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80-676: Lindum Colonia was the Roman settlement which is now the City of Lincoln in Lincolnshire . It was founded as a Roman Legionary Fortress during the reign of the Emperor Nero (58–68 AD) or possibly later. Evidence from Roman tombstones suggests that Lincoln was first garrisoned by the Ninth Legion Hispana , which probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at York around c. 71 AD. Lindum

160-439: A close or walled precinct facing the castle began when the see was removed from the quiet backwater of Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire . It was completed in 1092 and rebuilt after a fire, but succumbed to the 1185 East Midlands earthquake . The rebuilt minster, enlarged eastwards several times, was on a grand scale, its crossing tower crowned by a spire reputedly Europe's highest at 525 ft (160 m). When complete,

240-522: A screw press , is based at the former Tower Works owned by Smith-Clayton Forge Ltd. Lincoln is the hub for settlements such as Welton, Saxilby, Skellingthorpe and Washingborough, which look to it for most services and employment needs. Added they raise the population to 165,000. Lincoln is the main centre for jobs and facilities in Central Lincolnshire and performs a regional role over much of Lincolnshire and parts of Nottinghamshire. According to

320-476: A document entitled "Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy", Lincoln has a "travel-to-work" area with a population of about 300,000. In 2021, Lincoln City Council joined the UK's Key Cities network to help the city's public sector. The University of Lincoln and Lincoln's colleges contributes to the cities growth in the small firms, services, restaurants and entertainment venues. A small business unit next door to

400-526: A flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the River Trent and through the River Witham. On the basis of a patently corrupt list of British bishops said to have attended the 314 Council of Arles , the city is often seen as having been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis , formed during the late 3rd-century Diocletian Reforms . Subsequently, the town and its waterways declined. By

480-522: A house in Drake Street, and the Hurricane did a full circuit of the north of Lincoln, with no pilot aboard, and descended over the top of St Mary le Wigford church, to crash into a row of houses and shops, killing three people, and injuring nine. Ruston & Hornsby produced diesel engines for ships and locomotives , then by teaming up with former colleagues of Frank Whittle and Power Jets Ltd, in

560-501: A large scale until the inception of the Principate. Augustus , who needed to settle over a hundred thousand of his veterans after the end of his civil wars , began a massive colony creation program throughout his empire. However, not all colonies were new cities. Many were created from already-occupied settlements and the process of colonization just expanded them. Some of these colonies would later grow into large cities (modern day Cologne

640-615: A new plant outside the city at Teal Park , North Hykeham . Still, Siemens made large redundancies and moved jobs to Sweden and the Netherlands. The factory now employs 1300. R & H's former Beevor Foundry is now owned by Hoval Group , making industrial boilers ( wood chip ). The Aerospace Manufacturing Facility (AMF) in Firth Road passed from Alstom Aerospace Ltd to ITP Engines UK in January 2009. Lincoln's second largest private employer

720-612: A new street system in about 900. Lincoln underwent an economic explosion with the settlement of the Danes . Like York, the Upper City seems to have had purely administrative functions up to 850 or so, while the Lower City, down the hill towards the River Witham, may have been largely deserted. By 950, however, the Witham banks were developed, the Lower City resettled and the suburb of Wigford emerging as

800-428: A place of worship until at least 450 and its churchyard was in use into the 6th century. When Saint Paulinus visited in 629, it was apparently under the control of a Praefectus Civitatis called Blecca. Archaeological evidence indicates that a timber apsidal church was probably built either in the 5th or 6th century in the centre of the old forum. This church was large enough to hold around 100 worshippers, challenging

880-545: A politician deeply involved in the Wars of the Roses , Philip Repyngdon , chaplain to Henry IV and defender of Wycliffe , and Thomas Wolsey , the lord chancellor of Henry VIII . Theologian William de Montibus headed the cathedral school and was its chancellor until he died in 1213. The administrative centre was the Bishop's Palace , the third element in the central complex. When built in

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960-539: A potential reserve of veterans which could be called upon during times of emergency. However, these colonies more importantly served to produce future Roman citizens and therefore recruits to the Roman army . Roman colonies played a major role in the spread of the Latin language within the central and southern Italian peninsula during the early empire. The colonies showed surrounding native populations an example of Roman life. Since

1040-496: A pottery kiln was on the site of the Technical College (now Lincoln College ) on Monks Road. This kiln produced Mortaria stamped with the maker's name VITALIS. who was probably working around 90-115 AD. A further discovery was made in 1947 when Graham Webster excavated a kiln site producing gray ware storage jars at Swanpool, to the S.W. of Lincoln. This was followed in 1950 by the excavation of further mortaria kilns found on

1120-523: A probable short occupation by the Second Legion, who had moved to Chester by 77-78 AD the Legionary fort would have been left on a care and maintenance basis. The exact date that it was converted into a colonia is unknown, but a generally favoured date is 86 AD. This was an important settlement for retired legionaries, established by the emperor Domitian within the walls and using the street grid of

1200-625: A student accommodation, the Think Tank, opened in June 2009. Some entertainment venues linked to the university include The Engine Shed and The Venue Cinema. Its presence has also built-up the area around the Brayford Pool. The city is a tourist centre for visitors to historic buildings that include the cathedral, the castle and the medieval Bishop's Palace. The Collection , of which the Usher Gallery

1280-616: A trading centre. In 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England , William I ordered Lincoln Castle to be built on the site of the old Roman settlement, for the same strategic reasons and controlling the same road, the Fosse Way . During the Anarchy , in 1141 Lincoln was the site of a battle between King Stephen and the forces of Empress Matilda , led by her illegitimate half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester . After fierce fighting in

1360-540: A two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby Jew's House likewise bears witness to the Jewish population. In 1255, the affair called " The Libel of Lincoln " in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy ( Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in medieval folklore) were sent to the Tower of London and 18 executed. The Jews were all expelled in 1290. Thirteenth-century Lincoln

1440-444: Is CIVITAS LINCOLNIA ("City of Lincoln"). The dissolution of the monasteries cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and

1520-619: Is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018. New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed

1600-468: Is a Latinized form of a native Brittonic name which has been reconstructed as * Lindon ( lit. "pool" or "lake"; cf. modern Welsh llyn ). The primary evidence that modern Lincoln was referred to as Lindum comes from Ptolemy's Geography , which was compiled in about 150 AD, where Lindum is referred to as a polis or town within the tribal area of the Corieltauvi . In

1680-421: Is a cathedral city and district in Lincolnshire , England, of which it is the county town . In the 2021 Census, the city's district had a population of 103,813. The 2021 census gave the urban area of Lincoln , including Bracebridge Heath , North Hykeham , South Hykeham and Waddington , a recorded population of 127,540. Roman Lindum Colonia developed from an Iron Age settlement of Britons on

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1760-676: Is now part, is an important attraction, partly in a purpose-built venue. It currently contains over 2,000,000 objects, and was one of the four finalists for the 2006 Gulbenkian Prize . Any material from official archaeological excavations in Lincolnshire is eventually deposited there. Other attractions include the Museum of Lincolnshire Life and the International Bomber Command Centre . Tranquil destinations close by are Whisby Nature Reserve and Hartsholme Country Park (including

1840-454: Is the largest settlement in Lincolnshire, with the towns of Grimsby second largest and Scunthorpe third. The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an Iron Age settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to the 1st century BCE. It was built by Brayford Pool on the River Witham at the foot of a large hill, on which

1920-462: Is unknown, as its remains are buried beneath the later Roman and medieval ruins and modern Lincoln. The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road (A46). Celtic Lindon was later Latinised to Lindum and

2000-641: The Antonine Itinerary , a road book of the mid-2nd century AD, Lindum is mentioned three times as Lindo in the Iter or routes numbered V, VI and VIII. Then, in the Ravenna Cosmography , a listing of towns in the Roman Empire compiled in the 7th century AD, Lincoln is referred to as Lindum Colonia . As the Roman colonia for veteran soldiers at Lincoln is thought to have been established during

2080-588: The First World War and population growth provided more workers for greater expansion. The tanks were tested on land now covered by Tritton Road in the south-west suburbs. In the Second World War , Lincoln produced an array of war goods: tanks, aircraft, munitions and military vehicles. In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with

2160-627: The Forum , baths, temples, buildings and shops of the colonia which was enclosed by walls. The walls of the Upper Colonia started to be built in the earlier part of the 2nd century, while the Lower Colonia was walled in either the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries. The Roman settlement also spread to the south of the river Witham in the area known as the Wigford. In the early 3rd century with the re-organisation of

2240-564: The Normans later built Lincoln Cathedral and Lincoln Castle . The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the Brittonic language of Iron Age Britain's Celtic inhabitants as Lindon , "The Pool", presumably referring to Brayford Pool (compare the etymology of Dublin , from the Gaelic dubh linn "black pool"). The extent of the original settlement

2320-512: The River Witham , near the Fosse Way road. Over time its name was shortened to Lincoln, after successive settlements, including by Anglo-Saxons and Danes . Landmarks include Lincoln Cathedral ( English Gothic architecture ; for over 200 years the world's tallest building) and the 11th-century Norman Lincoln Castle . The city hosts the University of Lincoln , Bishop Grosseteste University , Lincoln City F.C. and Lincoln United F.C. Lincoln

2400-573: The Roman Republic , which had no standing army , their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. There were two types: After 133 BC tribunes introduced reforms to support the urban poor to become farmers again in new colonies as agricultural settlements (e.g. Tarentum in 122 BC). Under Caesar and in the Imperial era starting from Augustus , thousands of Roman legionary veterans were granted lands in many coloniae in

2480-704: The civil war . Lincoln lies at an altitude of 67 ft (20.4 m) by the River Witham up to 246 ft (75.0 m) on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the Lincoln Cliff escarpment , which runs north and south through Central Lincolnshire , with altitudes up to 200 feet (61 metres). The city lies on the River Witham , which flows through this gap. The city is 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Hull , 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Nottingham , 47 miles (76 km) north of Peterborough , 73 miles (117 km) southeast of Leeds and 40 miles (64 km) east south-east of Sheffield . Roman colonia Under

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2560-873: The synagogue and burned the records that registered debts. Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a county corporate : the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the West Riding of Lindsey since at least the time of the Domesday Book . Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example). The oldest surviving secular drama in English, The Interlude of

2640-718: The Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the Stonebow , the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia. Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down Steep Hill to the High Street and High Bridge , whose half-timbered housing juts out over the river. There are three ancient churches: St Mary le Wigford and St Peter at Gowts , both 11th century in origin, and St Mary Magdalene , from

2720-483: The Lincoln Racecourse by Phillip Corder. Kilns producing mortaria by a potter called CATTO and also colour painted and rosette decorated pottery are known from South Carlton, to the north of Lincoln. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Lincolnshire produced a coarse ware ceramic known as Dales ware , which was exported across the north of Roman Britain. Lincoln, England Lincoln ( / ˈ l ɪ ŋ k ə n / )

2800-471: The N.E corner of the Upper Colonia. The ceramic pipes were encased in concrete that provided a waterproof seal and allowed the water to pass through the pipes under pressure. The course of the aqueduct had been well known from the start of the 18th century. William Stukeley had shown the line of the aqueduct on his plan of Lincoln in 1722. The Lincoln antiquary Thomas Sympson had written in the mid 18th century, "There must have been some contrivance for raising

2880-569: The Roman Empire, a case can be made that Lindum Colonia had become the provincial capital of Britannia Secunda and possibly a Bishop from Lincoln was present at the Council of Arles in 314 AD. In the 4th century Lincoln continued to develop and there is increasing evidence for Christianity . After the departure of the Romans in the 5th century Lindum declined in size and population, although archaeological evidence suggests some degree of continuity. The name

2960-649: The Student and the Girl ( c.  1300 ), may have originated from Lincoln. Lincoln's coat of arms , not officially endorsed by the College of Arms , is believed to date from the 14th century. It is Argent on a cross gules a fleur-de-lis or . The cross is believed to derive from the Diocese. The fleur-de-lis symbolises the cathedral dedication to the Virgin Mary. The motto

3040-765: The Swanholme Lakes SSSI ), while noisier entertainment can be found at Scampton airfield , Waddington airfield (base of the RAF's Red Arrows jet aerobatic team), the County Showground or the Cadwell Park motor racing circuit near Louth . Early each December the Bailgate area holds a Christmas Market in and around the Castle grounds, shaped by the traditional German-style Christmas markets, including that of Lincoln's twin town Neustadt an der Weinstrasse . In 2010, for

3120-519: The U.S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as Lincoln, Nebraska . But the shared name with England's Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U.S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln. A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the "Old Barracks" (now held by the Museum of Lincolnshire Life ). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now Sobraon Barracks ) in 1890, when Lincoln Drill Hall in Broadgate also opened. Lincoln

3200-427: The best developed sewerage system in the province and a fine octagonal public fountain and part of its aqueduct have been partly uncovered. There were temples dedicated to Apollo and Mercury . On the basis of Lindum's size and the patently corrupt list of British bishops who attended the 314 Council of Arles , the city is sometimes considered to have been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis which

3280-511: The central spire is widely accepted to have succeeded the Great Pyramids of Egypt as the world's tallest man-made structure . The Lincoln bishops were among the magnates of medieval England. The Diocese of Lincoln , the largest in England, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates. When Magna Carta was drawn up in 1215, one of

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3360-560: The city again rose to some importance with overseas trading ties. In Viking times Lincoln had its own mint, by far the most important in Lincolnshire and by the end of the 10th century, comparable in output to that of York . After establishment of the Danelaw in 886, Lincoln became one of the Five East Midland Boroughs . Excavations at Flaxengate reveal that an area deserted since Roman times received timber-framed buildings fronting

3440-501: The city and urban area. Lincoln Central Mosque and Cultural Centre is on Dixon Street. The city has no Sikh or Hindu temples, with the nearest ones being in Scunthorpe , Grimsby , Nottingham and Doncaster . The Jewish Lincoln Synagogue is on Steep Hill , in the ancient building, Jews' Court , which is believed to be the site of the original medieval synagogue. There is also an international temple on James Street. Churches in

3520-454: The city include: St Mary le Wigford , St Giles , St Benedicts , St Swithin's , Lincoln Cathedral , St Hugh's , St Katherine's , Alive Church , Saint Peter at Gowts , Central Methodist Church , St Nicholas Lincoln Unitarian Chapel and Greek Orthodox Church of St Basil the Great and St Paisios and others in the city and outer suburbs. Construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral within

3600-500: The city streets, Stephen's forces were defeated and Stephen himself captured and taken to Bristol . By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and wool exported to Flanders ; Lincoln weavers had set up a guild in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary Robin Hood wearing woollens of Lincoln green . In

3680-619: The close of the 5th century, it was largely deserted, although some occupation continued under a Praefectus Civitatis – Saint Paulinus visited a man holding this office in Lincoln in 629 CE. Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin Lindum Colonia shrank in Old English to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene. After the first Viking raids,

3760-451: The construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996. In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status. 34 per cent of Lincoln's workforce are in public administration, education and health; distribution, restaurants and hotels account for 25 per cent. Industrial relics like Ruston (now Siemens ) remain, with empty industrial warehouse buildings becoming multi-use units, with

3840-450: The early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for gas turbine engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by English Electric in November 1966, which

3920-688: The economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter. Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the Industrial Revolution , and several famous companies arose, such as Ruston's , Clayton 's, Proctor 's and William Foster's . Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, by building locomotives, steam shovels and all manner of heavy machinery. It

4000-447: The empire and were responsible for the Romanization of many territories (mainly in the spread of Latin language and of Roman laws and customs ). According to Livy , Rome's first colonies were established in about 752 BC at Antemnae and Crustumerium , both in Latium . Other early colonies were established at Signia in the 6th century BC, Velitrae and Norba in the 5th century BC, and Ostia , Antium , and Tarracina in

4080-408: The ethnic makeup of the city 92% White and 8% ethnic minorities. 15.1% of the people living in Lincoln were born outside of the UK, of which 9.6% are from ‘other European countries’. The most common countries of birth aside from the UK are Poland at 2.6%, Romania at 1.4%, and Lithuania at 1.1%. Lincoln is home to many active and former churches. These serve the city centre , outer suburbs of

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4160-513: The first time, the event was cancelled due to "atrocious" snowfalls across most of the United Kingdom. It succumbed again in December 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethnicity In the 2021 census, the population of Lincoln district was 103,813. The largest ethnic group was White British at 82.7%, with all ‘other white’ groups constituting 9.5%, followed by South Asian at 3.2%, Mixed race at 2%, Black British at 1.4%, other ethnic minorities made up 0.9% and Arab were 0.2%. This makes

4240-428: The ground at the spring. Over the years further lengths of the aqueduct have been uncovered and the base for a watertank fed by the aqueduct discovered just inside the Roman Wall to the east of the Newport Arch . This is just to the north of Cottesford Place, where excavations in the 1960s revealed a probable Roman Bathhouse, which could have been supplied with water from this source. Another pipeline, encased in concrete

4320-404: The hilltop fortress, with the addition of an extension of about equal area, down the hillside to the waterside below. The town became a major flourishing settlement, accessible from the sea both through the River Trent and through the River Witham. Public buildings, such as the forum with lifesize equestrian statues, basilica , and the public baths , were erected in the 2nd century. The hilltop

4400-412: The idea that Lincoln was nearly deserted. Instead, it fits with other evidence for Lincoln retaining its central position in the post-Roman polity called *Lindēs, which became the Kingdom of Lindsey in the Anglo-Saxon period. Roman Lincoln had a very sophisticated water supply. It was fed by the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ spring to the North East of the city and then ran parallel with the Nettleham Road towards

4480-436: The late 12th century by Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop's Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Its East Hall over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and James I were guests there. The palace was sacked in 1648 by royalist troops during

4560-487: The late 13th century. The last is an unusual English dedication to a saint whose cult was coming into vogue on the European continent at the time. Lincoln was home to one of five main Jewish communities in England , well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, anti-Semitic riots that started in King's Lynn , Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called House of Aaron has

4640-411: The late 4th century. In this first period of colonisation, which lasted down to the end of the Punic Wars , colonies were primarily military in purpose, being intended to defend Roman territory. The first Roman colony outside Italy was probably Italica in Hispania founded in 206 BC by Publius Cornelius Scipio during the Second Carthaginian War . In the Empire colonies became large centres for

4720-538: The likes of the University of Lincoln , local Lincs FM radio station (in the Titanic Works ) and gyms using some of the space. The old Corn Exchange , completed in 1848, is now used as a shopping arcade, and the newer Corn Exchange , completed in 1879, is now used as a restaurant and shops. Like many other cities, Lincoln has a growing IT economy, with many e-commerce mail order companies. Two electronics firms are e2V and Dynex Semiconductor . Bifrangi, an Italian maker of crankshafts for off-road vehicles using

4800-467: The poorly operating, slow sand filter, to kill the fatal bacteria. Chlorination of the water continued until 1911, when a new supply was implemented. Lincoln's chlorination episode was an early use of chlorine to disinfect a water supply. Westgate Water Tower was built to provide new supplies. In the two world wars , Lincoln switched to war production. The first ever tanks were invented, designed and built in Lincoln by William Foster & Co. in

4880-415: The reign of the Roman Emperor Domitian (81–96), it has been suggested that the full name of the colonia would have been Colonia Domitiana Lindensium , but, as yet, there have been no Roman inscriptions found that confirm this. The Romans conquered this part of Britain in AD 48 and shortly afterwards built a legionary fortress , possibly south of the River Witham . This was soon replaced, around

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4960-400: The sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town. By the Georgian era , Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the Agricultural Revolution . Reopening of the Foss Dyke canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with

5040-933: The settlement of army veterans, especially in Roman north Africa which had the largest density of Roman colonies per region in the Roman Empire, where the Italic population constituted more than one third of the total population during the second century AD. New bilateral defence contracts with Falerii, Tarquinii (Etruria) Caere (again), Pomptina and Poplilia tribus (tribes) formed in territories of Antium New Roman municipia made from small towns around Rome: Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum, Pedum , Tusculum. Latin ius contracts made with Tibur , Praeneste, Lavinium , Cora (Latium) Ius comercii contracts made with Circei , Notba, Setia , Signia , Nepi , Ardea , Gabii Ius migrationi and ius connubii Ufentina tribus established (on territories of Volscus city Antium), Privernum , Velitrae , Terracia , Fondi and Fotmiae made contract with Rome (cives sine suffragio) Colonies were not founded on

5120-407: The title Colonia added when it became settled by army veterans. The conversion to a colonia occurred when the legion moved on to York ( Eboracum ) in 71 CE. Lindum colonia or more fully, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium , after the then Emperor Domitian , was set up within the walls of the hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside. It became

5200-407: The water a good deal above its natural level before it would run to Lindum; the spring being evidently lower than the Town: and indeed there are some traces of a Tower, or some such building at the end of the Aquaeduct by the Spring, which one may suppose would have had a reservoir on its Top." In 1782 the artist Samuel Hieronymus Grimm drew sections of the sheathed pipe and also where it emerged from

5280-449: The witnesses was Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln . One of only four surviving originals of the document is preserved in Lincoln Castle . Among the famous bishops of Lincoln were Robert Bloet , the magnificent justiciar to Henry I , Hugh of Avalon , the cathedral builder canonised as St Hugh of Lincoln , Robert Grosseteste , the 13th-century intellectual, Henry Beaufort , chancellor of Henry V and Henry VI , Thomas Rotherham ,

5360-620: The worst night being 9 May 1941. Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943. Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage. On 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former Ancaster High School , killing three people. A Spitfire and Hurricane, from RAF Digby , collided over Lincoln. One pilot landed on allotments near Kingsway, and another landed near Branston Road. The Spitfire crashed on

5440-409: The year 60, by a second fort for the Ninth Legion , high on a hill overlooking the natural lake formed by the widening of the River Witham (the modern day Brayford Pool ) and at the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road . That pool is very likely to have given Lincoln its name. The Ninth Legion , Hispana was probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at York around 71 AD Then, after

5520-421: Was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the First Barons' War , it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. Here and at Dover the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with Prince Louis . In the Second Barons' War , of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked

5600-462: Was also around this time that the town's name became overshadowed in the world's consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , who led his country through their brutal Civil War and succeeded in abolishing nearly all slavery within its borders . Abraham Lincoln's surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to America long before his birth. Many locations in

5680-411: Was first founded as a Roman colony). During this time, provincial cities can gain the rank of colony, gaining certain rights and privileges. After the era of the Severan emperors the new "colonies" were only cities that were granted a status (often of tax exemption), and in most cases during the Late Imperial times there was no more settlement of retired legionaries. Roman colonies sometimes served as

5760-400: Was formed during the late-3rd century Diocletian Reforms . However, it is now thought more likely that Lincoln would have been the administrative capital of Britannia Secunda and that York was the capital of Flavia Caesariensis. The city and its waterways eventually fell into decline, and, by the end of the 5th century, it was virtually deserted. However, the church of St Paul continued as

5840-590: Was found in 1857 by the Greestone Stairs, to the east of the wall, and this pipeline had presumably branched off from the aqueduct and supplied water to the Lower Colonia. Thompson calculated that it would be necessary to raise the water about 70 feet at the source at the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ for there to be sufficient pressure for the water to reach the tank at the East Bight by the Newport Arch . This may imply that there

5920-415: Was hit by typhoid in November 1904 – August 1905 caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the River Witham . Over 1,000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113, including the man responsible for the city's water supply, Liam Kirk of Baker Crescent. Near the beginning of the epidemic, Dr Alexander Cruickshank Houston installed a chlorine disinfection system just ahead of

6000-423: Was largely filled with private homes, but the slopes became the town's commercial centre. They gained stone walls, like the upper region (including the Newport Arch ), around 200. Between this point, and the city's peak in the early 4th century the town could maintain a population of between six and eight-thousand. There was also an industrial suburb over the river which had pottery production facilities. The town had

6080-436: Was limescale , indicating that the aqueduct had been in use. This length of the aqueduct had ceramic pipes, joined with collared joints , but other lengths of the aqueduct had pipes which were about 7.5 inches in diameter, narrowing to 4 inches and when laid, the narrow or spigot end of the pipe fitted into the broad or socket end of the next pipe. Lincoln was an important centre for pottery production. The earliest discovery of

6160-540: Was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions. Between 1642 and 1651 in the English Civil War , Lincoln was on a frontier between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces and changed hands several times. Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to

6240-403: Was some form of water tower and the Romans may either have used some form of pump or siphon to raise the water, or a revolving bucket and chain system. Before 2007 it was questioned whether the Roman aqueduct at Lincoln had ever worked as there was no evidence of limescale in any of the lengths of pipe that had been uncovered. Construction on a housing estate close to Nettleham showed that there

6320-544: Was then bought by GEC in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in Newton-le-Willows , Lancashire, at the former Vulcan Foundry . Pelham Works merged with Alstom of France in the late 1980s and was then bought in 2003 by Siemens of Germany as Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery . This includes what is left of Napier Turbochargers . Plans came early in 2008 for

6400-673: Was then garrisoned by the Second Legion Adiutrix , which then went on to Chester in 77–78 AD. Probably under the reign of Domitian and most likely after 86 AD, the fortress became a colonia , a settlement for retired soldiers sanctioned by the Emperor. The colonia now developed and a second enclosure, often referred to as the Lower Colonia was added between the Upper Colonia and the River Witham . Evidence has been uncovered for

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