105-484: The International Bomber Command Centre (IBCC) is a memorial and interpretation centre overlooking the city of Lincoln, England , and telling the story of RAF Bomber Command 's extensive losses of aircraft and crews during the Bombing of Germany during World War II . It opened to the public at the end of January 2018, with an official ceremony on 12 April as part of Royal Air Force (RAF) centenary celebrations. The project
210-439: A close or walled precinct facing the castle began when the see was removed from the quiet backwater of Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire . It was completed in 1092 and rebuilt after a fire, but succumbed to the 1185 East Midlands earthquake . The rebuilt minster, enlarged eastwards several times, was on a grand scale, its crossing tower crowned by a spire reputedly Europe's highest at 525 ft (160 m). When complete,
315-522: A screw press , is based at the former Tower Works owned by Smith-Clayton Forge Ltd. Lincoln is the hub for settlements such as Welton, Saxilby, Skellingthorpe and Washingborough, which look to it for most services and employment needs. Added they raise the population to 165,000. Lincoln is the main centre for jobs and facilities in Central Lincolnshire and performs a regional role over much of Lincolnshire and parts of Nottinghamshire. According to
420-476: A document entitled "Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy", Lincoln has a "travel-to-work" area with a population of about 300,000. In 2021, Lincoln City Council joined the UK's Key Cities network to help the city's public sector. The University of Lincoln and Lincoln's colleges contributes to the cities growth in the small firms, services, restaurants and entertainment venues. A small business unit next door to
525-405: A donation of £1,000 (equivalent to £660,000 in 2023) from Alfred Shuttleworth, an engineer and later chairman of Clayton & Shuttleworth . This, together with other private gifts and a public subscription, allowed work to progress. On St Hugh's Day , 17 November 1898, the organ was inaugurated at a service attended by 4,700 people. Willis had intended that the organ be electrically-powered,
630-461: A duplicate of the Westminster Abbey tomb there. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and replaced with a 19th-century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two prominent statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored in the 19th century and they were probably not originally intended to depict
735-522: A house in Drake Street, and the Hurricane did a full circuit of the north of Lincoln, with no pilot aboard, and descended over the top of St Mary le Wigford church, to crash into a row of houses and shops, killing three people, and injuring nine. Ruston & Hornsby produced diesel engines for ships and locomotives , then by teaming up with former colleagues of Frank Whittle and Power Jets Ltd, in
840-615: A new plant outside the city at Teal Park , North Hykeham . Still, Siemens made large redundancies and moved jobs to Sweden and the Netherlands. The factory now employs 1300. R & H's former Beevor Foundry is now owned by Hoval Group , making industrial boilers ( wood chip ). The Aerospace Manufacturing Facility (AMF) in Firth Road passed from Alstom Aerospace Ltd to ITP Engines UK in January 2009. Lincoln's second largest private employer
945-667: A new street system in about 900. Lincoln underwent an economic explosion with the settlement of the Danes . Like York, the Upper City seems to have had purely administrative functions up to 850 or so, while the Lower City, down the hill towards the River Witham, may have been largely deserted. By 950, however, the Witham banks were developed, the Lower City resettled and the suburb of Wigford emerging as
1050-545: A politician deeply involved in the Wars of the Roses , Philip Repyngdon , chaplain to Henry IV and defender of Wycliffe , and Thomas Wolsey , the lord chancellor of Henry VIII . Theologian William de Montibus headed the cathedral school and was its chancellor until he died in 1213. The administrative centre was the Bishop's Palace , the third element in the central complex. When built in
1155-653: A prominent landmark for aircrews, forms an important part of the vista from the centre of the Memorial Spire. Within the grounds of the International Bomber Command Centre sits the Spire Memorial, which was erected on 10 May 2015. Lincoln, England Lincoln ( / ˈ l ɪ ŋ k ə n / ) is a cathedral city and district in Lincolnshire , England, of which it is the county town . In
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#17328513313301260-625: A student accommodation, the Think Tank, opened in June 2009. Some entertainment venues linked to the university include The Engine Shed and The Venue Cinema. Its presence has also built-up the area around the Brayford Pool. The city is a tourist centre for visitors to historic buildings that include the cathedral, the castle and the medieval Bishop's Palace. The Collection , of which the Usher Gallery
1365-616: A trading centre. In 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England , William I ordered Lincoln Castle to be built on the site of the old Roman settlement, for the same strategic reasons and controlling the same road, the Fosse Way . During the Anarchy , in 1141 Lincoln was the site of a battle between King Stephen and the forces of Empress Matilda , led by her illegitimate half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester . After fierce fighting in
1470-540: A two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby Jew's House likewise bears witness to the Jewish population. In 1255, the affair called " The Libel of Lincoln " in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy ( Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in medieval folklore) were sent to the Tower of London and 18 executed. The Jews were all expelled in 1290. Thirteenth-century Lincoln
1575-595: A vault failure. After the earthquake, a new bishop was appointed. He was Hugh de Burgundy of Avalon, France , who became known as St Hugh of Lincoln . He began a massive rebuilding and expansion programme. With his appointment of William de Montibus as master of the cathedral school and chancellor, Lincoln briefly became one of the leading educational centres in England, producing writers such as Samuel Presbiter and Richard of Wetheringsett , though it declined in importance after William's death in 1213. Rebuilding began with
1680-614: Is 1.5 seconds. The hour hammer is 224 pounds (102 kg), striking upon the Great Tom bell. The striking trains require winding daily, when done manually it took 20 minutes. The going train required winding twice per week. The clock mechanism contains the inscription Quod bene vortat Deus Opt. Max., Consiliis Edmundi Beckett, Baronetti, LL.D., Opera Gul. Potts et Filiorum, civium Leodiensium, Sumptibus Decani et Capituli, Novum in Turri positum est Horologium, A.D. MDCCCLXXX . The South West tower of
1785-444: Is CIVITAS LINCOLNIA ("City of Lincoln"). The dissolution of the monasteries cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and
1890-619: Is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018. New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed
1995-419: Is believed some mistakes in the support of the tower occurred, for in 1237 the main tower collapsed. A new tower was soon started and in 1255 the cathedral petitioned Henry III to allow them to take down part of the town wall to enlarge and expand the cathedral, including the rebuilding of the central tower and spire. They replaced the small rounded chapels (built at the time of St Hugh) with a larger east end to
2100-566: Is held on the National Pipe Organ Register . In Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poetical illustration Lincoln Cathedral to a painting by Thomas Allom , she remarks on the derivation of Gothic tracery from "the arches of the old oak trees". This was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837. The cathedral was used for the filming of The Da Vinci Code (based on the book of the same name ). Filming took place mainly within
2205-676: Is now part, is an important attraction, partly in a purpose-built venue. It currently contains over 2,000,000 objects, and was one of the four finalists for the 2006 Gulbenkian Prize . Any material from official archaeological excavations in Lincolnshire is eventually deposited there. Other attractions include the Museum of Lincolnshire Life and the International Bomber Command Centre . Tranquil destinations close by are Whisby Nature Reserve and Hartsholme Country Park (including
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#17328513313302310-578: Is one of the few English cathedrals built from the rock on which it stands. It is mostly built from Lincolnshire Limestone . The cathedral has owned the existing quarry, on Riseholme Road, Lincoln, since 1876. As of 2016, the quarry was expected to run out of stone in 2021. The cathedral's stonemasons use more than 100 tonnes of stone per year for maintenance and repairs. The choir is currently formed of adult singers (who are either lay vicars or choral scholars), and teams of about 20 girls and 20 boys. The cathedral accepted female choristers in 1995. Lincoln
2415-512: Is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in medieval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within
2520-560: The British Library and one at Salisbury Cathedral . In August 1255 the body of an eight-year-old boy was found in a well in Lincoln. He had been missing for nearly a month. This incident became the source of a blood libel in the city, with Jews accused of his abduction, torture, and murder. Many Jews were arrested and eighteen were hanged . The boy became known as Little Saint Hugh, to distinguish him from Saint Hugh of Lincoln , but he
2625-637: The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln , is a Church of England cathedral in Lincoln , England. It is the seat of the bishop of Lincoln and is the mother church of the diocese of Lincoln . The cathedral is governed by its dean and chapter , and is a grade I listed building. The earliest parts of the current building date to 1072, when bishop Remigius de Fécamp moved his seat from Dorchester on Thames to Lincoln. The building
2730-588: The First World War and population growth provided more workers for greater expansion. The tanks were tested on land now covered by Tritton Road in the south-west suburbs. In the Second World War , Lincoln produced an array of war goods: tanks, aircraft, munitions and military vehicles. In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with
2835-471: The Renaissance composers William Byrd and John Reading and the biographer of Mendelssohn , William Thomas Freemantle . One of the best examples of the work of "Father" Henry Willis , and the last he designed before his death, the cathedral organ dates from 1898. Willis had completed the design by 1885 but a shortfall in funding delayed construction and installation. This was made possible in 1898, after
2940-475: The choir (St Hugh's Choir) and the eastern transepts between 1192 and 1210. The central nave was then built in the Early English Gothic architectural style. Lincoln Cathedral soon followed other architectural advances of the time – pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting were added to the cathedral. This allowed support for incorporating larger windows. There are thirteen bells in
3045-822: The civil war . Lincoln lies at an altitude of 67 ft (20.4 m) by the River Witham up to 246 ft (75.0 m) on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the Lincoln Cliff escarpment , which runs north and south through Central Lincolnshire , with altitudes up to 200 feet (61 metres). The city lies on the River Witham , which flows through this gap. The city is 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Hull , 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Nottingham , 47 miles (76 km) north of Peterborough , 73 miles (117 km) southeast of Leeds and 40 miles (64 km) east south-east of Sheffield . Lincoln Cathedral Lincoln Cathedral , also called Lincoln Minster , and formally
3150-421: The episcopal seat ( cathedra ) there "some time between 1072 and 1092". About this, James Essex writes that "Remigius ... laid the foundations of his Cathedral in 1072" and "it is probable that he, being a Norman , employed Norman masons to superintend the building ... though he could not complete the whole before his death." Before that, writes B Winkles, "It is well known that Remigius appropriated
3255-523: The parish church of St Mary Magdalene in Lincoln , although it is not known what use he made of it." When Lincoln Cathedral was first built, William the Conqueror granted the parish of Welton to Remigius in order to endow six prebends which provided income to support six canons attached to the cathedral. These were subsequently confirmed by William II and Henry I . Until then St Mary's Church in Stow
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3360-873: The synagogue and burned the records that registered debts. Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a county corporate : the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the West Riding of Lindsey since at least the time of the Domesday Book . Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example). The oldest surviving secular drama in English, The Interlude of
3465-521: The 1st century BCE. It was built by Brayford Pool on the River Witham at the foot of a large hill, on which the Normans later built Lincoln Cathedral and Lincoln Castle . The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the Brittonic language of Iron Age Britain's Celtic inhabitants as Lindon , "The Pool", presumably referring to Brayford Pool (compare
3570-571: The 2021 Census, the city's district had a population of 103,813. The 2021 census gave the urban area of Lincoln , including Bracebridge Heath , North Hykeham , South Hykeham and Waddington , a recorded population of 127,540. Roman Lindum Colonia developed from an Iron Age settlement of Britons on the River Witham , near the Fosse Way road. Over time its name was shortened to Lincoln, after successive settlements, including by Anglo-Saxons and Danes . Landmarks include Lincoln Cathedral ( English Gothic architecture ; for over 200 years
3675-658: The Angel Choir is known as the Lincoln Imp, and since the late nineteenth century it has become the symbol of the city. The carving dates from the 13th century but received little attention until the late 19th century, when it figured in Arnold Frost's poem, "The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil and Lincoln Minster". The Wren Library houses a rare collection of over 277 manuscripts, including
3780-520: The Angel Choir were built in the Perpendicular style , with an emphasis on strong vertical lines, which survive today in the window tracery and wall panelling. Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln, was one of the signatories to Magna Carta and for hundreds of years the cathedral held one of the four remaining copies of the original, now securely displayed in Lincoln Castle . The Lincoln Magna Carta
3885-508: The Dean's Eye in the north transept dates from the 1192 rebuild begun by St Hugh, completed in 1235. The latter, the Bishop's Eye, in the south transept was reconstructed a hundred years later in 1330. A contemporary record, "The Metrical Life of St Hugh", refers to the meaning of these two windows (one on the dark, north, side and the other on the light, south, side of the building): For north represents
3990-718: The Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the Stonebow , the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia. Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down Steep Hill to the High Street and High Bridge , whose half-timbered housing juts out over the river. There are three ancient churches: St Mary le Wigford and St Peter at Gowts , both 11th century in origin, and St Mary Magdalene , from
4095-570: The Second World War. During the war, "priceless British treasures" were placed in a chamber sixty feet beneath the cathedral for safekeeping. This did not include the cathedral's copy of Magna Carta as it was on loan in the United States . A major renovation of the West Front was undertaken in 2000. It was discovered that the flying buttresses on the east end were no longer connected to
4200-471: The South Chapel has vaults that stem from one central support column. The use of sexpartite vaults allowed for more natural light to enter the cathedral through the clerestory windows, which were placed inside of each bay. Saint Hugh's Choir exhibits a series of asymmetrical vaults that appear to almost be a diagonal line created by two ribs on one side translating into only a single rib on the other side of
4305-649: The Student and the Girl ( c. 1300 ), may have originated from Lincoln. Lincoln's coat of arms , not officially endorsed by the College of Arms , is believed to date from the 14th century. It is Argent on a cross gules a fleur-de-lis or . The cross is believed to derive from the Diocese. The fleur-de-lis symbolises the cathedral dedication to the Virgin Mary. The motto
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4410-765: The Swanholme Lakes SSSI ), while noisier entertainment can be found at Scampton airfield , Waddington airfield (base of the RAF's Red Arrows jet aerobatic team), the County Showground or the Cadwell Park motor racing circuit near Louth . Early each December the Bailgate area holds a Christmas Market in and around the Castle grounds, shaped by the traditional German-style Christmas markets, including that of Lincoln's twin town Neustadt an der Weinstrasse . In 2010, for
4515-519: The U.S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as Lincoln, Nebraska . But the shared name with England's Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U.S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln. A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the "Old Barracks" (now held by the Museum of Lincolnshire Life ). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now Sobraon Barracks ) in 1890, when Lincoln Drill Hall in Broadgate also opened. Lincoln
4620-607: The UK by floor area, at approximately 5,000 m (50,000 sq ft), after Liverpool Cathedral , St Paul's Cathedral , and York Minster . It is highly regarded by architectural scholars; the Victorian writer John Ruskin declared: "I have always held ... that the cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have." The first Bishop of Lincoln Remigius de Fécamp moved
4725-459: The activity of Bomber Command, in an interactive and immersive exhibition. The IBCC has created a digital archive on Bomber Command in partnership with the University of Lincoln. The IBCC Digital Archive focuses on people’s stories of RAF Bomber Command and the bombing war in Europe, 1939-1945, from the perspectives of ground, air, military and civilian, on both sides of the conflict. Much of the archive
4830-518: The adjoining stonework , and repairs were made to prevent collapse. Additionally, the stonework of the Dean's Eye window in the transept was crumbling, meaning that a complete reconstruction of the window has had to be carried out according to the conservation criteria set out by the International Council on Monuments and Sites . There was a period of great anxiety when it emerged that the stonework needed to shift only 5 mm (0.20 in) for
4935-677: The cancellation of the Lincoln Christmas Market that year. The cathedral website states: "Everyone is free to enter and gaze at the glory of the nave; you can sit in the peace of the Morning Chapel or visit the shop. If you want to explore further, we do ask you to pay." The cathedral offers tours of the cathedral, the tower and the roof. The peak of its season is the Lincoln Christmas Market, accompanied by an annual production of Handel's Messiah . Lincoln Cathedral
5040-529: The cathedral are said to be both original and experimental. They demonstrate the experimental aspect seen at Lincoln. The vaults differ between the nave, aisles, choir, and chapels. Along the North Aisle there is a continuous ridge rib with a regular arcade that ignores the bays. In the South Aisle there is a discontinuous ridge rib that puts an emphasis on each bay. The North West Chapel has quadripartite vaults and
5145-467: The cathedral contains a fine ring of 13 bells, all cast by John Taylor & Co in Loughborough. The back 8 bells were cast in 1913, with 4 new trebles being added in 1927. In 1948 a flat 6th was added to allow for ringing on the middle 8 bells. The treble bell weighs 5cwt 0qr 2lb (281 kg), with the tenor weighing 23cwt 3qr 23lb (1,217 kg) and striking the note D (nominal 600.0 Hz). The bells are rung from
5250-439: The cathedral is thought to have been very extensive: the cathedral is described as having "split from top to bottom"; in the current building, only the lower part of the west end and its two attached towers remain of the pre-earthquake cathedral. Some (Kidson, 1986; Woo, 1991) have suggested that the damage to Lincoln Cathedral was probably exacerbated by poor construction or design, with the actual collapse most probably caused by
5355-439: The cathedral. This was to handle the increasing number of pilgrims to the cathedral, who came to worship at the shrine of Hugh of Lincoln. In 1290 Eleanor of Castile died and King Edward I of England decided to honour her, his Queen Consort, with an elegant funeral procession. After her body had been embalmed, which in the 13th century involved evisceration , Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln cathedral and Edward placed
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#17328513313305460-405: The central spire is widely accepted to have succeeded the Great Pyramids of Egypt as the world's tallest man-made structure . The Lincoln bishops were among the magnates of medieval England. The Diocese of Lincoln , the largest in England, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates. When Magna Carta was drawn up in 1215, one of
5565-401: The choir of boys and men; the Cathedral Organist and assistant director of music is Jeffrey Makinson, who conducts the choir of girls and men. The organist emeritus is Colin Walsh, previously organist and master of the choristers and then organist laureate. The records of cathedral organists at Lincoln are continuous from 1439 when John Ingleton was the incumbent. Notable organists have included
5670-449: The city and urban area. Lincoln Central Mosque and Cultural Centre is on Dixon Street. The city has no Sikh or Hindu temples, with the nearest ones being in Scunthorpe , Grimsby , Nottingham and Doncaster . The Jewish Lincoln Synagogue is on Steep Hill , in the ancient building, Jews' Court , which is believed to be the site of the original medieval synagogue. There is also an international temple on James Street. Churches in
5775-406: The city include: St Mary le Wigford , St Giles , St Benedicts , St Swithin's , Lincoln Cathedral , St Hugh's , St Katherine's , Alive Church , Saint Peter at Gowts , Central Methodist Church , St Nicholas Lincoln Unitarian Chapel and Greek Orthodox Church of St Basil the Great and St Paisios and others in the city and outer suburbs. Construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral within
5880-453: The city streets, Stephen's forces were defeated and Stephen himself captured and taken to Bristol . By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and wool exported to Flanders ; Lincoln weavers had set up a guild in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary Robin Hood wearing woollens of Lincoln green . In
5985-403: The cloisters, and chapter house, of the cathedral, and remained a closed set. The cathedral took on the role of Westminster Abbey , as the abbey had refused to permit filming. Although there was protest at the filming, the filming was completed by the end of August 2005. To make the Lincoln chapter house appear similar to the Westminster chapter house, murals were painted on a special layer over
6090-451: The construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996. In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status. 34 per cent of Lincoln's workforce are in public administration, education and health; distribution, restaurants and hotels account for 25 per cent. Industrial relics like Ruston (now Siemens ) remain, with empty industrial warehouse buildings becoming multi-use units, with
6195-487: The couple. Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height of 271 feet (83 m). The western towers and front of the cathedral were also improved and heightened. At this time, a tall lead-encased wooden spire topped the central tower but was blown down in a storm in 1548. Around 1380, the western towers were raised to their current height. They were capped with wooden spires covered with lead in 1420, but by 1807 they were dismantled. With its spire
6300-401: The designers cut back on the amount of iconography within the window. Most cathedral windows during this time displayed many colourful images of the Bible; however, at Lincoln there are very few images. Some of those images that can be seen within the window include saints Paul, Andrew, and James. One major architectural features of Lincoln Cathedral are the vaults . The varying vaults within
6405-439: The devil, and south the Holy Spirit and it is in these directions that the two eyes look. The bishop faces the south in order to invite in and the dean the north in order to shun; the one takes care to be saved, the other takes care not to perish. With these Eyes the cathedral's face is on watch for the candelabra of Heaven and the darkness of Lethe (oblivion). After the additions of the Dean's eye and other major Gothic additions it
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#17328513313306510-399: The early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for gas turbine engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by English Electric in November 1966, which
6615-518: The economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter. Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the Industrial Revolution , and several famous companies arose, such as Ruston's , Clayton 's, Proctor 's and William Foster's . Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, by building locomotives, steam shovels and all manner of heavy machinery. It
6720-473: The entire window to collapse. Specialist engineers removed the window's tracery before installing a strengthened, more stable replacement. In addition to this the original stained glass was cleaned and set behind a new clear isothermal glass which offers better protection from the elements. By April 2006 the renovation project was completed at a cost of £2 million. It was announced in January 2020 that since 2016, archaeologists had found over 50 burials during
6825-408: The ethnic makeup of the city 92% White and 8% ethnic minorities. 15.1% of the people living in Lincoln were born outside of the UK, of which 9.6% are from ‘other European countries’. The most common countries of birth aside from the UK are Poland at 2.6%, Romania at 1.4%, and Lithuania at 1.1%. Lincoln is home to many active and former churches. These serve the city centre , outer suburbs of
6930-405: The etymology of Dublin , from the Gaelic dubh linn "black pool"). The extent of the original settlement is unknown, as its remains are buried beneath the later Roman and medieval ruins and modern Lincoln. The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and
7035-448: The fifteenth-century "Thornton Romances" found in the Lincoln Thornton Manuscript . Lincoln Cathedral features two major rose windows , which are a highly uncommon feature among medieval architecture in England. On the north side of the cathedral is the "Dean's Eye" which survives from the original structure of the building and on the south side is the "Bishop's Eye" which was most likely rebuilt c. 1325 –1350. This south window
7140-469: The first Viking raids, the city again rose to some importance with overseas trading ties. In Viking times Lincoln had its own mint, by far the most important in Lincolnshire and by the end of the 10th century, comparable in output to that of York . After establishment of the Danelaw in 886, Lincoln became one of the Five East Midland Boroughs . Excavations at Flaxengate reveal that an area deserted since Roman times received timber-framed buildings fronting
7245-462: The first organ in an English cathedral to be powered in this way. As the Brayford Wharf Power Station had not yet been completed, manual power was instead provided by infantrymen from the Lincolnshire Regiment . The organ has been restored twice, in 1960 and in 1998. On both occasions the work was undertaken by Harrison & Harrison . It is one of only two Willis organs in English cathedrals with its original tonal scheme. The organ specification
7350-513: The first time, the event was cancelled due to "atrocious" snowfalls across most of the United Kingdom. It succumbed again in December 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethnicity In the 2021 census, the population of Lincoln district was 103,813. The largest ethnic group was White British at 82.7%, with all ‘other white’ groups constituting 9.5%, followed by South Asian at 3.2%, Mixed race at 2%, Black British at 1.4%, other ethnic minorities made up 0.9% and Arab were 0.2%. This makes
7455-432: The hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside. It became a flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the River Trent and through the River Witham. On the basis of a patently corrupt list of British bishops said to have attended the 314 Council of Arles , the city is often seen as having been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis , formed during
7560-453: The illusion of a passageway along the wall. However the illusion does not work, as the stonemason, copying techniques from France, did not make the arches the correct length needed for the illusion to be effective. In 1398 John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford founded a chantry in the cathedral to pray for the welfare of their souls. In the 15th century the building of the cathedral turned to chantry or memorial chapels. The chapels next to
7665-415: The instruction of Edmund Beckett QC . Cambridge Chimes were a feature of the new clock. The machinery, featuring a double three-legged gravity escapement to Beckett's designs, weighs about 4 long tons (4.5 short tons), with the driving weights being 1.5 long tons (1.7 short tons), suspended by steel-wire ropes 270 feet (82 m) long, and the pendulum weight of 2 long hundredweight (100 kg). The beat
7770-436: The late 12th century by Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop's Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Its East Hall over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and James I were guests there. The palace was sacked in 1648 by royalist troops during
7875-632: The late 13th century. The last is an unusual English dedication to a saint whose cult was coming into vogue on the European continent at the time. Lincoln was home to one of five main Jewish communities in England , well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, anti-Semitic riots that started in King's Lynn , Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called House of Aaron has
7980-640: The late 3rd-century Diocletian Reforms . Subsequently, the town and its waterways declined. By the close of the 5th century, it was largely deserted, although some occupation continued under a Praefectus Civitatis – Saint Paulinus visited a man holding this office in Lincoln in 629 CE. Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin Lindum Colonia shrank in Old English to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene. After
8085-645: The likes of the University of Lincoln , local Lincs FM radio station (in the Titanic Works ) and gyms using some of the space. The old Corn Exchange , completed in 1848, is now used as a shopping arcade, and the newer Corn Exchange , completed in 1879, is now used as a restaurant and shops. Like many other cities, Lincoln has a growing IT economy, with many e-commerce mail order companies. Two electronics firms are e2V and Dynex Semiconductor . Bifrangi, an Italian maker of crankshafts for off-road vehicles using
8190-461: The northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road (A46). Celtic Lindon was later Latinised to Lindum and the title Colonia added when it became settled by army veterans. The conversion to a colonia occurred when the legion moved on to York ( Eboracum ) in 71 CE. Lindum colonia or more fully, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium , after the then Emperor Domitian , was set up within the walls of
8295-467: The poorly operating, slow sand filter, to kill the fatal bacteria. Chlorination of the water continued until 1911, when a new supply was implemented. Lincoln's chlorination episode was an early use of chlorine to disinfect a water supply. Westgate Water Tower was built to provide new supplies. In the two world wars , Lincoln switched to war production. The first ever tanks were invented, designed and built in Lincoln by William Foster & Co. in
8400-531: The renovations, including a priest buried with a chalice and paten. Among the artifacts recovered was a coin depicting Edward the Confessor , who was king from 1042 to 1066. During the dig, sections of some extensively decorated Roman buildings and related artifacts were also discovered. Some of the Roman, medieval and Saxon objects were to be displayed at the visitor centre which was expected to open later in 2020. In 2022
8505-516: The scaffolding of the Lincoln Cathedral was removed from its west front after 36 years. Maintaining the cathedral costs £5.86 million a year (as at 2016). Between 2006 and 2009, 200,000 to 208,000 people visited Lincoln Cathedral annually. In 2010 the figure dropped to 150,000, making it the 16th-most visited attraction in the East Midlands. The fall in visitor numbers was attributed to
8610-566: The sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town. By the Georgian era , Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the Agricultural Revolution . Reopening of the Foss Dyke canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with
8715-584: The section of the tower just above The Great West Front, with the ringing chamber having three windows on all but one side. The bells themselves are hung below the louvres to minimise tower movement as much as possible. Sometime during the later stages of the Second World War, the accomplished RAF pilot and future Black British civil rights leader, Billy Strachan , almost crashed his aircraft into Lincoln Cathedral. Strachan credited this experience with ending his piloting career, as he found it psychologically impossible to continue flying combat missions. Lincolnshire
8820-409: The south-west tower, two in the north-west tower, and five in the central tower (including Great Tom). Accompanying the cathedral's large bell , Great Tom of Lincoln, is a quarter-hour striking clock which was installed in the early 19th century. The two large stained glass rose windows , the matching Dean's Eye and the Bishop's Eye were added to the cathedral during the late Middle Ages. The former,
8925-428: The tower reputedly reached a height of 525 feet (160 m), which would have made it the world's tallest structure , however it is doubtful that is was so tall. Other additions to the cathedral at this time included its elaborate carved screen and the 14th-century misericords , as was the Angel Choir. For a large part of the length of the cathedral, the walls have arches in relief with a second layer in front to give
9030-463: The vault. This pattern divides the space of the vaults and bays, placing the emphasis on the bays. The chapter house is a decagonal building with a single, central column from which twenty ribs rise producing unusual vaulting. Each area of Lincoln can be identified solely by the different vaults of the space. Each vault, or each variation of the vault, is unique. The vaults are attributed to French-Normand master mason Geoffrey de Noiers . de Noiers
9135-405: The window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces within the circle where the tracery would go much smaller, and easier to work with. This window is also unique in that the focus of the tracery was shifted away from the centre of the circle and instead placed in other sections. The glazing of the window was difficult as the tracery for many of the same reasons; therefore,
9240-449: The witnesses was Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln . One of only four surviving originals of the document is preserved in Lincoln Castle . Among the famous bishops of Lincoln were Robert Bloet , the magnificent justiciar to Henry I , Hugh of Avalon , the cathedral builder canonised as St Hugh of Lincoln , Robert Grosseteste , the 13th-century intellectual, Henry Beaufort , chancellor of Henry V and Henry VI , Thomas Rotherham ,
9345-495: The world's tallest building) and the 11th-century Norman Lincoln Castle . The city hosts the University of Lincoln , Bishop Grosseteste University , Lincoln City F.C. and Lincoln United F.C. Lincoln is the largest settlement in Lincolnshire, with the towns of Grimsby second largest and Scunthorpe third. The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an Iron Age settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to
9450-731: The worst night being 9 May 1941. Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943. Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage. On 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former Ancaster High School , killing three people. A Spitfire and Hurricane, from RAF Digby , collided over Lincoln. One pilot landed on allotments near Kingsway, and another landed near Branston Road. The Spitfire crashed on
9555-513: Was consecrated . In 1124, the timber roofing was destroyed in a fire. Alexander (bishop, 1123–48) rebuilt and expanded the cathedral, but it was mostly destroyed by an earthquake about forty years later, in 1185 (dated by the British Geological Survey as occurring 15 April 1185). The earthquake was one of the largest felt in the UK: it has an estimated magnitude of over 5 . The damage to
9660-626: Was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the First Barons' War , it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. Here and at Dover the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with Prince Louis . In the Second Barons' War , of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked
9765-462: Was also around this time that the town's name became overshadowed in the world's consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , who led his country through their brutal Civil War and succeeded in abolishing nearly all slavery within its borders . Abraham Lincoln's surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to America long before his birth. Many locations in
9870-532: Was completed in 1092, but severely damaged in an earthquake in 1185 . It was rebuilt over the following centuries in different phases of the Gothic style , with significant surviving parts of the cathedral in Early English , Decorated and Perpendicular . The cathedral holds one of the four remaining copies of the original Magna Carta , which is now displayed in Lincoln Castle . It is the fourth largest cathedral in
9975-591: Was considered to be the "mother church" of Lincolnshire (although it was not a cathedral, because the seat of the diocese was at Dorchester Abbey in Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire). However, Lincoln was more central to a diocese that stretched from the Thames to the Humber . Remigius built the first Lincoln Cathedral on the present site, finishing it in 1092 and then dying on 7 May of that year, two days before it
10080-546: Was created to act as a point of "recognition, remembrance and reconciliation for Bomber Command". IBCC aims to tell the personal stories of service men and women of RAF Bomber Command, ground crews and civilians affected by the bombing campaigns on both sides of the conflict during the Second World War and beyond to the Cold War era. The centre provides a comprehensive record of the role of Bomber Command's squadrons and digitally displays historical documents and photographs relating to
10185-466: Was hit by typhoid in November 1904 – August 1905 caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the River Witham . Over 1,000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113, including the man responsible for the city's water supply, Liam Kirk of Baker Crescent. Near the beginning of the epidemic, Dr Alexander Cruickshank Houston installed a chlorine disinfection system just ahead of
10290-530: Was home to many Bomber Command airfields during the Second World War, giving rise to the nickname of "Bomber County". The station badge for the nearby RAF Waddington depicts Lincoln Cathedral rising through the clouds. Until the opening of the RAF Bomber Command Memorial in 2012, the cathedral had the only memorial in the United Kingdom dedicated to Bomber Command's large losses of aircrew in
10395-489: Was never canonised . The cathedral benefited from these events because Hugh was seen as a martyr, and many devotees came to the city and cathedral to venerate him. Geoffrey Chaucer mentions the case in " The Prioress's Tale " and a ballad was written about it in 1783. In 1955 a plaque was placed near "the remains of the shrine of 'Little St Hugh ' " in the cathedral, that decries the "Trumped up stories of 'ritual murders' of Christian boys by Jewish communities." A carving in
10500-540: Was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions. Between 1642 and 1651 in the English Civil War , Lincoln was on a frontier between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces and changed hands several times. Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to
10605-958: Was on display at the British Pavilion during the 1939 New York World's Fair . In March 1941, the Foreign Office proposed that the Lincoln Magna Carta be gifted to the United States, citing the "many thousands of Americans who waited in long queues to view it" and the US passage of the Lend-Lease Act, among other reasons. In 2009 the Lincoln Magna Carta was lent to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California . There are three other surviving copies: two at
10710-476: Was publicly unavailable before. The IBCC has a comprehensive record of Bomber Command losses from 1936 to 1968 and includes details of people, their crews, how they died and any available photographs. Located on Canwick Hill, the centre is just under two and half miles from RAF Waddington , which suffered the greatest losses of any Bomber Command station, and close to the former Avro aircraft production facility at Bracebridge Heath . A view of Lincoln Cathedral ,
10815-529: Was succeeded by Alexander the Mason , who developed the nave's more elaborate, but symmetrical tierceron vaulting , the crossing vaulting, Galilee Porch and western facade screen. A clock by John Thwaite was installed in the north west tower in 1775. This was later improved by Benjamin Vulliamy and moved to the broad tower around 1835. It was replaced in 1880 by a new clock built by Potts and Sons of Leeds , under
10920-458: Was the second cathedral in the country to adopt a separate girls' choir (after Salisbury Cathedral ) and remains one of few which provides the same musical opportunities and equal weekly singing duties to both girls and boys. The choristers can now attend any school and are currently drawn from over ten local schools. The Master of the Choristers ( director of music ) is Aric Prentice, who conducts
11025-544: Was then bought by GEC in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in Newton-le-Willows , Lancashire, at the former Vulcan Foundry . Pelham Works merged with Alstom of France in the late 1980s and was then bought in 2003 by Siemens of Germany as Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery . This includes what is left of Napier Turbochargers . Plans came early in 2008 for
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