68-811: The London Chest Hospital , located in Bethnal Green in London, adjacent to Victoria Park , was a hospital with a national reputation for treatment of cardiac and pulmonary disease. Since 1999 it had been run by the Barts Health NHS Trust . It closed on 17 April 2015 as part of the creation of the Barts Heart Centre at St Bartholomew's Hospital , by consolidation of services from the London Chest Hospital and The Heart Hospital , part of University College London Hospital . The London Chest Hospital
136-626: A 2024 film, Blitz , about the wartime bombing of London ( the Blitz ), depicting and partly inspired by this event. Bethnal Green tube station opened on 4 December 1946 on the Central line and is between Liverpool Street and Mile End on the London Underground , however construction of the Central line's eastern extension into then- Essex was started in the 1930s, and the tunnels were largely complete at
204-543: A Metropolitan Borough in 1900, which merged with some of the neighbouring areas, to become the new London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in 1965. The area was part of the historic (or ancient) county of Middlesex , but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets) . The role of the Tower Division ended when Bethnal Green became part of
272-650: A Sunday flower market. Bethnal Green Junction , now just Bethnal Green from 1946 (which leads to confusion with the much-later London Underground station) and Cambridge Heath railway station are on the London Overground . Both were opened by the Great Eastern Railway (GER) on the Lea Valley Lines in 1872 as part of a more direct route to Enfield Town . The GER opened further Fast Lines that allow longer-distance trains to bypass these. Bethnal Green
340-451: A baby tripping on the stairs. A new anti-aircraft rocket being test-fired in nearby Victoria Park caused panic, being thought to be a German weapon. The panic began at 8:27. In the wet, dark conditions, a woman tripped on the crowded stairs, causing many others to fall. Within a few seconds 300 people were crushed in the narrow stairwell, causing the deaths of 173 people, mostly women and 62 children, who were crushed and asphyxiated. A report
408-499: A degree of independence. Continued housebuilding and population growth in the 18th century led to the hamlet area becoming a fully independent daughter parish in 1743. The parish had a church, a benefice (for its priest) and vestry (for its people) in 1743. In 1855 Bethnal Green was included within the area of the Metropolitan Board of Works to which it nominated one member and the various local government bodies were replaced by
476-542: A flow of people down the narrow staircase, with no handrail, of the uncompleted Bethnal Green tube station , wet from rain and only dimly lit due to blackout precautions, to shelter from bombs. (The station had been requisitioned in 1940 by the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green under the supervision of the Regional Commissioners.) A crowd crush ensued, thought to have been triggered by a woman carrying
544-406: A major local shopping area. In the 19th century, Bethnal Green remained characterised by its market gardens and by weaving. Having been an area of large houses and gardens as late as the 18th century, by about 1860 Bethnal Green was mainly full of tumbledown old buildings with many families living in each house. By the end of the century, Bethnal Green was one of the poorest slums in London. Jack
612-499: A reconfiguration of specialist cardiovascular services in north and east London. This enabled the creation of the Barts Heart Centre, one of Europe's largest cardiac centres. Local campaigners opposed the closure which was approved by NHS England in October 2014. Barts Health announced in April 2015 that 'the hospital is no longer up to the demands of rigorous specialised 21st century medicine and
680-461: A short time at the Queen's Arms inn at Romford . There, her beauty quickly attracts four suitors, three of whom lose interest when she declares her background, while the fourth, a knight is unconcerned by her father's status. The couple marry, and despite his seeming poverty, the beggar gives a huge dowry to the knight, to the bitter dismay of the other three suitors. The Blind Beggar public house, just on
748-485: A single incorporated vestry which consisted of 48 elected vestrymen. Under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 , any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; as such the incorporated vestry of St Matthew Bethnal Green was divided into four wards (electing vestrymen ): No. 1 or East (9), No. 2 or North (9), No. 3 or West (15) and No. 4 or South (15). The (civil) parish became
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#1732844073186816-515: A towpath to interrupt development, giving direct access to the canal. A row of Victorian workshops was built on Wadeson Street in what was a historically Jewish precinct. This became very overcrowded with 572 inhabitants living in 125 houses by the 1930s. During the Second World War, the Luftwaffe began The Blitz on 7 September 1940. Bethnal Green was in "Target Area A" along with the rest of
884-558: A trust under which it was to be kept open and rent from it used for the benefit of poor people living in the vicinity. From that date, the trust has administered the land and its minute books are kept in the London Metropolitan Archives . Bethnal House, or Kirby's Castle, was the principal house on the Green. One of its owners was Sir Hugh Platt (1552–1608), author of books on gardening and practical science. Under its next owner it
952-476: Is now closed.' Services moved from the London Chest Hospital (Barts Health) and The Heart Hospital (UCLH) to the Barts Heart Centre at St Bartholomew's Hospital in April and May 2015. On 28 August 2015, Barts Health NHS Trust sold the premises to Circle Housing with the proceeds reinvested into the Barts Heart Centre. Fabrice Muamba , the Congolese-born footballer who played for England's Bolton Wanderers ,
1020-626: The Bethnal Green hamlet in Stepney ancient parish, and the church of St Matthew, Bethnal Green , was dedicated in 1746. The vestry became an electing authority to the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and in 1889 it became part of the County of London . In the 1900 reform of local government caused by the London Government Act 1899 the parish became a metropolitan borough which bordered Hackney , Poplar , Stepney and Shoreditch . In 1965 it
1088-673: The Boundary Estate in the west and parts of Mile End Park and Victoria Park in the east. In the south its boundary stopped just short of The Blind Beggar pub on Whitechapel Road . The populations recorded in National Censuses were: Bethnal Green Vestry 1801-1899 Metropolitan Borough 1900-1961 During World War II , the Borough suffered from heavy aerial bombing. It is estimated that 80 tons of bombs fell on this area alone, affecting 21,700 houses, destroying 2,233 and making
1156-547: The Brick Lane area in the south west of the hamlet. The population rapidly increased and in 1743 an act of parliament , the Bethnal Green Parish Act 1742 ( 16 Geo. 2 . c. 28), constituted Bethnal Green as a separate parish. As well as forming a parish for ecclesiastical purposes, Bethnal Green was also created a civil parish with responsibility for relief of the poor and maintenance of highways. The government of
1224-818: The Church of England . After examining the text of the sermon, the Bishop of London condemned it as containing "erroneous and dangerous notions". As a result, the bishop sent Woodard to be a curate in Clapton . Globe Town was established from 1800 to provide for the expanding population of weavers around Bethnal Green attracted by improving prospects in silk weaving. The population of Bethnal Green trebled between 1801 and 1831, operating 20,000 looms in their own homes. By 1824, with restrictions on importation of French silks relaxed, up to half these looms became idle and prices were driven down. With many importing warehouses already established in
1292-573: The City and East seat in the London Assembly is held by the Labour Party member, Unmesh Desai . The area of Bethnal Green covers roughly three wards of Tower Hamlets; Bethnal Green represented by Councillors Mohammed Ahbab Hossain, Sirajul Islam (who is Statutory Deputy Mayor for Housing under Mayor of Tower Hamlets and Eve McQuillan; St Peter's (which takes its name from the ecclesiastical parish of
1360-565: The City of London – through highly perishable goods production ( market gardening ), weaving, dock and building work and light industry – to a high proportion of commuters to city businesses, public sector/care sector roles, construction, courier businesses and home-working digital and creative industries. Identifiable slums in the maps of Booth in Life and Labour of the People in London (3 editions, 1889–1903) were in large part cleared before
1428-657: The Cranbrook Estate in Bethnal Green. Bethnal Green is famous for its mulberry trees, most notably the Bethnal Green mulberry at the site of the former London Chest Hospital, which is reputed to be the oldest tree in the East End. Many of these mulberry trees may be a legacy of unsuccessful 16th and 17th century attempts to boost the weaving industries that Bethnal Green, Shoreditch , Spitalfields and other East End districts relied upon so heavily. Mulberries were used as
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#17328440731861496-506: The Dictionary of London Place Names supports a contraction involving hall or healh , noting h-dropping in local dialects, to Bethnal Green . The term Bethnal Green originally referred to a small common in the Manor and Ancient Parish of Stepney ; around which a small settlement developed. By the seventeenth century the area had become a hamlet , a territorial sub-division of Stepney, with
1564-451: The East End of London . Bethnal Green Library was bombed on the very first night of the Blitz. This forced the temporary relocation of the library into the unopened Bethnal Green Underground Station in order to provide continuity of lending services. The library was rebuilt and opened a few months later for the public. Oxford House also had a major role, with some local residents fleeing into
1632-508: The Green , much of which survives today as Bethnal Green Gardens, beside Cambridge Heath Road. By the 16th century the term applied to a wider rural area, the Hamlet of Bethnal Green , which subsequently became a Parish, then a Metropolitan Borough before merging with neighbouring areas to become the north-western part of the new Tower Hamlets. Economic focus shifted from mainstream farming produce for
1700-420: The Labour Party gained a majority. Progressives and Liberals regained control at the 1928 election , holding power until 1934. In 1934, Labour again took control, and from that date held all the seats on the council until the borough's abolition. For parliamentary elections, Bethnal Green was divided into two constituencies in 1885. Each consisted of two wards of the borough and earlier vestry: In 1950,
1768-528: The Metropolis Management Act 1855 any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; as such the incorporated vestry of St Matthew Bethnal Green was divided into four wards (electing vestrymen ): No. 1 or East (9), No. 2 or North (9), No. 3 or West (15) and No. 4 or South (15). In 1889 the Metropolitan Board was replaced by the London County Council , and Bethnal Green
1836-723: The Territorial Force Nursing Service for the 4th London General Hospital and was awarded the Royal Red Cross for her services in civilian nursing services. Until 1923, it was known as the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, then it was renamed the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Heart and Lungs, although it was popularly known as the 'Victoria Park Hospital'. A Pathological Laboratory & Research Institute
1904-502: The Young V&;A and St John's Church , designed by John Soane . In John Stow 's Survey of London (1598) the hamlet was called Blethenal Green . It was one of the hamlets included in the Manor of Stepney and Hackney. Hackney later became separated. In 1678, the owners of houses surrounding the Green purchased the land to save it from being built on and in 1690, the land was conveyed to
1972-466: The aerial bombardment of the Second World War which accelerated clearance of many tightly packed terraces of small houses to be replaced with green spaces and higher-rise social housing. The topographer Daniel Lysons suggested in the late 18th century that Bethnal was a corruption of Bathon Hall which would have been the residence of a notable Bathon family who owned large parts of Stepney ,
2040-495: The parish of which Bethnal Green was part. "Green" related to one which lay "about half a mile beyond the suburbs". More recently it has been suggested that the name could be a derivation of the Anglo-Saxon Blithehale or Blythenhale from the 13th century. healh would have meant "angle, nook, or corner" and blithe would have been the word for "happy, blithe", or come from a personal name Blitha . In either case,
2108-432: The Bethnal Green side of the historic boundary with Whitechapel , is reputed to be the site of his begging. A depiction of the beggar is known to have been used on the head of the local beadle's staff in 1690. Later, the beggar and his daughter were the basis of the common seal of the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green . The legend also inspired Elisabeth Frink 's sculpture Blind Beggar and his Dog (1958) on
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2176-575: The Jews built Palestine Place as Cambridge Heath began to be fully developed during the first half of the 19th century. A windmill survived until at least 1836. Most local residents were poor, especially in the streets around the railway line and the Regent's Canal, as well as on Russia Lane. In 1841, the Anglo-Catholic Nathaniel Woodard , who was to become a highly influential educationalist in
2244-484: The Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green, affecting 21,700 houses, destroying 2,233 and making a further 893 uninhabitable. There were a total of 555 people killed and 400 seriously injured. Many unexploded bombs remain in the area, and on 14 May 2007, builders discovered a Second World War 1 m long 500 lb (230 kg) bomb . On 3 March 1943, the air-raid civil defence siren sounded at 8:17 pm, causing
2312-610: The Ripper operated at the western end of Bethnal Green and in neighbouring Whitechapel . In 1900, the Old Nichol Street rookery was replaced with the Boundary Estate (near the limits of Shoreditch). This was a first in council housing . Brothers Lew Grade and Bernard Delfont were brought up on the estate. In 1909, the larger Bethnal Green Estate was opened with money left by the philanthropist William Richard Sutton which he left for "modern dwellings and houses for occupation by
2380-450: The Salmon and Ball public house . Bethnal Green Road Market on the road of the same name, founded in the 18th century, grew and grew and became more full with stalls. By 1959 stalls were choking the streets and the council attempted to relocate the market but had no success. In 1986 there had been many shop closures but the stalls were still trading. The street market is now today recognised as
2448-610: The area during the 1950s and 1960s, with a gang known as The Firm. In 2015, three children Amira Abase, Shamima Begum , and Kadiza Sultana appeared in the press, referred to as the Bethnal Green trio . All three had attended the Bethnal Green Academy before leaving home to join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Excluding the five-year tenure of George Galloway at Westminster from 2005, for any seat containing
2516-455: The area was replaced to reflect this. Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green Bethnal Green was a civil parish and a metropolitan borough of the County of London between 1899 and 1965, when it was merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney and the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar to form the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It was formed as a civil parish in 1743 from
2584-707: The asylum are kept in the annual reports of the Commissioner in Lunacy. Even today, the park where the library stands is known locally as "Barmy Park". The original mansion, the White House, was supplemented by other buildings. In 1891, the Trust lost the use of Poor's Land to the London County Council. The asylum reorganised its buildings, demolishing the historic White House and erecting a new block in 1896. This building became
2652-399: The borough's representation was decreased to a single constituency of Bethnal Green , which in 1955 was expanded to also include three wards from the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Hackney . The area of the borough was 760 acres (3.1 km ). It included the districts now known as Bethnal Green , Cambridge Heath , Bow , Whitechapel and Shoreditch , stretching to include part of
2720-416: The district, the abundance of cheap labour was turned to boot, furniture and clothing manufacture. Globe Town continued its expansion into the 1860s, long after the decline of the silk industry. Columbia Road Flower Market is on the street of the same name which has kept some Victorian shops, and was established as Columbia Market in 1869 as a covered food market. It closed in 1886, but was later revived as
2788-527: The east side of the Green, No. 18 has a Tudor well in its cellar. The silk-weaving trade spread eastwards from Spitalfields throughout the 18th century. This attracted many Huguenot and Irish weavers to the district. Large estates of small two-storey cottages were developed in the west of the area to house them. A downturn in the trade in 1769 led to the Spitalfield Riots , and on 6 December 1769, two weavers accused of "cutting" were hanged in front of
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2856-460: The era of Elizabeth I . According to the legend related in the poem, a blind beggar living in Bethnal Green was in fact Henry de Montfort, eldest son of Simon de Montfort , having escaped from the field of the Battle of Evesham in 1265. His identity was revealed at the wedding feast of his daughter Bessie. A depiction of the beggar had appeared on the head of the beadle's staff dating from 1690. In
2924-614: The first election to the borough council, held on 1 November 1900 the Progressives gained a majority, with 22 of the 30 councillors. The Moderates (supported by the Conservative Party ) formed the 8 member opposition group. The Progressives increased their majority to 24 at the 1903 elections, and in 1906 they won all the seats on the council. The Progressives held the council against the Municipal Reform Party until 1919 when
2992-525: The hospital was being built. In 1849 the site of the former Bishop's Hall , the Manor House of Stepney , was purchased and in 1851 Prince Albert laid the foundation stone. The architect was F. W. Ordish . The hospital opened in 1855 at a cost of around £30,000. Notable among the matrons of the hospital was Miss Lillian Grace Dalton (matron 1912–1922). During the First World War she was appointed Matron in
3060-502: The house off Bethnal Green Road seeking shelter, this location was more attractive than the stables under the nearby Great Eastern Main Line arches. The Chief Shelter Welfare Officer at the time, Jane Leverson, is reported to have said that "people came to Oxford House not because it was an air raid shelter but because there they found happiness and a true spirit of fellowship". It is estimated that during this war, 80 tons of bombs fell on
3128-434: The later part of the 19th century, became the curate of the newly created St. Bartholomew's in Bethnal Green. He was a capable pastoral visitor and established a parochial school. In 1843, he got into trouble for preaching a sermon in which he argued that The Book of Common Prayer should have additional material to provide for confession and absolution and in which he criticised the "inefficient and Godless clergy" of
3196-463: The local emblem when it was a partly self-governing neighbourhood of Tower Hamlets from 1986 to 1992, and the symbol can still be seen on many local street signs. The mulberry is also used as a symbol of the East End more generally, and is featured on the coat of arms of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . The Green and Poor's Land is the area of open land now occupied by Bethnal Green Library ,
3264-486: The name Bethnal Green: the pre-1945 General Election decades of Bethnal Green South West was the last time when such a seat was not won by the chosen Labour Party candidate. Bethnal Green forms part of the UK Parliament constituency of Bethnal Green and Bow . Its MP since 2010 has been Rushanara Ali of the Labour Party . London overall has a directly elected executive Mayor of London, currently Sadiq Khan , and
3332-505: The new County of London in 1889. The County of London was replaced by Greater London in 1965. In what would become northern Bethnal Green (known as Cambridge Heath ) a tract of common land , which stretched to the east and west, a part of the Manor and Ancient Parish of Stepney . The heath was used as pasture where people grazed their sheep in the 13th century, though 1275 records suggest at least one house stood there. Stepney's Manor House (known as Bishopswood , later Bishop's Hall )
3400-455: The new parish of Holy Trinity, Shoreditch , in 1866. Under the London Government Act 1899 the various vestries and district boards within the County of London were abolished and replaced by metropolitan borough councils . Accordingly, in 1900, a borough council consisting of a mayor, five aldermen and 30 councillors replaced the vestry. The boundaries of the borough and parish were realigned at
3468-524: The outbreak of the Second World War although rails were not laid. The book Family and Kinship in East London (1957) shows an improvement in working class life. Husbands in the sample population no longer went out to drink but spent time with the family. As a result, both birth rate and infant death rate fell drastically and local prosperity increased. The famous criminals, the Kray twins , lived and operated in
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#17328440731863536-431: The parish was shared by a vestry , governors of the poor and two separate bodies of trustees. A further board of paving and lighting commissioners were established in 1843. In 1855 the parish was included within the area of the Metropolitan Board of Works to which it nominated one member and the various local government bodies were replaced by a single incorporated vestry which consisted of 48 elected vestrymen. Under
3604-636: The poor of London and other towns and populous places in England". The Peabody Trust administered the funds to complete much of the estate in 1910. The Regent's Canal opened in 1820, for horse-drawn canal barges to carry cargo between the London Docklands and the Grand Union Canal . These supplied local coal merchants and gas houses/plants (gasifiers) built along its banks including Bethnal Green. The London Society for Promoting Christianity among
3672-570: The present Bethnal Green Library. A history of Poor's Land and Bethnal House is included in The Green , written by A.J. Robinson and D.H.B. Chesshyre. Boxing has a long association with Bethnal Green. Daniel Mendoza , who was champion of England from 1792 to 1795 though born in Aldgate , lived in Paradise Row on the western side of Bethnal Green for 30 years. Joe Anderson , 'All England' champion of 1897,
3740-451: The same name ) represented by Councillors Kevin Brady, Tarik Khan and Gabriella Salva-Macallan; and Weaver's represented by Councillors John Pierce and Abdul Mukit All local councillors are currently members of the Labour Party . Between 1986 and 1992, the name Bethnal Green was applied to one of seven neighbourhoods to which power was devolved from the council. Much of the street signage in
3808-569: The same time. Bethnal Green Town Hall in Patriot Square was opened in 1910, and extended in 1936–9. The architects were Percy Robinson and William Alban Jones. In 2010 the building was reopened as a hotel; much of the original art deco interior has been retained. The borough seal depicted a scene based on The Beggar's Daughter of Bednall Green , a poem in Percy ’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry , published in 1765, but probably dating from
3876-722: The tune of the Blind Beggar . A play on the same theme, almost certainly based on an existing ballad, is known to have been performed in 1600. According to one version of the legend, found in Thomas Percy 's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry published in 1765, the beggar was said to be Henry , the son of Simon de Montfort , but Percy himself declared that this version was not genuine. A version published in 1934, closely based on Percy's but with some amendments to include much older material, contains 67 verses. The ballad recounts how Bess leaves Bethnal Green to seek her fortune, and stays
3944-407: Was abolished and merged into the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . Until 1743 Bethnal Green formed a hamlet within the large parish of Stepney . By the 17th century the settlement had achieved a measure of self-government, with its own overseer, constable and beadle . It remained a rural area until the beginning of the 18th century, when the expansion of suburban London saw the development of
4012-420: Was also formerly served by trains on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) via Stratford and saw two derailments in the later 20th century, similar to other contemporary comparators of busy, metropolitan junctions. Mowlem Street School opened in 1887. It was enlarged in 1898 and again in 1902 to accommodate 410 boys and 410 girls. A new single-storey building catering for 280 children was opened in 1971 when it
4080-410: Was filed by Eric Linden, who witnessed the incident, with the Daily Mail , but not published. Very little information was provided at the time. The outcome of a government inquiry was not made public until 1946 to avoid a propaganda win for the enemy and to protect public morale. It was the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network. Director Steve McQueen made
4148-473: Was formally removed from Middlesex to the new County of London . Bethnal Green was part of the ancient parish of St Dunstan's, Stepney , in the Diocese of London ; in 1743 the area was split off to form a new parish dedicated to St Matthew . From 1837, as the population of Bethnal Green increased, a number of new parishes were formed: In addition, as the population increased, western parts of Bethnal Green were transferred into neighbouring Shoreditch as
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#17328440731864216-415: Was founded on 13 March 1848 by a group of men, predominantly Quakers, who included bankers, merchants and the physician, Thomas Bevill Peacock . They wished to build a hospital to deal with diseases of the heart and lungs, particularly tuberculosis . By June the group, with the patronage of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , had raised enough money to open a public dispensary at 6 Liverpool Street, while
4284-433: Was from Bethnal Green. The north end of the Green is associated with the Natt family. During the 18th century they owned many of its houses. Netteswell House is the residence of the curator of the Bethnal Green Museum. It is almost certainly named after the village of Netteswell , near Harlow , whose rector was the Reverend Anthony Natt. A few of its houses have become University settlements . In Victoria Park Square, on
4352-495: Was located in Bethnal Green from at least 1207, on a site subsequently occupied by the London Chest Hospital . The area was once best known for the popular early modern ballad, The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green , which tells the story of a beautiful young woman named Bess, the daughter of a blind beggar. The earliest known explicit mention of the ballad is from 1624, but it was clearly well established by that date, as two other ballads of similar date were said to have been sung to
4420-471: Was opened in 1927 funded by the Prudential Assurance Company . In 1937 a new Surgical Wing was added to the hospital and the name was changed to the London Chest Hospital. The hospital was badly damaged by bombing during the Second World War and in 1948 it became part of the National Health Service. In 1994 it became part of the Royal Hospitals NHS Trust together with the Royal London Hospital and St Bartholomew's Hospital . On 17 April 2015 it closed due to
4488-418: Was renamed Mowlem Primary School. Bethnal Green Town Hall was completed in 1910 and the internationally renowned York Hall opened in 1929 with a capacity of 1,200. Later, in 1993, the Town Hall was vacated when the London Borough of Tower Hamlets moved its headquarters, and in 2007 the building was converted to a hotel which opened in 2010. The warehouse buildings rose from the Regent's Canal without
4556-405: Was taken to the London Chest Hospital after suffering a cardiac arrest on the pitch on 17 March 2012. He recovered, but was forced to retire from football. Bethnal Green Bethnal Green is an area in London , England, and is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It is in east London and part of the East End . The area emerged from the small settlement which developed around
4624-403: Was visited by Samuel Pepys . In 1727 it was leased to Matthew Wright and for almost two centuries it was an asylum . Its two most distinguished inmates were Alexander Cruden , compiler of the Concordance to the Bible , and the poet Christopher Smart . Cruden recorded his experience in The London Citizen Grievously Injured (1739) and Smart's stay there is recorded by his daughter. Records of
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