Misplaced Pages

#591408

53-555: The Legion was also known as Fidelis Constans , meaning "loyal and steadfast". It is unclear when this title was given, but several sources indicate that it may have been in the 1st century AD. The symbol for Legio VI Ferrata was the bull. It also carried the symbolic she-wolf with Romulus and Remus . Raised in Cisalpine Gaul in 52 BC by Gaius Julius Caesar the Sixth Legion served with him during his tenure as governor and fought at

106-503: A Palestinian village of that name existed there until the Arab-Israeli war of 1947-49 , when it was depopulated. The popular Russian song Eagle of Sixth Legion  [ ru ] dedicated to the Legion. Until the 20th century, the exact location of the castra (“camp” in the sense of a permanent military base) of the Sixth Legion had not been confirmed, but textual evidence placed it in

159-504: A circumvallation rampart, barracks areas and artifacts including roof tiles stamped with the name of the Sixth Legion, coins and fragments of scale armor. Pincus, J. A., de Smet, T. S., Tepper, Y. and Adams, M. J. (2013), Ground-penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Archaeogeophysical Investigations at the Roman Legionary Camp at Legio, Israel. Archaeol. Prospect., 20: 175–188. doi: 10.1002/arp.1455 Romulus and Remus This

212-424: A city named Remuria, five miles from Rome, and outlives his brother Romulus. Roman historians and Roman traditions traced most Roman institutions to Romulus. He was credited with founding Rome's armies, its system of rights and laws, its state religion and government, and the system of patronage that underpinned all social, political and military activity. In reality, such developments would have been spread over

265-483: A company of supporters from the community. When they were young adults, they became involved in a dispute between supporters of Numitor and Amulius. As a result, Remus was taken prisoner and brought to Alba Longa. Both his grandfather and the king suspected his true identity. Romulus, meanwhile, had organized an effort to free his brother and set out with help for the city. During this time, they learned of their past and joined forces with their grandfather to restore him to

318-490: A considerable span of time. Some were much older and others much more recent. To most Romans, the evidence for the veracity of the legend and its central characters seemed clear and concrete, an essential part of Rome's sacred topography. One could visit the Lupercal , where the twins were suckled by the she-wolf, or offer worship to the deified Romulus-Quirinus at the " shepherd's hut ", or see it acted out on stage, or simply read

371-411: A contest of augury . Remus saw 6 auspicious birds, but Romulus saw 12 and claimed to have won divine approval. They disputed the result; Remus insulted Romulus' new city and was killed, either by Romulus or by one of his supporters. Romulus then went on to found the city of Rome, its institutions, government, military, and religious traditions. He reigned for many years as its first king. The origins of

424-507: A fig tree, and never any birds ( Dionysius of Halicarnassus ). The twins and the she-wolf were featured on what might be the earliest silver coins minted in Rome. The Franks Casket , an Anglo-Saxon ivory box (early 7th century AD) shows Romulus and Remus in an unusual setting, two wolves instead of one, a grove instead of one tree or a cave, four kneeling warriors instead of one or two gesticulating shepherds. According to one interpretation, and as

477-500: A problem because the official Legio VI Ferrata was at that moment with Mark Antony in the East; It would seem, therefore, that Octavian had used the veterans of Caesar's Sixth Legion, this time from those left at Beneventum, to form the core of his own Sixth Legion used at Perusia. Later Legio VI Ferrata fought in Antony's Parthian War in 36 BC. During the war between Antony and Octavian

530-580: A strategic point on Palestine's Via Maris . It was briefly sent to Africa during the reign of Antoninus Pius . In 150 AD the Legion was once again in Syria Palaestina, and an inscription found dedicated to Legio VI Ferrata places them still there in 215 AD. Coins of Philip the Arab , found in Caesarea Maritima, indicate the Legion was still present ca 244 AD. Under Diocletian , it might have moved to

583-456: Is an accepted version of this page In Roman mythology , Romulus and Remus ( Latin: [ˈroːmʊlʊs] , [ˈrɛmʊs] ) are twin brothers whose story tells of the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus, following his fratricide of Remus. The image of a she-wolf suckling the twins in their infancy has been a symbol of

SECTION 10

#1732844951592

636-481: Is an ongoing debate about how and when the "complete" fable came together. Some elements are attested earlier than others, and the storyline and the tone were variously influenced by the circumstances and tastes of the different sources as well as by contemporary Roman politics and concepts of propriety. Whether the twins' myth was an original part of Roman myth or a later development is the subject of an ongoing debate. Sources often contradict one another. They include

689-531: Is mentioned in the records of the Arval Brethren in the year 70; Mucianus may have been admitted following Vespasian's entrance to Rome, although Ronald Syme admits that he may have been co-opted in absentia by Galba. He was appointed consul (suffect) for the third time in 72. As no mention is made of Mucianus during the reigns of Titus or Domitian, he probably died during the reign of Vespasian; Syme believes his death happened before 78. Tacitus describes

742-891: Is not mentioned. Instead, Romulus, upon being told of his true identity and the crimes suffered by him and his family at the hands of the Alban king, simply decided to avenge them. He took his supporters directly to the city and killed Amulius, afterwards restoring his grandfather to the throne. Modern scholarship approaches the various known stories of Romulus and Remus as cumulative elaborations and later interpretations of Roman origin myth . Particular versions and collations were presented by Roman historians as an authoritative, official history trimmed of contradictions and untidy variants, to justify contemporary developments, genealogies and actions in relation to Roman morality . Other narratives appear to represent popular or folkloric tradition; some of these remain inscrutable in purpose and meaning. Wiseman sums

795-446: The Fasti . The legend as a whole encapsulates Rome's ideas of itself, its origins and moral values. For modern scholarship, it remains one of the most complex and problematic of all foundation myths, particularly in the manner of Remus's death. Ancient historians had no doubt that Romulus gave his name to the city. Most modern historians believe his name a back-formation from the name Rome;

848-582: The Jezreel Valley along the road from Caesarea Maritima to Beth Shean , in the vicinity of Meggido . Surveys conducted by Israeli archaeologist Yotam Tepper identified Roman remains in the region, including coins and roof tiles stamped with the name of the Sixth Legion. In 2010 and 2011, Tepper teamed up with the Jezreel Valley Regional Project and the Center for Research and Archaeology of

901-474: The Palazzo Trinci . Mucianus Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl. 1st century AD) was a Roman general, statesman and writer. He is considered to have played a role behind the scenes in the elevation of Vespasian to the throne. His name shows that he had passed by adoption from the gens Mucia to the gens Licinia . Mucianus was sent by Claudius to Armenia with Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo . He

954-558: The Siege of Alesia , before being stationed at Cabillonum (Chalon-sur-Saône) in 51 BC and then suppressing a revolt of the Carnutes at Cenabum (Orleans) in 50 BC. In 49 BC it was transferred to Spain to fight in the civil wars, where it earned the title "Hispaniensis" after fighting at Ilerda. Later seeing action at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, Julius Caesar took the 6th to Alexandria to settle

1007-521: The feral children of ancient mythography . Current scholarship offers little evidence to support any particular version of the Roman foundation myth, including a historical Romulus or Remus. Starting with Fabius Pictor, the written accounts must have reflected the commonly-held history of the city to some degree. The archaeologist Andrea Carandini is one of very few modern scholars who accept Romulus and Remus as historical figures, and dates an ancient wall on

1060-507: The runic inscription ("far from home") indicates, the twins are cited here as the Dioscuri , helpers at voyages such as Castor and Polydeuces . Their descent from the Roman god of war predestines them as helpers on the way to war. The carver transferred them into the Germanic holy grove and has Odin 's second wolf join them. Thus the picture served—along with five other ones—to influence " wyrd ",

1113-539: The Legio VI's Ferrata and Victrix found themselves on opposing sides at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Legio VI Ferrata was severely mauled by Octavian's forces. Following the battle, another colony of veterans seems to have been created at Byllis in Illyricum , probably together with soldiers from other legions, and the remainder of VI Ferrata was moved to Syria / Judea where it was to remain, while Legio VI Victrix

SECTION 20

#1732844951592

1166-571: The Southern Levant. Together, Jessie A. Pincus and Timothy DeSmet conducted a ground-penetrating radar and Electromagnetic survey of this area and published their results with the accompanying archaeogeophysical interpretation. With the results of those two surveys the collective team decided upon the best areas for excavation during the 2013 field season. Thus in 2013, the team excavated the Legio VI Ferrata camp, uncovering defensive earthworks,

1219-453: The augury and fratricide. Plutarch relates the legend in chapters 2–10 of the Life of Romulus . He dedicates the most attention, nearly half the entire account, to conflict with Amulius. Fasti , the epic Latin poem by Ovid from the early 1st century AD, contains a complete account of the twins' tale. Notably, it relates a tale wherein the ghost of Remus appears to Faustulus and his wife, whom

1272-511: The background of their birth in Alba, he dedicates a total of 9 chapters to the tale (79–87). Most of that is spent discussing the conflict with Amulius. He goes on to discuss the various accounts of the city's founding by others, and the lineage and parentage of the twins for another 8 chapters until arriving at the tale of their abandonment by the Tiber. He spends the better part of the chapter 79 discussing

1325-489: The bank of the river Tiber to die. They were saved by the god Tiberinus , Father of the River, and survived with the care of others at the site of future Rome. In the best-known episode, the twins were suckled by a she-wolf in a cave now known as the Lupercal . Eventually, they were adopted by Faustulus , a shepherd. They grew up tending flocks, unaware of their true identities. Over time, they became natural leaders and attracted

1378-463: The base of Adrou (Udruh, Jordan), on the south of Limes Arabicus , to defend an area that would become Palaestina Tertia . The legion is not present in the Notitia Dignitatum and was likely disbanded before 395. The name 'Lajjun', associated with the location of the legionary camp, derived from 'Legion'. In Ottoman times a Khan erected in that location was known as "Khan al-Lajun", and

1431-458: The basis for Remus's name and role remain subjects of ancient and modern speculation. The myth was fully developed into something like an "official", chronological version in the Late Republican and early Imperial era; Roman historians dated the city's foundation to between 758 and 728 BC, and Plutarch reckoned the twins' birth year as 771 BC. A tradition that gave Romulus a distant ancestor in

1484-431: The character of Mucianus as follows: "He was a curious mix of self-indulgence and energy, courtesy and arrogance, good and evil. Excessively self-indulgent in his spare time, yet he showed remarkable qualities when actively employed on a task. In public you would praise him, but his private life was criticised. Yet by a subtle gift for intrigue he exercised great influence on his subordinates, associates and colleagues, and

1537-451: The city of Rome and the ancient Romans since at least the 3rd century BC. Although the tale takes place before the founding of Rome around 750 BC, the earliest known written account of the myth is from the late 3rd century BC. Possible historical bases for the story, and interpretations of its local variants, are subjects of ongoing debate. Romulus and Remus were born in Alba Longa , one of

1590-577: The death of Nero . In 106 AD a vexillatio of the legion participated at the final decisive battle against Dacia (see battle of Sarmisegetusa ). The core of the legion can be placed at Bostra in Nabataea under Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus . In 136 AD, after the Bar Kokhba revolt , the Legion was stationed in a camp known as Legio , recently found near ancient Megiddo, in Syria Palaestina –

1643-477: The different elements in Rome's foundation myth are a subject of ongoing debate. They may have come from the Romans' own Italic origins, or from Hellenic influences that were included later. Definitively identifying those original elements has so far eluded classicists . Roman historians dated the founding of Rome around 753 BC, but the earliest known written account of the myth is from the late 3rd century BC. There

Legio VI Ferrata - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-528: The dispute in Egypt with Cleopatra . Alexandria was besieged , and the 6th suffered many casualties, losing approximately two-thirds of its strength. Caesar eventually triumphed when reinforcements under Mithridates of Pergamum arrived. Caesar took his "Veteran Sixth Legion" with him to Syria and Pontus . The Legion served in Pontus under Caesar in 48 and 47 BC. This culminated in the Battle of Zela where victory

1749-476: The enemy forces arrayed there. Primus' large-scale removal of troops left Moesia vulnerable, and Mucianus was obliged to defend the province from an invading army of Dacians . Mucianus reached Rome the day after the death of Vitellius and governed the city until Vespasian arrived, although affairs were nominally in the hands of Vespasian's son Domitian . Mucianus never wavered in his allegiance to Vespasian, whose favor he retained in spite of his arrogance. He

1802-422: The fortune and fate of a warrior king. The myth has been an inspiration to artists throughout the ages. Particular focus has been paid to the rape of Ilia by Mars and the suckling of the twins by the she-wolf. In the late 16th century, the wealthy Magnani family from Bologna commissioned a series of artworks based on the Roman foundation myth. The artists contributing works included a sculpture of Hercules with

1855-405: The histories of Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Tacitus as well as the work of Virgil and Ovid. Quintus Fabius Pictor 's work became authoritative to the early books of Livy's History of Rome , Dionysius of Halicarnassus 's Roman Antiquities , and Plutarch 's Life of Romulus . These three works have been among the most widely read versions of the myth. In all three works,

1908-525: The infant twins by Gabriele Fiorini, featuring the patron's own face. The most important works were an elaborate series of frescoes collectively known as Histories of the Foundation of Rome by the Brothers Carracci: Ludovico , Annibale , and Agostino Carracci . The Loggia di Romolo e Remo is an unfinished, 15th century fresco by Gentile da Fabriano depicting episodes from the legend in

1961-498: The many ancient Latin cities near the Seven hills of Rome . Their mother Rhea Silvia , also known as Ilia, was a Vestal Virgin and the daughter of former king Numitor , who had been displaced by his brother Amulius . In some sources, Rhea Silvia conceived them when the god Mars visited her in a sacred grove dedicated to him. Seeing them as a possible threat to his rule, King Amulius ordered them to be killed and they were abandoned on

2014-515: The north slope of the Palatine Hill to the mid-8th century BC and names it the Murus Romuli . Ancient pictures of the Roman twins usually follow certain symbolic traditions, depending on the legend they follow: they either show a shepherd, the she-wolf, the twins under a fig tree, and one or two birds ( Livy , Plutarch ); or they depict two shepherds, the she-wolf, the twins in a cave, seldom

2067-520: The other five legions in Syria and Judea . Mucianus expected to supplement this relatively small force, first from the legions stationed in the Balkans, then from dissident former praetorians who had supported Otho, before confronting the army which Vitellius had sent into northern Italy. However, Marcus Antonius Primus , who had simultaneously revolted against Vitellius, reached Italy before Mucianus and defeated

2120-401: The poet calls "Acca". In the story, Remus appears to them while in bed and expresses his anger at Celer for killing him and his own, as well as Romulus' unquestioned fraternal love. Roman History by Cassius Dio survives in fragments from various commentaries. They contain a more-or-less complete account. In them, he mentions an oracle that had predicted Amulius' death by a son of Numitor as

2173-409: The reason the Alban king expelled the boys. There is also a mention of "another Romulus and Remus" and another Rome having been founded long before on the same site. This work contains a variety of versions of the story. In one, there is a reference to a woodpecker bringing the boys food during the time they were abandoned in the wild. In one account of the conflict with Amulius, the capture of Remus

Legio VI Ferrata - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-482: The republican generals Cassius and Brutus in successive battles at Philippi in 42 BC and the subsequent division of control between Mark Antony and Caesar's nephew and heir Octavian , a colony was again formed from retired veterans at Beneventum in 41 BC, and the remainder of Legio VI Ferrata was taken by Mark Antony to the East where it garrisoned Judea . Another Sixth Legion, Legio VI Victrix , evidently saw action at Perusia in 41 BC, which presents us with

2279-452: The same subjects as interested outsiders, and include founder-traditions not mentioned by Livy, untraceable to a common source and probably specific to particular regions, social classes or oral traditions. A Roman text of the late Imperial era, Origo gentis Romanae (The origin of the Roman people) is dedicated to the many "more or less bizarre", often contradictory variants of Rome's foundation myth, including versions in which Remus founds

2332-410: The semi-divine Trojan prince Aeneas was further embellished, and Romulus was made the direct ancestor of Rome's first Imperial dynasty . Possible historical bases for the broad mythological narrative remain unclear and disputed. The image of the she-wolf suckling the divinely fathered twins became an iconic representation of the city and its founding legend, making Romulus and Remus pre-eminent among

2385-427: The survival in the wild. Then the end of 79 through 84 on the account of their struggle with Amulius. 84 with the non-fantastical account of their survival 294. Finally, 295 is the augury, 85–86, 87–88, the fratricide. Livy discusses the myth in chapters 4, 5, and 6 of his work's first book. p. 7 parentage 4 p. 8 survival. p. 8 the youth. 5 9–10 the struggle with Amulius. 6 p. 11 (the beginning only)

2438-619: The tales of the lupercal and the fratricide are overshadowed by that of the twins' lineage and connections to Aeneas and the deposing of Amulius. The latter receives the most attention in the accounts. Plutarch dedicates nearly half of his account to the overthrow of their uncle. Dionysius cites, among others, the histories of Pictor , Lucius Calpurnius Piso , Cato the Elder , Lucius Cincius Alimentus . The first book of Dionysius' twenty-volume history of Rome does not mention Remus until page 235 (chapter 71). After spending another 8 chapters discussing

2491-572: The throne. Amulius was killed and Numitor was reinstated as king of Alba. The twins set out to build a city of their own. After arriving back in the area of the seven hills, they disagreed about the hill upon which to build. Romulus preferred the Palatine Hill , above the Lupercal; Remus preferred the Aventine Hill . When they could not resolve the dispute, they agreed to seek the gods' approval through

2544-431: The whole as the mythography of an unusually problematic foundation and early history. The three canonical accounts of Livy, Dionysius, and Plutarch provide the broad literary basis for studies of Rome's founding mythography. They have much in common, but each is selective to its purpose. Livy's is a dignified handbook, justifying the purpose and morality of Roman traditions of his own day. Dionysius and Plutarch approach

2597-505: Was a suffect consul during the reign of Nero , most likely in the year 63 or 64. Mucianus served as governor of Syria in 67 AD. There he encountered the future emperor Vespasian, who had been sent to Judaea in 66 AD to put down the Jewish revolt . The two were initially on bad terms, but the feud was resolved by the beginning of 69. In this year the emperor Galba was deposed by Otho . Mucianus and Vespasian both swore allegiance to Otho, who

2650-537: Was overthown in turn by Vitellius ; in May or June 69 the commanders held a meeting at Mount Carmel , and Mucianus persuaded Vespasian to take up arms against the new emperor. At a subsequent council of war held in July at Berytus , it was agreed that Vespasian should stay behind to settle affairs in the East, while Mucianus marched on Italy with an army consisting of Legio VI Ferrata and vexillationes of 2,600 drawn from each of

2703-677: Was sent to Spain . From 54 AD to 68 AD the Sixth Legion Ferrata served under Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo at Artaxata and Tigranocerta (in Armenia ) against the Parthians . In 69 AD the Sixth Legion returned to Judea and fought in the Jewish War (66–73). As the War wound down, the Legion was largely responsible for Mucianus ' victory over the forces of Vitellius during the brief Civil War following

SECTION 50

#1732844951592

2756-474: Was the sort of man who found it more congenial to make an emperor than to be one." A clever writer and historian, Mucianus collected the speeches and letters of Romans of the older republican period, probably including a corpus of proceedings of the Senate ( res gesta senatus ). He was also the author of a memoir, chiefly dealing with the natural history and geography of the East, a text often quoted by Pliny as

2809-412: Was won by Legio VI. During Caesar's African war against Scipio in 46 BC, the Sixth Legion deserted en masse from Scipio to reinforce Caesar and fought under him. The legion was disbanded in 45 BC after the battle of Munda , establishing a colony at Arelate ( Arles ), but was re-formed by Lepidus the following year (44 BC) and was handed over to Mark Antony the year after. Following the defeat of

#591408