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50-449: Construction on this stone and brick pagoda began in the year 1001 AD during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song , and was completed in 1055 AD during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song . Emperor Zhenzong intended to have Buddhist scriptures gathered by the Chinese monk Huineng from India stored at the pagoda's site. Due to its location at a strategic military location, the height of

100-668: A tributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains , which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi , and southern Zhejiang . After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in Guangdong , Jiangxi , and Zhejiang , primarily in

150-561: A boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian. As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms . During this time,

200-543: A large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi Emperor , a measure intended to counter the refuge Ming government of Koxinga in the island of Taiwan . The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". Incoming refugees did not translate into

250-597: A major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of Guangdong . In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu and annexed it into Fujian province, as Taiwan Prefecture . Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of Hokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province ( Fujian-Taiwan-Province ), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces. In

300-439: A second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by Wang Brothers ( Wang Chao , Wang Shengui  [ zh ] and Wang Shenzhi ), who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by Southern Tang , another southern kingdom. Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by

350-579: Is above the national average, at CN¥126,829 ( US$ 18,856 in nominal), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu . It has benefited from its geographical proximity with Taiwan. As a result of the Chinese Civil War , a small portion of Historical Fujian is now within the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan). The Fujian province of the ROC consists of three offshore archipelagos, namely

400-506: The Chinese Civil War , the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Quemoy and Matsu Islands . In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in

450-569: The Ispah Rebellion , advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported. Yuan dynasty General Chen Youding , who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after

500-793: The Kinmen Islands , the Matsu Islands , and the Wuqiu Islands . Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index . The name Fujian ( 福建 ) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou ( 福州 ) and nearby Jianzhou ( 建州 , or present-day Nanping ( 南平 )). Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered

550-641: The Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells , bones , jades , and ceramics (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels , which is definitive evidence of weaving . The Tanshishan ( 曇石山 ) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans

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600-561: The State of Yue , a Spring and Autumn period kingdom in Zhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by the State of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the main river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older. The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue

650-497: The Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian. During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of Yang Province . During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger Jiangnan East Circuit , whose capital was at Suzhou . Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties. The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to

700-649: The Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou. Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom . Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/governance office created in 949 by Southern Tang 's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao , who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan ( 泉州 , in modern Quanzhou , Fujian) and Zhang ( 漳州 , in modern Zhangzhou , Fujian) Prefectures in de facto independence from

750-558: The Zhao family , were allegedly discovered. This was followed up by imperial sacrificial ceremonies carried out at Mount Tai . From 1013 to 1015, the emperor issued official decrees deifying the Jade Emperor as the highest ruler of Heaven. Champa rice was introduced to China from Champa during Emperor Zhenzong's reign. In 1020, Emperor Zhenzong became affected by an illness which was to cause his death two years later and unable to handle

800-535: The sea trade ban , and the area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Ningbo and Shanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550. Large-scale piracy by Wokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military. An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren 鲁认 ). The Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records. The late Ming and early Qing dynasty symbolized an era of

850-717: The 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War . In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy . Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity. The Xinhai revolution overthrew

900-491: The 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the Han dynasty as it expanded southward . The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end. Fujian

950-600: The Chongwen Pagoda of Shaanxi Province. Completed in 1605 during the Ming dynasty , the Chongwen Pagoda stands at a height of 79 m (259 ft), making it the second tallest pagoda built in pre-modern China. Each floor of the Liaodi Pagoda features gradually-tiered stone eaves, doors and windows (with false windows on four sides of the octagonal structure) while the first floor has an encircling balcony . A split section of

1000-463: The Hulushan culture ( 葫芦山文化 ) from 2050 to 1550 BC. Fujian was also where the kingdom of Minyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" ( simplified Chinese : 闽 ; traditional Chinese : 閩 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : bân ), which is perhaps an ethnic name (simplified Chinese: 蛮 ; traditional Chinese: 蠻 ; pinyin: mán ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân ), and " Yuè ", after

1050-701: The Khitans waged war against the Song Empire. Emperor Zhenzong, leading his army, struck back at the Khitans. Despite initial successes, in 1005, Emperor Zhenzong concluded the Chanyuan Treaty . The treaty resulted in over a century of peace, but at the price of the Song Empire agreeing to an inferior position to the Liao Empire, and also agreeing to pay an annual tribute of 100,000 ounces of silver and over 200,000 bolts of silk. The admission of inferiority would come to plague

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1100-887: The Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian. Hakka Chinese is also spoken, by the Hakka people in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and Standard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien). With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks 15th in population among Chinese provinces. In 2022, Fujian's GDP reached CN¥5.31 trillion (US$ 790 billion by nominal GDP), ranking 4th in East China region and 8th nationwide in GDP. Fujian's GDP per capita

1150-560: The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun ( 黃土崙 ) site ( c.  1325 BC ), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the Bronze Age in character. Tianlong Jiao (2013) notes that the Neolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with

1200-423: The Qing dynasty and brought the province into the rule of the Republic of China . The anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian was established by Chen Jiongming from 1918 to 1920. Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China in 1934. Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II . After

1250-486: The Southern Tang state. (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ( 南州 ).) Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to Song , which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord. After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi , who

1300-626: The Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan , Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, the Southern Dynasties ( Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang ( Western Liang ), and Chen ) reigned south of the Yangtze River , including Fujian. During

1350-413: The affairs of state. By this time, Zhenzong’s wife Empress Liu was already established as power behind the throne and handled the affairs of state. She continued to act unofficially as regent of China for the two remaining years of Zhenzong’s life. Zhenzong died in 1022 of his illness. He was succeeded by his 6th son, Zhao Zhen who took the throne as Emperor Renzong , but with actual power remaining in

1400-471: The east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefecture city by population is Quanzhou , with other notable cities including the port city of Xiamen and Zhangzhou . Fujian is located on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait as the closest province geographically and culturally to Taiwan . Certain islands such as Kinmen are only approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Xiamen in Fujian. While

1450-443: The economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years. Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development while at

1500-627: The eighth story up there are no brackets supporting the vaulted ceiling. Within the pagoda is a large pillar in the shape of another pagoda, as seen from the inside and as viewed from the cut section. The painted murals and stone steles with Chinese calligraphy in the pagoda are dated to the Song period when the pagoda was built. 38°30′37″N 114°59′48″E  /  38.51028°N 114.99667°E  / 38.51028; 114.99667 Emperor Zhenzong of Song Emperor Zhenzong of Song (23 December 968 – 23 March 1022), personal name Zhao Heng ,

1550-633: The end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran dynasty in 1225. In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records. Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials. Clothing, food, and languages were fused with

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1600-438: The first four remain the most popular surnames in Fujian. Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" rebellions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by

1650-492: The foreign affairs of the Song Empire, while the payments slowly depleted the empire's coffers. He was responsible for ordering the shipment of 30,000 bushels of quick-maturing rice seed from the Fujian Province to the lower Yangtze basin in 1011–1012, improving agriculture. Emperor Zhenzong stressed the importance of Taoism at his imperial court. It was during his reign that the so-called Heavenly Texts, which glorified

1700-520: The hands of Empress Liu, who became empress dowager . A number of Chinese artefacts dating from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty , some of which had been owned by Emperor Zhenzong, were excavated and came into the hands of the Kuomintang general Ma Hongkui , who refused to publicise the findings. Among the artefacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It

1750-638: The local Vietnamese in Vân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In 1172, Fujian was attacked by Pi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan or the Visayas , Philippines . After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty , Fujian became part of Jiangzhe province , whose capital was at Hangzhou . From 1357 to 1366 Muslims in Quanzhou participated in

1800-477: The noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by civil wars and rebellions by tribal peoples from the north and west. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China : Chen ( 陈 ), Lin ( 林 ), Huang ( 黄 ), Zheng ( 郑 ), Zhan ( 詹 ), Qiu ( 邱 ), He ( 何 ), and Hu ( 胡 ). To this day,

1850-473: The outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellion . Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty , Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot of Zheng He 's naval expeditions . Further development was severely hampered by

1900-456: The pagoda made it useful as a watchtower , which could be used to spot enemy movements coming from the northern Liao dynasty headed by the Song's Khitan rivals. Initially, the pagoda was called the Kaiyuan Pagoda, but as a result of its military use it became known as the 'Liaodi' pagoda, literally meaning 'foreseeing the enemy's intentions.' Another pagoda of similar height and design is

1950-410: The pagoda's walls are open so that the tower's interior may be viewed, along with the actual thickness of the walls. At the top of its steeple , the pagoda features a crowning spire made of bronze and iron . In the interior, a large staircase with landings for each floor winds from the bottom all the way up to the top floor. Brick brackets are used to support the landings on each floor, while from

2000-499: The population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture. There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal Zhejiang . There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures. These are the Niubishan culture ( 牛鼻山文化 ) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and

2050-631: The population predominantly identifies as Han , it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. The dialects of the language group Min Chinese are most commonly spoken within the province, including the Fuzhou dialect and Eastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and various Southern Min and Hokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city of Fuzhou and Fu'an of Ningde prefecture along with Cangnan county-level city of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province make up

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2100-461: The same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage. The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" ( 八山一水一分田 ). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi . It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009. Fujian's highest point

2150-702: The surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area. The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin 's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 – 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near

2200-518: Was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin dynasty , the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status. In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall, civil war broke out between two warlords, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang . The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the Han dynasty . In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as

2250-575: Was not until after Ma died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from the United States to bring the artefacts to Chiang Kai-shek , who turned them over to the National Palace Museum . Consorts and Issue: Fujian Fujian is a province located in South China . Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to

2300-461: Was often placed in the hands of his third wife, Empress Liu . Emperor Zhenzong's reign was noted for the consolidation of power and the strengthening of the Song Empire. The empire prospered, and its military might was further reinforced. However, it would also mark the beginning of a foreign policy towards the Khitan -led Liao dynasty in the north that would ultimately result in humiliation. In 1004,

2350-683: Was part of the much larger Yang Province (Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui ). The Han dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms era. Sun Quan , the founder of the Kingdom of Wu , spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains. The first wave of immigration of

2400-570: Was reorganized into the Fujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region. Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's Red River Delta . The settlers then created Trần port and Vân Đồn . Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce. During the Lý and Trần dynasties , many Chinese ethnic groups with

2450-538: Was the third emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 997 to his death in 1022. His personal name was originally Zhao Dechang , but was changed to Zhao Yuanxiu in 983, Zhao Yuankan in 986, and finally Zhao Heng in 995. He was the third son of his predecessor, Emperor Taizong , and was succeeded by his sixth son, Emperor Renzong at the end of his reign. From 1020 he was seriously ill, but retained power despite this. Because of his illness, day-to-day rule of China

2500-419: Was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin . Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over. In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong , ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity. The area

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