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34-471: Likert may refer to: Rensis Likert (1903–1981), American educator and organizational psychologist best known for his research on management styles Likert scale , a psychometric measurement scale developed by Rensis Likert Likert's management systems , styles of management developed by Rensis Likert Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

68-785: A B.A. in Economics and Sociology from the University of Michigan ; in 1932 he earned a Ph.D . in Psychology from Columbia University . He worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1946. During World War II , Likert transitioned to working for the Office of War Information (OWI). At the OWI, he was appointed head of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944. After retiring at

102-599: A certificate through the University of Michigan. SRC also runs the Summer Institute in Survey Research Techniques, which provides graduate-level training courses but does not grant academic credit. ICPSR offers a summer program in quantitative methods, and PSC offers training in demography and population studies for pre- and post-doctoral students. The consumer confidence measures devised by George Katona in

136-571: A landslide for Dewey. When Truman ended up winning the election, the subsequent examination of polling techniques led to the probability sampling utilized by the SRC becoming dominant in the field over the quota sampling that had been favored by other polling outfits. This survey was the first of what became the American National Election Studies (or ANES). In 2010, the ANES was named one of

170-614: A new director, Dorwin Cartwright . The two groups united to form the Institute for Social Research on February 1, 1949. In 1962, Warren Miller , a political scientist , created the Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (now known as ICPSR ) to help fund the maintenance and dissemination of the large data sets that the election studies and others were generating. Publicly available data sets were largely uncommon at

204-530: A research program to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of different modes of supervision. The research lead to the development of the three volumes of moral and agency management. In 1939, Likert was invited by Henry Wallace to organize the Division of Program Surveys (DPS) at the Bureau of Agriculture Statistics (BAS). Its purpose was to gather farmers' thoughts about USDA-sponsored New Deal programs and to combat

238-514: A scale score through psychometric methods. Likert developed his theory of management systems in the 1950s. He outlined a way of describing typical relationships, degree of involvement, and the roles of managers and subordinates in industrial settings. Four clusters of arrangements are identified. These "management systems" are known as: Author and co-editor of 11 books University of Michigan Institute for Social Research The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research ( ISR )

272-618: A social media archive called SOMAR. The Population Studies Center (PSC), directed by Sarah Burgard, is one of the oldest population centers in the United States. PSC works on domestic and international demographic and population research. It has been funded since 1976 by a population center grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . The Research Center for Group Dynamics (RCGD), directed by Richard Gonzalez,

306-577: A survey conducted in October 1948, when Campbell and Robert L. Kahn added two questions about political leanings to a survey they were conducting for the State Department about foreign policy. Their results, compiled just before the presidential election in November, showed a large number of undecided voters and a small lead for Harry Truman over Thomas Dewey , at odds with most other polls that predicted

340-446: Is directed by Kenneth Kollman. CPS has both a domestic and international focus, researching individual political behavior and the role of institutions in contemporary society. Key projects that have emerged from CPS include: The Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), directed by Maggie Levenstein , is the world’s largest digital social science data archive . The unit has over 250,000 files of research in

374-462: Is the largest academic social research and survey organization in the world, established in 1949. ISR includes more than 300 scientists from a variety of academic disciplines – including political science , psychology , sociology, economics, demography , history, anthropology , and statistics. The institute is a unit that houses five separate but interdependent centers which conduct research and maintain data archives. In 2021, Kathleen Cagney became

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408-546: The Kerner Commission 's suggestion that the "nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal." The National Survey of Black Americans was developed in 1979 by James Jackson and his Program for Research on Black Americans. This was the first nationally representative cross-sectional survey of Black adults in the U.S., and "produced the first national data on how symptoms of distress are defined and responded to by black Americans." In 2009,

442-527: The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . In 1943, he developed the first national geographic sampling frame. During the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists into the growing government survey department. On December 7, 1941, Likert gained support from the federal government on his program survey. From this the National survey was introduced which helped the federal government make decision on World War II. There were new interviews and sample methods that were

476-586: The Union Pacific Railroad , Likert studied civil engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor for three years. He worked as an intern with the Union Pacific Railroad during the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 , which sparked his interest in studying organizational behavior. At the University of Michigan, Likert switched from studying civil engineering to economics and sociology due to

510-506: The "funneling technique", which is a way to keep the interview open for comments, but directed in a specific way. The interview would begin with open-ended questions but gradually move into more narrowed questions. Today, open-ended interviewing is largely used in research studies where there is a need to understand people's attitudes. Likert is best known for the Likert scale. Likert created the method in 1932 as part of his Ph.D. thesis to identify

544-727: The 1940s have evolved into the Consumer Sentiment Index , published monthly. It is included in the Composite Index of Leading Indicators published by the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis . In 1954 the Survey Research Center fielded the double-blind experimental trials for the Salk polio vaccine , handling the statistical and coding operations of the survey with over 1.8 million IBM punch cards. The 1964 and 1968 national, cross-sectional surveys of

578-448: The Institute for Corporate Productivity, Likert devoted particular attention to research on organizations. During the 1960s and 1970s, his books on management theory were closely studied in Japan and their impact can be seen across modern Japanese organizations. He completed research on major corporations around the world, and his studies have accurately predicted the subsequent performance of

612-544: The National Science Foundation’s “Sensational 60” projects. Psychologist Kurt Lewin had founded the Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT in 1945, and after his death in 1947 the center's ensuing funding problems prompted its remaining members to find it a new home. The presence of the SRC and the university's support for social sciences led them to move to the University of Michigan in 1948 under

646-550: The Survey Research Center (SRC). In 1949, when Dorwin Cartwright moved the Center for Group Dynamics from MIT to the University of Michigan in 1949, the SRC became the Institute for Social Research (ISR). Likert was the director of the ISR until his retirement in 1970. Upon retirement, Likert founded Rensis Likert Associates to consult for numerous corporations. He also helped start the Institute for Corporate Productivity. During his tenure at

680-685: The University of Michigan. They had two daughters: Elizabeth David Likert and Patricia Pohlman Likert. In 1969, Likert retired as Director of the Institute for Social Research . The couple moved to Honolulu , Hawaii, where he formed Rensis Likert Associates. Likert died at 78 years of age on September 3, 1981, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 1935, Likert became Director of Research for the Life Insurance Agency Management Association (LIAMA) in Hartford , Connecticut. There, Likert began

714-545: The age of 67, he formed Rensis Likert Associates, an institution based on his theories of management in organizational psychology . He is the author of numerous books about management, conflict, and behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value and New Ways of Managing Conflict . Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to George Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Cheyenne , Wyoming. Influenced by his father, an engineer with

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748-547: The corporations. Likert contributed to the field of psychometrics by developing open-ended interviewing, a technique used to collect information about a person's thoughts, experiences, and preferences. It was common in the 1930s for researchers to use objective, closed-ended questions for the coding process to be valid. While this technique was used well in many domains, Likert saw the need for more opportunities to ask people about their attitudes towards various issues. Within open-ended interviewing, he and his colleagues invented

782-689: The effects of the Great Depression . During World War II, as the director of the Program Surveys Division in the USDA's Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for the USDA. But as the war progressed, the division ran program surveys for multiple government agencies, including the Office of War Information , the U.S. Department of the Treasury , the Federal Reserve Board , and

816-416: The extent of a person's attitudes and feelings towards international affairs. The Likert scale is used in conducting surveys, with applications to business-related areas such as marketing or customer satisfaction, the social sciences, and attitude-related research projects. A Likert scale consists of the sum or average of scores from responses to a group of survey questions. These scores are transformed into

850-529: The first woman in its history to be named Director of the institute. In 1946, the sociologist and economist Rensis Likert , creator of the Likert scale , and six colleagues from his wartime work at the Bureau of Agricultural Economics , including Angus Campbell , Leslie Kish , and George Katona , formed the Survey Research Center (SRC) at the University of Michigan. The center gained credibility in its field due to

884-692: The influence of professor Robert Angell . Likert received a B.A. in sociology in 1926. Upon graduation, he studied at the Union Theological Seminary for a year. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in psychology at Columbia University in 1932. While studying at Columbia University, he approached the nascent discipline of social psychology . In 1938, he co-authored Public Opinion and the Individual with his mentor at Columbia, Gardner Murphy . On August 31, 1928, Likert married Jane Gibson (editor and consultant) while at Columbia University, having met at

918-456: The outcome of the program survey through the support of the federal government and other agencies. After the end of the war, the Department of Agriculture was forced by Congress to stop its social survey work. Likert and his team (many of them academics on temporary wartime duty) decided to move to a university. They accepted an offer in the summer of 1946 from the University of Michigan to form

952-495: The presidential election led to the creation of the Michigan Model of voter choice theory. In 1968 scholars within SRC initiated a study investigating the attitudes, experiences, beliefs, and expectations with respect to race relations of both white and Black people in fifteen major American cities. Findings showed that Black Americans wanted both social integration and to retain their Black identity, which directly contradicted

986-399: The social sciences, over 750 global member organizations, and hosts 21 special collections. One benefit of using ICPSR’s resources is the ability to search data by variable of interest. All data containing the variable in the search appear, allowing researchers to skim complex datasets without downloading unnecessary files. In 2022, ICPSR announced a partnership with Meta to build and house

1020-457: The time. The SRC's Political Behavior Program, which had taken over the direction of election studies, became the Center for Political Studies in 1970. The Population Studies Center moved from the university's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts in 1998, bringing the total number of centers to five. ISR is an independent unit of the university, headed by a director who reports directly to

1054-467: The title Likert . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likert&oldid=1239455892 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Rensis Likert In 1926, Likert earned

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1088-493: The university's provost and executive vice president for academic affairs. It is funded through grants from different agencies and foundations, rather than being structured as an independent corporation or receiving funds from the Regents of the University of Michigan. The institute contains five centers and offers academic programming to undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences. The Center for Political Studies (CPS)

1122-638: Was also named as one of NSF’s “sensational 60” projects alongside ANES. In 2019, the Stone Center for Inequality Dynamics was founded in partnership with SRC and the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts . ISR offers summer courses for undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral training, and doctorate and master's degrees in methodology. The Michigan Program in Survey and Data Science, housed in SRC, offers doctorate and master of science degrees, as well as

1156-485: Was founded due to the perceived need to integrate psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology. Key projects that have come from RCGD include: The Survey Research Center (SRC), is the largest of the centers and is the recipient of the majority of the funds used for research at ISR. SRC conducts some of the most widely cited and influential studies in the world, including: In 2010, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics

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