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62-594: The Metrica also included some important externally originated documents (like translations of the issues ( yarlyks ) of the Crimea Khans , copies of the Muscovy diplomatic documents etc.), the office-keeping documental materials (like registers of acts, inventories of the Metrica itself etc.) The selection of the classes of the documents included in the Metrica had increased since the 2nd half 15th – 16th century and even more so in

124-561: A label , rarely a price tag . An icon shortcut in modern graphical user interfaces is also called this way. As an example of a reborrowing , the word also re-entered the Mongolian language with the Russian meaning and pronunciation. Podlasie Podlachia, also known by its Polish name Podlasie ( Polish: [pɔˈdlaɕɛ] ; Lithuanian : Palenkė ; Belarusian : Падляшша , romanized :  Padliashsha ),

186-517: A basis for the works of the notable researchers of the GDL history, e.g., Lyubavskiy, Dovnar-Zapol’skiy, Maksimeyka, Lappo, Pichyeta, Malinovskiy, Lawmyanski and others. The scientific research of the Metrica itself had begun with the work of Ptaszycki (1887). Other notable researchers of the Metrica: Byeryezhkov, Grimstead, Sułkowska-Kurasiowa. Yarlyk A jarlig, also written yarlyk ,

248-547: A low level of national identity during the census usually choose the major nationality in their region. Orthodox autochthonous inhabitants are known as khakhly (without any negative connotations, though today in Ukraine it is known as an ethnic slur for Ukrainians). According to Mykhailo Lesiv, this name appeared after it was used to denote locals in the Russian Imperial Army . Many scientific researches prove that

310-672: A separate building in Vilnius, with the older books remaining in the Castle of Vilnius . Great parts of the Metrica were lost during the wars with Muscovy , and others were taken way by Swedish armies in 1656–1657. Only after the Treaty of Oliva (1660), did the Swedes return many books from the Metrica, but some of them were lost at sea, in the Baltic , during transport back to Lithuania. The Metrica from Vilnius

372-429: Is Drohiczyn that lies into northern and southern parts. The former is included in the modern-day Podlaskie Voivodeship with its capital at Białystok (the historical boundary goes exactly through the city). Sometimes, Siedlce has been considered the capital of the region. Podlaskie Voivodeship is a multicultural and multi-religious region. It is the region where people's identity has been shaped throughout history by both

434-411: Is a historical region in north-eastern Poland . Its largest city is Białystok , whereas the historical capital is Drohiczyn . Similarly to several other historical regions of Poland, e.g. Greater Poland , Lesser Poland , Mazovia , Pomerania , Silesia , Warmia , Podlachia possesses its own folk costumes, unique traditional architecture and cuisine. Between 1513 and 1795 it was a voivodeship with

496-432: Is an edict, permission, license, or written commandant of Mongol and Chinggisid rulers' "formal diplomas." It was one of three non-fundamental law pronouncements that had the effect of regulation or ordinance, the other two being debter (a record of precedence cases for administration and judicial decisions) and billing (maxims or sayings attributed to Genghis Khan ). The jarlig provides important information about

558-570: Is kept in Poland, at the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The Metrica is one of the most authoritative and revered sources on the history of the GDL. Some of the documents of the Metrica and parts of them had begun to be published in the end 18th century. Larger collections of the materials had begun to be published since 1830s («Digest of Prince Obolyenskiy», altern. «Ambassador’s Book of

620-719: The Central Powers puppet Kingdom of Poland ) while the areas further east, including Białystok and the Suwałki Governorate, fell under Ober Ost . In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution , parts of the region, particularly Białystok, were contested by several states but ultimately became part of the Second Polish Republic following the Polish–Soviet War . During the interwar period

682-820: The Kiev were separated from Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and incorporated into the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , the books which concerned these regions, were removed from the Lithuanian Metrica, and merged into the Crown Metrica. Due to the deterioration of the books, the State Grand Chancellor , Lew Sapieha , ordered the volumes of the Metrica to be recopied in 1594. The recopying process continued until 1607. The newly recopied books were inventoried, rechecked, and transferred to

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744-764: The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons . Podlachia is located along the middle stretch of the Bug River between Mazovia in the west, Polesia and Volhynia in the east, the Narew River in the north and the Chełm Land in the south. The borders of Podlachia changed with time and was not the same as historical Podlaskie Voivodeship . Podlachia is sometimes divided into two parts (southern and northern), which had different administrative subordination. Traditional capital of Podlachia

806-756: The Middle Ages Podlachia was only partially under Polish rule, and since 1446 until 1569 the area belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . A better variant of this theory holds that the name originates from the period when the territory was within the Trakai Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, along the borderline with the Mazovia province, primarily a fief of the Poland of the Piasts and later on part of

868-624: The Soviet Union following World War II, Poland was left with only 2 Tatar villages, Bohoniki and Kruszyniany (both outside the historical borders of Podlachia). Some Tatars from the territories annexed to the USSR have been repatriated to Poland and clustered in cities, particularly Białystok. In 1925 the Muslim Religious Union ( Muzułmański Związek Religijny ) was formed in Białystok. In 1992,

930-662: The Union of Tatars of the Republic of Poland ( Związek Tatarów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ) with autonomous branches in Białystok and Gdańsk began operating. The dominant language in Podlaskie Voivodeship is Polish. Autochthonous inhabitants speak a Podlachian variety . Many linguists relate them to the Ukrainian language. Linguists have been exploring them since 19th century, when they were also known as Siedlce dialects (because of

992-423: The 13th-century Kingdom of Lithuania . Diplomacy was greatly increased under the rule of Gediminas . During the various wars, floods, and city fires that followed, many official documents were lost. Some were impossible to trace, if these documents had not been duplicated or otherwise copied. A growing need to reproduce these documents later, and the mounting number of edicts, wills, court verdicts etc., determined

1054-654: The 1795 Third Partition of Poland which brought an end to Poland-Lithuania, the former Podlachia Voivodeship was divided between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy ( Austrian Empire from 1804), with the Bug forming the border between them. Part of Podlachia's eastern border became the boundary between Prussia and the Russian Empire . Within Prussia the Podlachian territory

1116-430: The 17–18th centuries, extending to include the copies of transcripts of diplomatic correspondence, charters of privileges, wills, verdicts, judicial decrees, even certain kinds of private correspondence, e.g., received by the official persons. Sometimes, the external and thematically not quite related collections of the documents had also been referred to as the part of the Metrica, the word Metrica here to be understood as

1178-701: The Archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg, then in the 19–20th centuries Russian, Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian historiographies. The name Lithuanian Metrica is till now traditionally used in the Western publications of the Metrica. The name Lithuanian Metrica is also used in reference to some contemporary archival collections, including some of the materials of the Chancellery of the GDL (together with other unrelated materials), chiefly in Russia custody. The prevailing language of

1240-658: The Bug ever since. At the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815, the Congress of Vienna transformed most of the Duchy of Warsaw, including the formerly Podlachian parts, into " Congress Poland " (formally the Kingdom of Poland) and placed it in a personal union with Russia; with that, all of Podlachia fell under Russian control. In theory this kingdom was created as an autonomous entity but in practice its separate laws and freedoms were simply ignored by

1302-798: The Drohiczyn Uyezd was merged into Bielsk Uyezd . In 1844 the Podlachian Governorate was merged into the Lublin Governorate . In the 19th century the region was a stronghold of Polish resistance against Russian rule. Stanisław Brzóska , the last partisan of the January Uprising, operated there until 1865. He was hanged publicly by the Russians in Sokołów Podlaski in May 1865. As a result of

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1364-592: The Duchy of Warsaw lay within the Łomża Department , itself based on the territory of the Prussian Białystok Departement after the removal of the Belostock Oblast. The Habsburg part of Podlachia became part of the Duchy of Warsaw by the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn , forming much of the Siedlce Department . Although Prussian and Austrian rule was brief, it has remained administratively divided by

1426-837: The Emperors and control was steadily centralised, particularly following the November and January Uprisings (1830–31, 1863–64). Within Congress Poland the former Siedlce Department became the Podlachia Voivodeship, while the former Łomża Department became the Augustów Voivodeship ; these became the Podlachian and Augustów Governorates in 1837. In 1842 the Belostok Oblast was dissolved and merged into Grodno Governorate , and

1488-727: The Greek-Catholic faith in northern Podlachia and it disappeared from the area. In 1875, Russians forbade this rite in the southern portion as well, and all Greek-Catholic inhabitants were forced to accept the Eastern Orthodox faith. However, the resistance of the local people was surprisingly strong and Ruthenian speakers from this area rejected the separation from the Pope . In 1874, blessed Wincenty Lewoniuk and 12 companions were killed by Russian soldiers in Pratulin . In reaction to these measures,

1550-559: The Lithuanian Metrica books to Prussia in 1799. Afterwards Prussia transferred these books to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807. The remaining Lithuanian Metrica books in St. Petersburg were inventoried and taken to Moscow . The majority of the historical Lithuanian Metrica's books have been kept in Russia, and today only a small fraction of them are in Lithuania . The remaining part of the Lithuanian Metrica

1612-451: The Metrica...», in 3 volumes, includes detailed register of the books of the Metrica by Anastasyevich (1817)). Other notable publishers of the Metrica materials had been Lyeontovich, Prohaska, Bershadskiy and others. Other notable publications of the period: In 1980s–1990s there had begun a new wave of the publishing of the Metrica materials, this time as an international, Belarusian–Lithuanian–Polish–Russian effort. The Metrica had served as

1674-526: The Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, and since the Reformation, also by Evangelical churches. Until today, Podlaskie has been considered Poland's most culturally diverse region. Throughout its early history, Podlachia was inhabited by various tribes of different ethnic roots. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the area was inhabited by East Slavic tribes, mostly by Drevlians , with settlements of Dregoviches to

1736-911: The Pact would have given all of Podlachia to the Soviet Union, the final border agreed upon in the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty signed after the invasion gave the southern part to the Nazi General Government , while the northern part of Podlachia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Belastok Region of the Byelorussian SSR . Nazi Germany would annex the Soviet part as the Bialystok District in 1941. Under German occupation,

1798-714: The Polish nation ). Nowosiółki was the site of a massacre of hundreds of patients of a psychiatric hospital as part of Aktion T4 . German forces also committed crimes against Italian and French POWs at subcamps of the Stalag 366 POW camp with executions and massacres of Italians and French in Międzyrzec Podlaski and Hola , respectively, with the Italians also subjected to mass starvation, epidemics, beatings and killings at Biała Podlaska . Many Poles from Podlachia were among

1860-520: The Ruthenian language . Since the late 16th – early 17th century, the number of the documents composed in Polish and in Latin, had been steadily increasing, until the complete elimination of the Ruthenian from the office use in the GDL, and further official ban on the Ruthenian for the official use (1696). The language of the 17–18th century Metrica is mostly Polish and partly Latin. State archives were begun in

1922-487: The Ruthenians of southern Podlachia began to identify themselves with the national movement of the Roman Catholic Poles. To preserve the full communion with the Pope, they changed their rite from Eastern to Latin before the compulsory conversion of Greek Catholics into Orthodox. In 1912, Russian authorities issued a tolerance edict that made it possible to change confession from Orthodox to Roman Catholic (but not to Greek-Catholic, which had been completely deleted). A majority of

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1984-420: The State Archive. The documents of the Metrica were to be preserved interminably. Effectively, the Metrica had become the core of the Archive of the Grand Duke, later the core of the Main State Archive of the GDL, serving the notifying (judicial-registrative), judicial, referential functions. It had been the source of the authoritative official documents (copies of copies). The Metrica developed parallel to and on

2046-525: The capital in Drohiczyn . Now the part north of the Bug River is included in the modern Podlaskie Voivodeship with the capital in Białystok , whereas southern parts are located in the Masovian and Lublin Voivodeships . The region is called Podlasie , Podlasko or Podlasze in Polish , Palenkė in Lithuanian , Padliašša (Падляшша) in Belarusian , Podljas’e (Подлясье) in Russian , "Podlyashe" (פּאָדליאַשע) in Yiddish , and Podlachia in Latin . There are two hypotheses regarding

2108-415: The documents of the 15th and most of the 16th century Metrica had been the Ruthenian language . Alternatively, the prevailing use of the Ruthenian language in the Metrica is extended up to the mid-17th century. The documents, concerned with the Western Europe, had been issued in Latin, occasionally in German. The documents, concerned with the Roman Catholic Church, had been issued in Latin. See also naming of

2170-433: The eastern parts. According to Polish census of 2002 , in Podlaskie Voivodeship there were 46,041 Belarusians (3.9%) and 1,366 Ukrainians (0.1%). Autochthonous inhabitants have difficulties in national self-identification and identifying of their language. They often identify their nationality as " tutejszy " (literally "locals"). Based on comparison of a survey and the census, Marek Barwiński supposes that people with

2232-422: The end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century, the full official name was Metrica of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . This would be the most appropriate scientific name . The dub Lithuanian Metrica had been occasionally used in the local office books (by analogy with the Crown Metrica of Poland ), since the mid-17th century the dub had consolidated its position in the documents of the Warsaw Archives, later in

2294-435: The evolution of the Lithuanian Metrica. The Lithuanian Metrica was stored in the Trakai Island Castle under the supervision of the Treasurer , until 1511. Afterwards the documents were transferred to Vilnius , and kept in what was referred to as the Lower Castle . The responsibility for safeguarding the Metrica there, was supervised by the State Chancellor. By 1569, when the regions of Podlasie , Volhynia , Podolia and

2356-408: The inhabitants of southern Podlachia changed their faith from Orthodox to Roman Catholic. At present, very few people in this area speak Ruthenian and nearly all consider themselves Poles. Meanwhile, the eastern part of northern Podlachia is still populated by Belarusians. Podlachia is also the cultural center of Poland's small Tatar minority as well. After the annexation of eastern Poland into

2418-484: The issuance of jarliqs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court in Persia. Jarliqs older than 30 years were to be cancelled, along with old paizas (Mongol seals of authority). Even after 1260, the Yuan Dynasty in China still considered jarlig must be issued by only Qa'an/Khagan (Emperor) but linkji by khans (princes) of three western khanates. However, some high-ranking officials continued to issue jarligs under

2480-405: The metropolitans affirm the freedom of the Church from taxes and tributes, and declare that the Church's property should be protected from expropriation or damage as long as Rus' churchmen pray for the well-being of the khan and his family. In modern Mongolian the term ( Mongolian : зарлиг , romanized :  zarlig ) is used to refer to official edicts. In Russian culture the word means

2542-425: The model of the Crown Metrica of Poland . Today, over 600 (estimated) books of the Lithuanian Metrica still exist. Their microfilms are preserved at the Lithuanian State Historical Archives in Vilnius . The word metrica generates from Polish : metryka for archive, from Latin : matricula for office book. The first historical names of the collection were metrics , books of metrica , metrica . Since

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2604-451: The name of Siedlce Governorate , where the dialects were mostly investigated). There is a problem if they should be considered as part of west Polisian dialects subgroup  [ uk ] or as a separate subgroup of northern dialectal group  [ uk ] of the Ukrainian language. In the Northern Podlachia Podlachian subdialects are also often considered to be Belarusian dialects or sometimes Ruthenian dialects. Since

2666-440: The name of a khan or Emperor in Central Asia . The Rus' metropolitan archive preserves six jarliq (constituting the so-called Short Collection) considered to be translations into Russian of authentic patents issued from the Qipchaq Khanate : A seventh jarliq, which purports to be from Khan Özbeg to Metropolitan Peter (found in the so-called full collection) has been determined to be a sixteenth-century forgery. The jarliq to

2728-423: The north beyond the Narew River and likely Dulebes to the south, although a Masovian -like population had also been present. In the 14th century the area was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , although it later briefly fell under Mazovian Piast rule. In 1446, Podlachia became part of the Grand Duchy again, but from 1496 southwestern parts of Podlachia ( Drohiczyn Land and Mielnik Land ) and from 1501

2790-434: The northern part ( Bielsk Land ) used Polish law instead of Lithuanian. In 1513 King Sigismund I the Old formed the Podlaskie Voivodeship (adjective of Podlasie ). In 1566, the southeastern part of the Voivodeship became part of the newly formed Brest Litovsk Voivodeship as Brest Litovsk County. In 1569, after the Union of Lublin which formally united Poland and Lithuania as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Podlasie

2852-400: The northern part fell entirely within the Białystok Voivodeship while the southern part belonged to the Lublin Voivodeship ; the April 1938 reforms transferred Węgrów and Sokołów from Lublin to the Warsaw Voivodeship . In 1939 Poland was invaded and partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . Although the border agreed upon in

2914-441: The origin of the name of the region. According to the first one, the name is derived from the Polish word las ("forest"), and means "near the forest". A common folk derivation is from the Proto-Slavic word les or las meaning "forest", i.e., it is "by the wood(s)" or an "area of forests", making Podlachia close in meaning to adjacent Polesia . The theory has been questioned, as it does not properly take into consideration

2976-424: The orthodox population in Podlachia have Ukrainian origin (19th century censuses, historical and linguistic researches), though today the number of people with the Ukrainian identity is very small. Until the 19th century, Podlachia was populated by the Polish-speaking yeomanry ( drobna szlachta ), Jews (primarily in towns), and Ruthenian Greek-Catholics speaking a dialect related to modern Ukrainian –

3038-574: The population was subjected to mass arrests, executions and deportations to forced labour , concentration camps and Nazi ghettos , whereas under Soviet occupation the population was subjected to mass arrests, executions, deportations to forced labour in Siberia , Central Asia and the Far North . Sites of German massacres of either Polish or Jewish civilians include Mień , Olszewo (also Polish prisoners of war ), Moskwin , Grabarka , Białystok , Tykocin , Rajsk , Paulinów , Krasowo-Częstki , Wnory-Wandy , Jabłoń-Dobki (see Nazi crimes against

3100-419: The right of the Moscow grand prince to authorize local princely rule. Mongol leaders gave the jarliq to emissaries, travelers, monks and merchants to give them free passage, exemptions from taxes and imposts and security. Kublai Khan began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign all jarliqs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates in 1280. Ghazan reformed

3162-410: The running of the Mongol Empire . Ögedei Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing gergees (tablet that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs in the 1230s. From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, all princes of Northeastern Rus received jarliq authorizing their rule. The issuing of jarlyk on governing of Rus finalized the establishment of

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3224-428: The so-called Khakhlak ( Chachlak ) dialect, which derived its name from a derogatory term for Ukrainians ( khakhol or khokhol being the name of the traditional haircut of Ukrainian Cossacks ). In the 19th century, the inhabitants of Podlachia were under the rule of the Russian Empire , with southern Podlachia constituting a part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland . After 1831, Russian authorities forbade

3286-430: The title of Grand Duke of Vladimir (Grand Prince). Initially, those jarliq came from the qaghan in Karakorum , but after Batu established the khanate of the Golden Horde ( c.  1227 ), they came from Sarai . None of these jarliq, however, is extant. In the mid-fifteenth century, Grand Duke Basil II of Moscow began forbidding other Rus princes from receiving the jarliq from Mongol khans, thus establishing

3348-425: The uprising, in 1867 Congress Poland was formally absorbed into Russia as the Vistula Land (Privislinsky Krai), although the Kingdom still nominally existed. The Podlachian Governorate was also restored under the name Siedlce Governorate , and the Augustów Governorate was split between the Łomża and Suwałki Governorates ; Augustów itself went to Suwałki Governorate while the rest of the Podlachian territory went to

3410-452: The victims of the Soviet-perpetrated Katyn massacre . The region once again returned to Polish control in 1945. In 1999 the modern Podlaskie Voivodeship was established which encompasses the northern part of historic Podlachia, including Białystok and Drohiczyn, as well as surrounding areas, including Łomża and Suwałki. Its southern border lies along the Bug. While today Podlachia is mostly inhabited by Poles , many Belarusians live in

3472-465: The vowel shifts "a" > "e" > "i" in various Slavic languages (in fact, it mixes vowels from different languages). According to the second theory, the name is derived from the word liakh (or lach , Ukrainian : лях , "Pole"), and means "near Poland". The second theory holds that the term comes from the expression pod Lachem , which may be translated literally as "under the Poles" (see: Lechia ). Some claim it to mean "under Polish rule", though in

3534-456: The western and northern parts of Prussian Podlachia, became part of the Duchy of Warsaw , a Polish client state of the First French Empire , while the southeastern part including Białystok fell under Russian rule as the Belostok Oblast . The Podlachian territory within the Belostock Oblast corresponded with the Bielsk and Drohiczyn Uyezds (roughly "counties") and the western part of Belostok Uyezd. The small amounts of Podlachian territory in

3596-505: The Łomża Governorate. According to the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 , the most spoken languages in the Siedlce Governorate were Polish (66.13%), Yiddish (15.56%) and Ukrainian (13.95%). At the same time the most spoken languages in Bielsk Uyezd were Ukrainian (39.1%), Polish (34.9%), Yiddish (14.9%), Russian (5.9%) and Belarusian (4.9%); those in the Białystok Uyezd were Polish (33.95%), Yiddish (28.34%), Belarusian (26.13%), Russian (6.68%) and German (3.59%). In 1912 Siedlce Governorate

3658-413: Was ceded to the Kingdom of Poland . It was the northernmost part of the Lesser Poland Province of Poland. The voivodeship was divided into three lands ( ziemie ): Drohiczyn, Mielnik and Bielsk. In the 18th and 19th century the private town of Białystok became the main center of the region, thanks to the patronage of the Branicki family and the development of the textile industry . Following

3720-440: Was once again abolished and divided between the Lublin , Łomża and Kholm Governorates , with all three gaining some parts of the former Podlachia; Kholm Governorate was also removed administratively from the Vistula Land, instead being made part of the Kiev General Governorate . During World War I the area was occupied by the German Empire , with most of the Vistula Land falling under the Government General of Warsaw (later

3782-442: Was organised as part of the Białystok Department of New East Prussia , which also included parts of the former Mazovian and Trakai Voivodeships ; the Habsburg portion lay mostly within the Siedlce Kreis of West Galicia ( Galicia and Lodomeria from 1803). In 1807, by the Treaties of Tilsit , Prussia ceded all of its gains in the second and third partitions, as well as part of the first. Most of this territory, including

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3844-419: Was taken to Warsaw in 1765. The books were bound, cataloged and integrated into the system that was in use, in Warsaw. According to an edict issued in 1793, the Lithuanian Metrica was to be transferred from Warsaw to Vilnius again. After the Third Partition of Poland (1795), the Lithuanian Metrica was transferred from Warsow to Russia as a war trophy and was kept in Saint Petersburg . Russia gave several of

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