زلمي سرونه The youth lose their heads for your sake تا ته راسمه زړګی زما فارغ سي I come to you and my heart finds rest بې له تا مې اندېښنې د زړه مارونه Away from you, grief clings to my heart like a snake که هر څو مې د دنيا ملکونه ډېر سي Whatever countries I conquer in

4680-488: Was attempting to raise this amount, the Ghilzai tribes refused to pay their taxes toward the Durranis , and only wished to do so to their Mughal sovereign, Muhammad Shah . With a growing Ghilzai revolt, Nasir Khan declared his independence from Durrani suzerainty and began raising an army of Uzbeks and Hazaras , while also frantically asking Muhammad Shah for aid. In Autumn of 1747, Ahmad Shah began his campaign against Nasir Khan. Appointing his nephew Luqman Khan as

4752-482: Was black in complexion, and he was named Tōr (meaning "black" in Pashto); the other was white in complexion, and he was named Spīn (meaning "white" in Pashto); his third son was named Abdāl (or Awdāl )." The first two sons were the progenitors of modern Tareens , who are closely related to Durranis and are divided into two clans (Tor Tareen and Spin Tareen), while the third son was the progenitor of modern Durranis. The 1595 Mughal account Ain-i-Akbari also mentioned

4824-526: Was effectively a military coup , rather than an election. Following his accession, Ahmad Shah adopted the epithet "Durr-i Durrān", meaning "Pearl of Pearls", also changing his tribes name from Abdali to Durrani . At the beginning of his rule, Ahmad Shah's empire consisted of Kandahar , Helmand , and Farah . The Hazaras of the Bala Murghab and Nasir Khan I of Kalat also rested under Afghan suzerainty. However, Ahmad Shah had no administrative experience, nor did much of his closest advisors. As

4896-601: Was escorted by Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi , a disgruntled former officer of Nader Shah, and Nasir Khan, the governor of Kabul and Peshawar . Taqi Khan joined Ahmad Shah and divided the wealth, while Nasir Khan refused and was imprisoned. Later, he was ransomed on the conditions of an annual tribute of 500,000 rupees, and that he would enter Ahmad Shah's suzerainty. The army of Ahmad Shah grew to over 18,000 men, also including war elephants . Upon reaching Kandahar, Ahmad Shah established camp in Naderabad and prepared to be crowned as King. According to legend, Ahmad Shah declared

4968-427: Was given permission to kill them all. He was ordered to do this at first light. Nader Shah then chose to sleep with his favorite wife, but did so outside the royal tent, where the same guards he accused of treachery presumed night duty , while Ahmad Shah with his regiments were established at the defenses of the camp. News of Nader Shah's plan leaked, with the conspirators being forced to act. Four conspirators entered

5040-399: Was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army. Ahmad Shah crossed the Ravi River on 10 January, and established himself at the Shalimar Gardens , outside of Lahore . The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah began battle on 11 January, and as the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then

5112-464: Was invited to rule Herat. Nothing else is heard of Ahmad Shah until 1731–1732, when Zulfiqar Khan was defeated by Nader Shah , forcing both Zulfiqar Khan and Ahmad Shah to flee to Kandahar , where they remained political prisoners of Hussain Hotak . After Nader Shah conquered Kandahar , Ahmad Shah and Zulfiqar Khan were freed. Ahmad Shah spent much of his early life in the service of Nader Shah. Accompanying him on his invasion of India , Ahmad Shah

5184-596: Was later resettled in Mazandaran alongside his brother. Iranica states that Ahmad Shah may have become the governor of Mazandaran. After the death of his brother, Ahmad Shah enlisted in the Afsharid military in 1742. Some sources suggest that it was only Zulfiqar Khan that left for Mazandaran, while Ahmad Shah remained in Nader Shah's service as an officer. During Nader Shah's invasion of India, Ahmad Shah personally commanded

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