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31-423: GDL may refer to: Computing [ edit ] Game Description Language Generalized distributive law Genomics Digital Lab , a series of educational games Geometric Description Language Gesture Description Language GNU Data Language Google Developers Live Other uses [ edit ] Dirasha language Gas diffusion layer of

62-785: A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell Gas Dynamics Laboratory , a Soviet rocket research and development laboratory Gas dynamic laser Gateway Distriparks , an Indian logistics company Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer , a German trade union Glucono delta-lactone , a food additive Godley railway station , in England Goyim Defense League , an internet troll network Graduate Diploma in Law Graduated driver licensing Guadalajara International Airport , in Mexico Guadeloupe , ITU code Grand Duchy of Lithuania Topics referred to by

93-764: A "slightly updated design, with ... a fresher, brighter feel". A dedicated "Views" section was added between news reports and in-depth features, including readers' letters, comment, and reviews on science, culture and society. Regular columnists were introduced, and columns in the culture pages. The light-hearted "Back Pages" includes the long-standing Feedback and The Last Word, puzzles, and a Q&A section. Online readership takes various forms. Overall global views of an online database of over 100,000 articles are 10.8m by 7m unique users according to Google Analytics , as of January 2019 . On social media there are 3.5m+ Twitter followers, 3.5m+ Facebook followers and 100,000+ Instagram followers as of January 2019 . Emily Wilson

124-527: A further extension, GDL-III , a general game description language with imperfect information and introspection , that supports the specification of epistemic games — ones characterised by rules that depend on the knowledge of players. In classical game theory, games can be formalised in extensive and normal forms. For cooperative game theory , games are represented using characteristic functions. Some subclasses of games allow special representations in smaller sizes also known as succinct games . Some of

155-453: A low level language". A 2017 paper uses GDL to model the process of mediating a resolution to a dispute between two parties and presented an algorithm that uses available information efficiently to do so. New Scientist New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology. Based in London , it publishes weekly English-language editions in

186-442: A subscription. In the first half of 2013, the international circulation of New Scientist averaged 125,172. While this was a 4.3% reduction on the previous year's figure, it was a much smaller reduction in circulation than many mainstream magazines of similar or greater circulation. UK circulation fell by 3.2% in 2014, but stronger international sales increased the circulation to 129,585. A monthly Dutch edition of New Scientist

217-563: Is a specialized game player. Both chess and checkers can be described in GDL. This enables general game players to be built that can play both of these games and any other game that can be described using GDL. GDL is a variant of Datalog , and the syntax is largely the same. It is usually given in prefix notation . Variables begin with " ? ". The following is the list of keywords in GDL, along with brief descriptions of their functions: A game description in GDL provides complete rules for each of

248-441: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Game Description Language GDL is a tool for expressing the intricacies of game rules and dynamics in a form comprehensible to AI systems through a combination of logic-based constructs and declarative principles. In practice, GDL is often used for General Game Playing competitions and research endeavors. In these contexts, GDL

279-567: Is now TI Media . In April 2017 New Scientist changed ownership when RELX Group , formerly known as Reed Elsevier, sold the magazine to Kingston Acquisitions, a group established by Sir Bernard Gray , Louise Rogers and Matthew O'Sullivan to acquire New Scientist . Kingston Acquisitions then renamed itself New Scientist Ltd. The New Scientist was subsequently sold to the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) for £70 million in March 2021; DMGT guaranteed

310-438: Is used to specify the rules of games that AI agents are expected to play. AI developers and researchers harness GDL to create algorithms that can comprehend and engage with games based on their rule descriptions. The use of GDL paves the way for the development of highly adaptable AI agents, capable of competing and excelling in diverse gaming scenarios. This innovation is a testament to the convergence of logic-based formalism and

341-475: The Letters page. A readers' letters section discusses recent articles and discussions also take place on the website. Readers contribute observations on examples of pseudoscience to Feedback, and offer questions and answers on scientific and technical topics to Last Word. New Scientist has produced a series of books compiled from contributions to Last Word. From issue 3228 of 4 May 2019, New Scientist introduced

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372-603: The United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. An editorially separate organisation publishes a monthly Dutch-language edition. First published on 22 November 1956, New Scientist has been available in online form since 1996. Sold in retail outlets (paper edition) and on subscription (paper and/or online), the magazine covers news, features, reviews and commentary on science, technology and their implications. New Scientist also publishes speculative articles, ranging from

403-411: The article, saying that it is "an ideas magazine—that means writing about hypotheses as well as theories". In January 2009, New Scientist ran a cover with the title " Darwin was wrong". The actual story stated that specific details of Darwin's evolution theory had been shown incorrectly, mainly the shape of phylogenetic trees of interrelated species, which should be represented as a web instead of

434-479: The current state of the game (for example, in many card games the opponents' cards are not visible). GDL-II , the Game Description Language for Incomplete Information Games , extends GDL by two keywords that allow for the description of elements of chance and incomplete information: The following is an example from a GDL-II description of the card game Texas hold 'em : Michael Thielscher also created

465-738: The first issue included an article "Where next from Calder Hall?" on the future of nuclear power in the UK, a topic that it has covered throughout its history. In 1964, there was a regular "Science in British Industry" section with several items. Throughout most of its history, New Scientist has published cartoons as light relief and comment on the news, with contributions from regulars such as Mike Peyton and David Austin . The Grimbledon Down comic strip, by cartoonist Bill Tidy , appeared from 1970 to 1994. The Ariadne pages in New Scientist commented on

496-406: The first page of an issue in March could be 649 instead of 1. Later issues numbered issues separately. From the beginning of 1961 " The " was dropped from the title. From 1965, the front cover was illustrated. Until the 1970s, colour was not used except on the cover. Since its first issue, New Scientist has written about the applications of science, through its coverage of technology. For example,

527-403: The following elements of a game. Facts that define the roles in a game. The following example is from a GDL description of the two-player game Tic-tac-toe : Rules that entail all facts about the initial game state. An example is: Rules that describe each move by the conditions on the current position under which it can be taken by a player. An example is: Rules that describe all facts about

558-467: The founding of the magazine. The British monthly science magazine Science Journal , published from 1965 until 1971, was merged with New Scientist to form New Scientist and Science Journal . In 1970, the Reed Group, which became Reed Elsevier , acquired New Scientist when it merged with IPC Magazines . Reed retained the magazine when it sold most of its consumer titles in a management buyout to what

589-402: The lighter side of science and technology and included contributions from David E. H. Jones , Daedalus . The fictitious inventor devised plausible but impractical and humorous inventions, often developed by the (fictitious) DREADCO corporation. Daedalus later moved to Nature . Issues of (The) New Scientist from issue 1 to the end of 1989 are free to read online; subsequent issues require

620-537: The magazine's editorial independence, and ruled out staff cuts and the sharing of editorial content. In December 2021, DMGT announced that both New Scientist and the DMGT-owned daily i newspaper would be moved to a new division of the company, to be called Harmsworth Media. Originally, the cover of New Scientist listed articles in plain text. Initially, page numbering followed academic practice with sequential numbering for each quarterly volume. So, for example,

651-411: The main countries where it is purchased. In the 21st century, until May 2019, New Scientist contained the following sections: Leader, News (Upfront), Technology, Opinion (interviews, point-of-view articles and letters), Features (including cover article), CultureLab (book and event reviews), Feedback (humour), The Last Word (questions and answers) and Jobs & Careers. A Tom Gauld cartoon appears on

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682-483: The makers of New Scientist , exploring the future through the world of science fiction" and fact was launched. In the same year the magazine launched a dating service, NewScientistConnect, operated by The Dating Lab. Since 2016 New Scientist has held an annual science festival in London. Styled New Scientist Live , the event has attracted high-profile scientists and science presenters. In September 2006, New Scientist

713-411: The newer developments of formalisms and languages for the representation of some subclasses of games or representations adjusted to the needs of interdisciplinary research are summarized as the following table. Some of these alternative representations also encode time-related aspects: A 2016 paper "describes a multilevel algorithm compiling a general game description in GDL into an optimized reasoner in

744-499: The next state relative to the current state and the moves taken by the players. An example is: Rules that describe the conditions under which the current state is a terminal one. An example is: The goal values for each player in a terminal state. An example is: With GDL, one can describe finite games with an arbitrary number of players. However, GDL cannot describe games that contain an element of chance (for example, rolling dice) or games where players have incomplete information about

775-439: The publication of "meaningless double-talk" designed to bypass a fatal objection to Shawyer's proposed space drive, namely that it violates the law of conservation of momentum . Egan urged others to write to New Scientist and pressure the magazine to raise its standards, instead of "squandering the opportunity that the magazine's circulation and prestige provides". The editor of New Scientist , then Jeremy Webb, replied defending

806-449: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title GDL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GDL&oldid=1178591854 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Short description

837-410: The technical to the philosophical. New Scientist was acquired by Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) in March 2021. The magazine was founded in 1956 by Tom Margerison , Max Raison and Nicholas Harrison as The New Scientist , with Issue 1 on 22 November 1956, priced at one shilling (equivalent to £1.58 in 2023 ). An article in the magazine's 10th anniversary issues provides anecdotes on

868-427: The world of games, opening new horizons for AI's potential in understanding and mastering a multitude of games. Game Description Language equips AI with a universal key to unlock the mysteries of diverse game environments and strategies. Quoted in an article in New Scientist , Genesereth pointed out that although Deep Blue can play chess at a grandmaster level, it is incapable of playing checkers at all because it

899-414: Was appointed editor-in-chief in 2018. New Scientist has published books derived from its content, many of which are selected questions and answers from the "Last Word" section of the magazine and website: Other books published by New Scientist include: New Scientist has also worked with other publishers to produce books based on the magazine's content: In 2012 Arc , "a new digital quarterly from

930-457: Was criticised by science fiction writer Greg Egan , who wrote that "a sensationalist bent and a lack of basic knowledge by its writers" was making the magazine's coverage sufficiently unreliable "to constitute a real threat to the public understanding of science". In particular, Egan found himself "gobsmacked by the level of scientific illiteracy" in the magazine's coverage of Roger Shawyer's " electromagnetic drive ", where New Scientist allowed

961-562: Was launched in June 2015. It replaced the former Natuurwetenschap & Techniek  [ nl ] (NWT) magazine, adopting its staff and subscribers. The editorially independent magazine is published by Veen Media. It contains mainly translations of articles in the English-language edition, but also its own articles. These are typically focused on research in the Netherlands and Belgium,

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