Kudowa-Zdrój [kuˈdɔva ˈzdrui̯] ( German : Bad Kudowa , Czech : Chudoba ), or simply Kudowa , is a town located below the Table Mountains in Kłodzko County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in the southwestern part of Poland . It has a population of around 10,000 and is located at the Polish-Czech border, just across from the Czech town of Náchod , some 40 km (25 mi) west of Polish Kłodzko and 140 km (87 mi) from Prague .
150-467: Kudowa-Zdrój is one of the oldest European spa towns where heart and circulatory system diseases were cured. The downtown area features a park styled on 17th century revival, with exotic plants and a mineral water pump room. Due to its location, the town is famous for tourism , hiking and as the departure point for trips. The town has several historical and heritage sites such as the Chapel of Skulls within
300-520: A CT pulmonary angiogram may be used. Vascular ultrasonography may be used to investigate vascular diseases affecting the venous system and the arterial system including the diagnosis of stenosis , thrombosis or venous insufficiency . An intravascular ultrasound using a catheter is also an option. There are a number of surgical procedures performed on the circulatory system: Cardiovascular procedures are more likely to be performed in an inpatient setting than in an ambulatory care setting; in
450-425: A pulmonary circulation , and a systemic circulation . The pulmonary circulation is a circuit loop from the right heart taking deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returned to the left heart . The systemic circulation is a circuit loop that delivers oxygenated blood from the left heart to the rest of the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the right heart via large veins known as
600-411: A pulmonary circulation or circuit . Some sources use the terms cardiovascular system and vascular system interchangeably with circulatory system . The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries , and large veins ; other arteries, smaller arterioles , capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The circulatory system
750-527: A subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp for Jewish women in the Zakrze district, as well as other forced labour camps, among the prisoners of which were also Italian prisoners of war . The story of Italian soldier Luigi Baldan [ it ] is known. Despite risk Baldan was able to help Jewish women by giving them food, which he in turn received from Poles and Czechs , and he also escaped
900-498: A Jagiellon tradition was Joseph Stalin 's refusal to withdraw from the Curzon line and the Allies' readiness to satisfy Poland with German territory instead. The original argument for awarding formerly German territory to Poland – compensation – was complemented by the argument that this territory in fact constituted former areas of Poland. Dmitrow says that "in official justifications for
1050-626: A commentary for Tribune , George Orwell likened the transfer of German population to transferring the whole of the Irish and Scottish population. Also, the Piasts were perceived to have defended Poland against the Germans, while the Jagiellons' main rival had been the growing Duchy of Moscow , making them a less suitable basis for post-war Poland's Soviet-dominated situation. The People's Republic of Poland under
1200-492: A dual blood supply, an anterior and a posterior circulation from arteries at its front and back. The anterior circulation arises from the internal carotid arteries to supply the front of the brain. The posterior circulation arises from the vertebral arteries , to supply the back of the brain and brainstem . The circulation from the front and the back join ( anastomise ) at the circle of Willis . The neurovascular unit , composed of various cells and vasculature channels within
1350-405: A dye into an artery to visualise an arterial tree, can be used in the heart ( coronary angiography ) or brain. At the same time as the arteries are visualised, blockages or narrowings may be fixed through the insertion of stents , and active bleeds may be managed by the insertion of coils. An MRI may be used to image arteries, called an MRI angiogram . For evaluation of the blood supply to the lungs
1500-523: A few places, including Olsztyn , Masuria , and Upper Silesia , particularly in Opole Voivodeship (the area of Opole , Strzelce Opolskie , Prudnik , Kędzierzyn-Koźle and Krapkowice ). The Communist government, not democratically legitimized, sought to legitimize itself through anti-German propaganda. The German "revanchism" was played up as a permanent German threat, with the Communists being
1650-491: A historical background. Historical scientists, archaeologists, linguists, art historians and ethnologists worked in an interdisciplinary effort to legitimize the new borders. Their findings were popularised in monographs, periodicals, schoolbooks, travel guides, broadcasts and exhibitions. Official maps were drawn showing that the Polish frontiers under the first known Piast princes matched the new ones. According to Norman Davies ,
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#17328513794661800-411: A macrocirculation and a microcirculation . The blood vessels of the circulatory system are the arteries , veins , and capillaries . The large arteries and veins that take blood to, and away from the heart are known as the great vessels . Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle, via the aortic semilunar valve . The first part of the systemic circulation
1950-411: A muscular pharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to all cells. The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the exterior of the organism. Oxygen can diffuse from the surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Consequently, every cell
2100-434: A number of cardiovascular diseases , affecting the heart and blood vessels; hematologic diseases that affect the blood, such as anemia , and lymphatic diseases affecting the lymphatic system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on the blood vessels. Diseases affecting
2250-622: A part of Poland. It had a substantial autonomy and a lot of privileges. It formed the Pomeranian Voivodeship , located within the province of Royal Prussia in the Kingdom of Poland, as it remained until being annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the partitions of 1772 and 1793. A small area in the west of Pomerelia, the Lauenburg and Bütow Land (the region of Lębork and Bytów ) was granted to
2400-567: A process parallel to the expulsions, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945. These settlers took over farms and villages close to the pre-war frontier while the Red Army was still advancing. In addition to the settlers, other Poles went for "szaber" or looting expeditions, soon affecting all former eastern territories of Germany . On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as
2550-625: A result of the fragmentation of Poland, it was ruled in the 12th and 13th centuries by the Samborides , who were (at least initially) more closely tied to the Kingdom of Poland than were the Griffins. After the Treaty of Kępno in 1282, and the death of the last Samboride in 1294, the region was ruled by kings of Poland for a short period, although also claimed by Brandenburg . After the Teutonic takeover in 1308
2700-438: A single pump (consisting of two chambers). In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the heart is incomplete and the pulmonary artery is equipped with a sphincter muscle . This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through
2850-511: A suffragan of the Archbishopric of Gniezno until 1821. The first German colonists arrived in the late 12th century, and large-scale German settlement started in the early 13th century during the reign of Henry I (Duke of Silesia from 1201 to 1238). After the era of German colonisation, the Polish language still predominated in Upper Silesia and in parts of Lower and Middle Silesia north of
3000-543: A time. Various regions, when not under Polish rule, were in different times under the authority of the Bohemian (Czech) Kingdom , Hungary , Austria , Sweden , Denmark , Brandenburg , Prussia , and the German Reich . Many areas were also part of various Polish-ruled duchies, created as a result of the fragmentation of Poland , which began in the 12th century. The great majority of the previous inhabitants either fled from
3150-436: Is hemocyanin . There are free-floating cells, the hemocytes , within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod immune system . The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms ) and cephalopods ( squids , octopuses and relatives) always keep their circulating blood enclosed within heart chambers or blood vessels and are classified as closed , just as in humans. Still,
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#17328513794663300-434: Is a system of organs that includes the heart , blood vessels , and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular system , or vascular system , that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart , and from Latin vascula meaning vessels ). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit , and
3450-426: Is a lifetime "ascriptive" characteristic acquired at birth and not easily changed. However people who "betrayed" their Polish heritage by their political words or actions were excluded from the Polish nation. Everyone else was labelled as "Polish" and had to remain in their "native" land – even if they wanted to emigrate to Germany. People from all over Poland quickly moved in to replace the former German population in
3600-613: Is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system. Recovered Territories The Recovered Territories or Regained Lands ( Polish : Ziemie Odzyskane ), also known as the Western Borderlands ( Polish : Kresy Zachodnie ), and previously as the Western and Northern Territories ( Polish : Ziemie Zachodnie i Północne ), Postulated Territories ( Polish : Ziemie Postulowane ) and Returning Territories ( Polish : Ziemie Powracające ), are
3750-424: Is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Some invertebrates such as arthropods have an open circulatory system . Diploblasts such as sponges , and comb jellies lack a circulatory system. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma , red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets ; it is circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to
3900-409: Is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body. The pulmonary circulation
4050-404: Is freely admitted in some circles that on the whole 'the recovered territories' had a wholly German character", but that this view has not necessarily been transmitted to the whole of Polish society. The term was also used outside Poland. In 1962, Pope John XXIII referred to those territories as the "western lands after centuries recovered", and did not revise his statement, even under pressure of
4200-432: Is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores (ostia). Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cells . Hemolymph is composed of water , inorganic salts (mostly sodium , chloride , potassium , magnesium , and calcium ), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins , and lipids ). The primary oxygen transporter molecule
4350-411: Is the aorta, a massive and thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and gives branches supplying the upper part of the body after passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm at the level of thoracic ten vertebra, it enters the abdomen. Later, it descends down and supplies branches to abdomen, pelvis, perineum and the lower limbs. The walls of the aorta are elastic. This elasticity helps to maintain
4500-424: Is the part of the circulatory system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery , to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein . Oxygen-deprived blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it
4650-410: Is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO 2 is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium . A separate circuit from the systemic circulation, the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of
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4800-635: The Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg in 1249. The Bishopric of Lebus , established by Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth , remained a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Gniezno until 1424, when it passed under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg . The Lubusz Land was part of the Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown from 1373 to 1415. Brandenburg also acquired the castellany of Santok , which formed part of
4950-563: The Duchy of Greater Poland , from Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland and made it the nucleus of their Neumark ("New March") region. In the following decades Brandenburg annexed further parts of northwestern Greater Poland . Later on, Santok was briefly recaptured by the Poles several times. Of the other cities, King Casimir III the Great recovered Wałcz in 1368. The lost parts of Greater Poland were part of
5100-521: The Gebrüder Martin und Paul Polka O.H.G. company bought the largest spa resort of the town. Famous visitors included Winston Churchill and Helmut von Moltke . From 1911 to 1931, Raphael Friedeberg worked as a physician in the Spa. Kudowa was part of Bohemia until 1742 when, together with the rest of the county of Kladsko , it passed to Prussia . From 1818 until 1945, it was known as Bad Kudowa , and
5250-795: The Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown from 1373 to 1402, when despite an agreement between the Luxembourg dynasty of Bohemia and the Jagiellons of Poland on the sale of the region to Poland, it was sold to the Teutonic Order . During the Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35) several towns of the region rebelled against the Order to join Poland, among them Choszczno/Arnswalde , Neuwedell and Falkenburg . The present-day Polish Lubusz Voivodeship comprises most of
5400-497: The Lubusz region (former East Brandenburg ), the local authorities conceded already in 1948 that what the PZZ claimed to be a recovered "autochton" Polish population were in fact Germanized migrant workers, who had settled in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries – with the exception of one village, Babimost , just across the pre-war border. Great efforts were made to propagate
5550-585: The Odra river . Here the Germans who arrived during the Middle Ages became mostly Polonized ; Germans dominated in large cities and Poles mostly in rural areas. The Polish-speaking territories of Lower and Middle Silesia , commonly described until the end of the 19th century as the Polish side , were mostly Germanized in the 18th and 19th centuries, except for some areas along the northeastern frontier. The province came under
5700-677: The Polish Enlightenment are connected with these lands: philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator, statesman Stanisław Staszic and great patron of arts, writer, linguist, statesman and candidate for the Polish crown Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski were both born in these territories, Ignacy Krasicki (author of the first Polish novel , playwright, nicknamed the Prince of Polish Poets ) lived in Warmia in his adulthood, and brothers Józef Andrzej Załuski and Andrzej Stanisław Załuski (founders of
5850-651: The Polish Workers' Party thus supported the idea of Poland based on old Piast lands. The question of the Recovered Territories was one of the few issues that did not divide the Polish Communists and their opposition, and there was unanimity regarding the western border. Even the underground anti-Communist press called for the Piast borders, that would end Germanisation and Drang nach Osten . The official view
6000-477: The Recovered Territories . By this stage Germans still constituted more than 42 per cent of the inhabitants of these regions, since their total population according to the 1946 census was 4,822,075. However, by 1950 there were only 200,000 Germans remaining in Poland, and by 1957 that number fell to 65,000. While the estimates of how many Germans remained vary, a constant German exodus took place even after
6150-867: The Second Partition . During Napoleonic times the Greater Poland territories formed part of the Duchy of Warsaw , but after the Congress of Vienna Prussia reclaimed them as part of the Grand Duchy of Posen (Poznań), later Province of Posen . After World War I , those parts of the former Province of Posen and of West Prussia that were not restored as part of the Second Polish Republic were administered as Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen (the German Province of Posen–West Prussia) until 1939. Lower Silesia
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6300-518: The Silesian and Masovian duchies remained independent Piast holdings. In the course of the 12th to 14th centuries, Germanic , Dutch and Flemish settlers moved into East Central and Eastern Europe in a migration process known as the Ostsiedlung . In Pomerania, Brandenburg , Prussia and Silesia, the indigenous West Slav ( Polabian Slavs and Poles ) or Balt population became minorities in
6450-630: The Soviet Union to form the Kaliningrad Oblast . Since the time of the Piast dynasty , which unified many of the western Slavic tribes and ruled Poland from the 10th to the 14th centuries, ethnic Poles continued to live in these territories under foreign rule, including Bohemian, Hungarian, Austrian, Prussian, and from 1871 German, this despite the Germanization process ( Ostsiedlung ), which began in
6600-457: The Suwałki Region moved into adjacent Masuria . Poles expelled from former Polish territories in the east (today mainly parts of Ukraine , Belarus and Lithuania ) settled in large numbers everywhere in the Recovered Territories (but many of them also settled in central Poland). The People's Republic had to locate its population inside the new frontiers in order to solidify the hold over
6750-511: The Załuski Library in Warsaw , one of the largest 18th-century book collections in the world) grew up and studied in these territories. Also painters Daniel Schultz , Tadeusz Kuntze and Antoni Blank , as well as composers Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki and Feliks Nowowiejski were born in these lands. By the time that Poland regained her independence in 1918, Polish activist Dr. Józef Frejlich
6900-427: The blood pressure throughout the body. When the aorta receives almost five litres of blood from the heart, it recoils and is responsible for pulsating blood pressure. As the aorta branches into smaller arteries, their elasticity goes on decreasing and their compliance goes on increasing. Arteries branch into small passages called arterioles and then into the capillaries . The capillaries merge to bring blood into
7050-472: The dorsal side of the embryo, are initially present on both sides of the embryo. They later fuse to form the basis for the aorta itself. Approximately thirty smaller arteries branch from this at the back and sides. These branches form the intercostal arteries , arteries of the arms and legs, lumbar arteries and the lateral sacral arteries. Branches to the sides of the aorta will form the definitive renal , suprarenal and gonadal arteries . Finally, branches at
7200-417: The embryo . The human arterial and venous systems develop from different areas in the embryo. The arterial system develops mainly from the aortic arches , six pairs of arches that develop on the upper part of the embryo. The venous system arises from three bilateral veins during weeks 4 – 8 of embryogenesis . Fetal circulation begins within the 8th week of development. Fetal circulation does not include
7350-428: The expulsions of Germans were the " autochthons ", close to three million ethnically Polish/Slavic inhabitants of Masuria ( Masurs ), Pomerania ( Kashubians , Slovincians ) and Upper Silesia ( Silesians ). The Polish government aimed to retain as many autochthons as possible, as their presence on former German territory was used to indicate the intrinsic "Polishness" of the area and justify its incorporation into
7500-548: The former eastern territories of Germany and the Free City of Danzig that became part of Poland after World War II , at which time most of their German inhabitants were forcibly deported . The rationale for the term "Recovered" was that these territories formed part of the Polish state, and were lost by Poland in different periods over the centuries. It also referred to the Piast Concept that these territories were part of
7650-416: The former eastern territories of Germany that were being handed over to Poland , pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. The term "Recovered Territories" is a collective term for different areas with different histories, which can be grouped into three categories: The underlying concept was to define post-war Poland as heir to the medieval Piasts' realm, which
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#17328513794667800-432: The lymphatic system is complementary to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system carries excess plasma ( filtered from the circulatory system capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells) away from the body tissues via accessory routes that return excess fluid back to blood circulation as lymph . The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it
7950-423: The sinus venosus . About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human, breathing air at sea-level pressure, is chemically combined with hemoglobin molecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in vertebrates. Many diseases affect the circulatory system. These include
8100-429: The venae cavae . The systemic circulation can also be defined as two parts – a macrocirculation and a microcirculation . An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7% of their total body weight. Blood consists of plasma , red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets . The digestive system also works with the circulatory system to provide
8250-588: The Łeba Lake and the Lake Gardno ), the total population of the province consisting of almost 1.7 million inhabitants. The Polish communities in many cities of the region, such as Szczecin and Kołobrzeg, faced intensified repressions after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933. The region of Pomerelia at the eastern end of Pomerania, including Gdańsk (Danzig), was part of Poland since its first ruler Mieszko I . As
8400-523: The 13th century with the arrival of German, Dutch and Flemish colonists to Silesia and Pomerania at the behest of the feudal Silesian Piasts and the House of Griffins . Likewise, in the 14th, 15th and 16th century many Polish settlers from Mazovia migrated into the southern portions of the Duchy of Prussia . Before the outbreak of war, regions of Masuria , Warmia and Upper Silesia still contained significant ethnic Polish populations, and in many areas
8550-517: The 14th and 15th centuries formed a duchy , which rulers were vassals of Jagiellon-ruled Poland. Over the following centuries Western Pomerania was largely Germanized, although a small Slavic Polabian minority remained. Indigenous Slavs and Poles faced discrimination from the arriving Germans, who on a local level since the 16th century imposed discriminatory regulations, such as bans on buying goods from Slavs/Poles or prohibiting them from becoming members of craft guilds. The Duchy of Pomerania under
8700-554: The Czechoslovakian part of Cieszyn Silesia and other bordering areas with significant Polish population. The Polish population of these lands was subject to Germanisation and intensified repressions, especially after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933. Most of long Germanized Lower Silesia , Farther Pomerania and Eastern Prussia remained undisputed. However, in reaction to Hitler 's Germany threats to Poland shortly before
8850-561: The Czermna district of Kudowa, an ossuary containing the bones or skeletal remains of thousands. It is one of a few of its kind in Europe. Another site is the Basilica of Wambierzyce , nicknamed "Silesian Jerusalem", and one of the most popular Catholic pilgrimage destinations in Poland. Kudowa-Zdrój is one of the oldest spa resorts in Poland and Europe. It is first mentioned in a document by Henry
9000-515: The Elder (1448–1498), son of the Hussite Czech king George of Podebrady . The original name of the village was Lipolitov but in the mid-16th century it was changed to Chudoba, later on Kudoba (Cudoba in the 19th century), Bad Kudowa and into Kudowa-Zdrój in 1945. The oldest part of Kudowa is Czermna, dating back to the 16th century. The first record of a mineral waters in the area comes from 1580 from
9150-573: The German embassy. The term is still sometimes considered useful, due to the Polish existence in those lands that was still visible in 1945, by some prominent scholars, such as Krzysztof Kwaśniewski. Several different West Slavic tribes inhabited most of the area of present-day Poland from the 6th century. Duke Mieszko I of the Polans , from his stronghold in the Gniezno area, united various neighboring tribes in
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#17328513794669300-512: The Kresy. The expellees were termed "repatriates" . The result was the largest exchange of population in European history. The picture of the new western and northern territories being recovered Piast territory was used to forge Polish settlers and "repatriates" arriving there into a coherent community loyal to the new regime, and to justify the removal of the German inhabitants. Largely excepted from
9450-874: The Middle Ages (in Wrocław and Kołobrzeg ), as well as the Polish Reformation in the Renaissance era. Significant figures were born or lived in these territories. Astronomer Jan of Głogów and scholar Laurentius Corvinus , who were teachers of Nicolaus Copernicus at the University of Kraków , both hailed from Lower Silesia . Jan Dantyszek (Renaissance poet and diplomat, named the Father of Polish Diplomacy ) and Marcin Kromer (Renaissance cartographer, diplomat, historian, music theoretician) were bishops of Warmia. The leading figures of
9600-541: The Poles constituted a majority of the inhabitants. According to the 1939 Nazi German census , the territories were inhabited by 8,855,000 people, including a Polish minority in the territories' easternmost parts. However these data, concerning ethnic minorities, that came from the census conducted during the reign of the NSDAP (Nazi Party) is usually not considered by historians and demographers as trustworthy but as drastically falsified. Therefore, while this German census placed
9750-591: The Polish aspects of the territories: medieval Piast history of the region, the cultural, political and economic bonds to Poland, the history of the Polish-speaking population in Prussia and the "Drang nach Osten" as a historical constant since the Middle Ages. The Communist authorities of the Polish People's Republic and some Polish citizens desired to erase all traces of German rule. The "Recovered Territories" after
9900-415: The Polish population of the Northern and Western territories for the first time caught up to the pre-war population level (8,711,900 in 1970 vs 8,855,000 in 1939). In the same year, the population of the other Polish areas also reached its pre-war level (23,930,100 in 1970 vs 23,483,000 in 1939). Today the population of the territories is predominantly Polish, although a small German minority still exists in
10050-443: The Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. (In the case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their place of residence was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers.) Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. Many areas located near
10200-443: The Polish state again under Bolesław III Wrymouth from 1116 until 1121, when the noble House of Griffins established the Duchy of Pomerania . On Bolesław's death in 1138, Poland for almost 200 years was subjected to fragmentation , being ruled by Bolesław's sons and by their successors, who were often in conflict with each other. Władysław I the Elbow-high , crowned King of Poland in 1320, achieved partial reunification, although
10350-428: The Polish state as "recovered" territories. "Verification" and "national rehabilitation" processes were set up to reveal a "dormant Polishness" and determine who was redeemable as a Polish citizen. Few were actually expelled. The "autochthons" not only disliked the subjective and often arbitrary verification process, but they also faced discrimination even after completing it, such as the Polonization of their names. In
10500-527: The Recovered Territories came under Polish rule several times from the late 10th century on, when Mieszko I acquired at least significant parts of them. Mieszko's son Bolesław I established a bishopric in the Kołobrzeg area in 1000–1005/07, before the area was lost again. Despite further attempts by Polish dukes to again control the Pomeranian tribes , this was only partly achieved by Bolesław III in several campaigns lasting from 1116 to 1121. Successful Christian missions ensued in 1124 and 1128; however, by
10650-491: The United States, only 28% of cardiovascular surgeries were performed in the ambulatory care setting. While humans, as well as other vertebrates , have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems. An additional transport system,
10800-504: The act of incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland (1454). After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) Warmia was confirmed to be incorporated to Poland, while Masuria became part of a Polish fief , first as part of the Teutonic state, and from 1525 as part of the secular Ducal Prussia . Then it would become one of the leading centers of Polish Lutheranism, while Warmia, under
10950-568: The administration of prince-bishops remained one of the most overwhelmingly Catholic regions of Poland. Polish suzerainty over Masuria ended in 1657/1660 as a result of the Deluge and Warmia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the First Partition of Poland (1772). Both regions formed the southern part of the province of East Prussia , established in 1773. All of Warmia and most of Masuria remained part of Germany after World War I and
11100-478: The aorta by two coronary arteries : the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery . After nourishing the heart muscle, blood returns through the coronary veins into the coronary sinus and from this one into the right atrium. Backflow of blood through its opening during atrial systole is prevented by the Thebesian valve . The smallest cardiac veins drain directly into the heart chambers. The brain has
11250-617: The area was a part of the Czech Corner of Kłodzko Land , a population of ethnic Czechs lived in Kudowa-Zdrój (then Bad Kudowa) before 1945. Small groups of Germans and Czechs continued to live in Kudowa until 1960. A German-speaking school was used from 1951 to 1960, and a Czech-speaking school was used from 1947 to 1955 by these small groups. Refugees of the Greek Civil War also settled in
11400-478: The arteries. It is also a risk factor for acute coronary syndromes , which are diseases that are characterised by a sudden deficit of oxygenated blood to the heart tissue. Atherosclerosis is also associated with problems such as aneurysm formation or splitting ("dissection") of arteries. Another major cardiovascular disease involves the creation of a clot, called a "thrombus" . These can originate in veins or arteries. Deep venous thrombosis , which mostly occurs in
11550-454: The blood would become depleted of fluid. The lymphatic system also works with the immune system. The circulation of lymph takes much longer than that of blood and, unlike the closed (blood) circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system. Some sources describe it as a secondary circulatory system . The circulatory system can be affected by many cardiovascular diseases . Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in
11700-470: The border shift, the decisive argument that it presented a compensation for the loss of the eastern half of the pre-war Polish territory to the USSR, was viewed as obnoxious and concealed. Instead, a historical argumentation was foregrounded with the dogma, Poland had just returned to 'ancient Piast lands'." Objections to the Allies' decisions and criticism of the Polish politicians' role at Potsdam were censored. In
11850-430: The brain, regulates the flow of blood to activated neurons in order to satisfy their high energy demands. The renal circulation is the blood supply to the kidneys , contains many specialized blood vessels and receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending inferior vena cava . The development of the circulatory system starts with vasculogenesis in
12000-508: The camp and hid from Germans with the help of the Czechs. After Nazi Germany 's defeat in World War II in 1945, most German inhabitants were expelled and Kudowa was repopulated with Polish settlers , most of whom were themselves expelled from former Eastern Poland , annexed by the Soviet Union . After becoming part of Poland it received municipal rights for the first time in its history. As
12150-471: The cardiovascular system are called cardiovascular disease . Many of these diseases are called " lifestyle diseases " because they develop over time and are related to a person's exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke, and other lifestyle choices a person makes. Atherosclerosis is the precursor to many of these diseases. It is where small atheromatous plaques build up in the walls of medium and large arteries. This may eventually grow or rupture to occlude
12300-432: The cases when one was absent either the German name was translated or new names were invented. In January 1946, a Committee for Settling of Place Names was set up to assign new official toponyms. The German language was banned from public schools, government media and church services. Many German monuments, graveyards, buildings or entire ensembles of buildings were demolished. Objects of art were moved to other parts of
12450-448: The chronicles of Louis of Náchod, under the name Cermenske Lazne . In 1625 (or, as some sources say, as early as 1621), G. Aelurius, a Protestant Lutheran monk, wrote in his work "Glaciografia" about the great taste of the mineral waters from Kudowa. In 1847, Kudowa was visited by 300 patients. In 1850, Adolf Duflos made a chemical analysis of the local waters and claimed they have healing traits. Local doctor J. Jacob helped to establish
12600-424: The circulatory changes that are supposed to happen after birth do not. Not all congenital changes to the circulatory system are associated with diseases, a large number are anatomical variations . The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of the cardiovascular examination , including
12750-425: The circulatory system. Another major function is working together with the immune system to provide defense against pathogens . The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body providing nutrients and oxygen to every cell , and removing waste products. The left heart pumps oxygenated blood returned from the lungs to the rest of the body in the systemic circulation . The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to
12900-594: The conquest by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th and 14th centuries. In order to repopulate the conquered areas, Poles from neighboring Masovia , called Masurians ( Mazurzy ), were allowed to settle here (hence the name Masuria ). During an uprising against the Teutonic Order most towns of the region joined or sided with the Prussian Confederation , at the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed
13050-631: The control of Kingdom of Bohemia in the 14th century and was briefly under Hungarian rule in the 15th century. Silesia passed to the Habsburg monarchy of Austria in 1526, and Prussia's Frederick the Great conquered most of it in 1742. A part of Upper Silesia became part of Poland after World War I and the Silesian Uprisings , but the bulk of Silesia formed part of the post-1945 Recovered Territories. The territories of Warmia and Masuria were originally inhabited by pagan Old Prussians , until
13200-453: The country. German inscriptions were erased, including those on religious objects, in churches and in cemeteries. In Ziemia Lubuska "Socialist competitions" were organized to search and destroy final German traces. Historian John Kulczycki argues that the Communist authorities discovered that forging an ethnically homogeneous Poland in the Recovered Territories was quite complicated, for it
13350-462: The course of the following centuries, although substantial numbers of the original inhabitants remained in areas such as Upper Silesia . In Greater Poland and in Eastern Pomerania ( Pomerelia ), German settlers formed a minority. Despite the loss of several provinces, medieval lawyers of the Kingdom of Poland created a specific claim to all formerly Polish provinces that were not reunited with
13500-583: The early 16th century, the last ( George William , duke of Legnica ) dying in 1675. Some Lower Silesian duchies were also under the rule of Polish Jagiellons ( Głogów ) and Sobieskis ( Oława ), and part of Upper Silesia , the Duchy of Opole , found itself back under Polish rule in the mid-17th century, when the Habsburgs pawned the duchy to the Polish Vasas . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrocław , established in 1000 as one of Poland's oldest dioceses, remained
13650-560: The end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795 had to promise to do everything possible to reunite the rest of those territories with the Crown. Many significant events in Polish history are associated with these territories, including the victorious battles of Cedynia (972), Niemcza (1017), Psie Pole and Głogów (1109), Grunwald (1410), Oliwa (1627), the lost battles of Legnica (1241) and Westerplatte (1939),
13800-678: The expulsions. Between 1956 and 1985, 407,000 people from Silesia and about 100,000 from Warmia-Masuria declared German nationality and left for Germany. In the early 1990s, after the Polish Communist regime had collapsed 300,000-350,000 people declared themselves German. The flight and expulsion of the remaining Germans in the first post-war years presaged a broader campaign to remove signs of former German rule. More than 30,000 German placenames were replaced with Polish or Polonized medieval Slavic ones. Previous Slavic and Polish names used before German settlements had been established; in
13950-596: The first administrative Polish unit in the "recovered" territories. While the Germans were interned and expelled, close to 5 million settlers were either attracted or forced to settle the areas between 1945 and 1950. An additional 1,104,000 people had declared Polish nationality and were allowed to stay (851,000 of those in Upper Silesia ), bringing up the number of Poles to 5,894,600 as of 1950. The settlers can be grouped according to their background: Polish and Soviet newspapers and officials encouraged Poles to relocate to
14100-500: The former Brandenburgian Neumark territory east of the Oder. A small part of northern Greater Poland around the town of Czaplinek was lost to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1668. Bigger portions of Greater Poland were lost in the Partitions of Poland : the northern part with Piła and Wałcz in the First Partition and the remainder, including the western part with Międzyrzecz and Wschowa in
14250-422: The front of the aorta consist of the vitelline arteries and umbilical arteries . The vitelline arteries form the celiac , superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of the gastrointestinal tract. After birth, the umbilical arteries will form the internal iliac arteries . The human venous system develops mainly from the vitelline veins , the umbilical veins and the cardinal veins , all of which empty into
14400-446: The heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds and crocodilians evolved independently from that of mammals. Double circulatory systems permit blood to be repressurized after returning from the lungs, speeding up delivery of oxygen to tissues. Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including flatworms . Their body cavity has no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead,
14550-426: The heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders of the blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. The circulatory system includes the heart , blood vessels , and blood . The cardiovascular system in all vertebrates, consists of the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system is further divided into two major circuits –
14700-410: The heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary system in the liver . The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small "loop" of the systemic circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers. The coronary circulation system provides a blood supply to the heart muscle itself. The coronary circulation begins near the origin of
14850-419: The legs, is one cause of clots in the veins of the legs, particularly when a person has been stationary for a long time. These clots may embolise , meaning travel to another location in the body. The results of this may include pulmonary embolus , transient ischaemic attacks , or stroke . Cardiovascular diseases may also be congenital in nature, such as heart defects or persistent fetal circulation , where
15000-456: The life and work of astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus (16th century) and Johannes Hevelius (17th century), the creation of the oldest Polish-language texts and printings ( Middle Ages and the Renaissance era), the creation of the standards and patterns of the Polish literary language (Renaissance era), Polish maritime history, the establishment of one of the first Catholic dioceses in Poland in
15150-421: The local Polish , Slavic and Baltic Prussian population. Therefore, aside from certain regions such as West Upper Silesia , Warmia and Masuria , as of 1945 most of these territories did not contain sizeable Polish-speaking communities. While most regions had long periods of Polish rule, spanning hundreds of years, some were controlled by Polish dukes and kings for short periods of up to several decades at
15300-456: The lung. The systemic circulation is a circuit loop that delivers oxygenated blood from the left heart to the rest of the body through the aorta . Deoxygenated blood is returned in the systemic circulation to the right heart via two large veins, the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava , where it is pumped from the right atrium into the pulmonary circulation for oxygenation. The systemic circulation can also be defined as having two parts –
15450-399: The lungs in the pulmonary circulation . In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium , left ventricle , right atrium and right ventricle . The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium
15600-573: The lungs, which are bypassed via the truncus arteriosus . Before birth the fetus obtains oxygen (and nutrients ) from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord . The human arterial system originates from the aortic arches and from the dorsal aortae starting from week 4 of embryonic life. The first and second aortic arches regress and form only the maxillary arteries and stapedial arteries respectively. The arterial system itself arises from aortic arches 3, 4 and 6 (aortic arch 5 completely regresses). The dorsal aortae, present on
15750-472: The lymphatic system, which is only found in animals with a closed blood circulation, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. The blood vascular system first appeared probably in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, overcoming the time-distance constraints of diffusion, while endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540–510 million years ago. In arthropods ,
15900-401: The microcirculation to reach organs. The lymphatic system is an essential subsystem of the circulatory system consisting of a network of lymphatic vessels , lymph nodes , organs , tissues and circulating lymph . This subsystem is an open system . A major function is to carry the lymph, draining and returning interstitial fluid into the lymphatic ducts back to the heart for return to
16050-522: The native Griffin dynasty existed for over 500 years, before it was partitioned between Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia in the 17th century. At the turn of the 20th century there lived about 14,200 persons of Polish mother-tongue in the Province of Pomerania (in the east of Farther Pomerania in the vicinity of the border with the province of West Prussia ), and 300 persons using the Kashubian language (at
16200-542: The notion that Kudowa is a spa that helps heart related diseases, which had a significant impact on the number of people visiting the town. In 1900, the number of people who visited was 4,150. Owing to the development of business and industry, a railway line to Kłodzko (then under the name Glatz ) and a local power plant grew in importance. In 1891, German-American editor Hermann Raster visited Kudowa-Zdrój due to failing health. He died there in July of that same year. In 1920,
16350-553: The number of Polish-speakers and bilinguals below 700,000 people, Polish demographers have estimated that the actual number of Poles in the former German East was between 1.2 and 1.3 million. In the 1.2 million figure, approximately 850,000 were estimated for the Upper Silesian regions, 350,000 for southern East Prussia and 50,000 for the rest of the territories. Under German rule, these communities faced discrimination and oppression. In 1924, an association of national minorities
16500-458: The nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping. Further circulatory routes are associated, such as the coronary circulation to the heart itself, the cerebral circulation to the brain , renal circulation to the kidneys , and bronchial circulation to the bronchi in the lungs. The human circulatory system is closed , meaning that the blood is contained within the vascular network . Nutrients travel through tiny blood vessels of
16650-610: The official declaration that the former German inhabitants of the Recovered Territories had to be removed quickly to house Poles displaced by the Soviet annexation, the Recovered Territories initially faced a severe population shortage. The Soviet-appointed communist authorities that conducted the resettlement also made efforts to remove many traces of German culture, such as place names and historic inscriptions on buildings. The post-war border between Germany and Poland (the Oder–Neisse line )
16800-406: The open circulatory system is a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients, with there being no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph. Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another
16950-415: The outbreak of World War II , Polish nationalists displayed maps of Poland including those ancient Polish territories as well, claiming their intention to recover them. In the interwar period the German administration, even before the Nazis took power, conducted a massive campaign of renaming of thousands of placenames , to remove traces of Slavic origin. The Pomeranian (Western Pomeranian) parts of
17100-524: The pre-war German border were resettled by people from neighbouring borderland areas of pre-war Poland. For example, Kashubians from the pre-war Polish Corridor settled in nearby areas of German Pomerania adjacent to Polish Pomerania . People from the Poznań region of pre-war Poland settled in East Brandenburg . People from East Upper Silesia moved into the rest of Silesia. And people from Masovia and
17250-473: The pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out through the aorta . This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature. Mammals, birds and crocodilians show complete separation of
17400-606: The re-establishment of independent Poland . During the 1920 East Prussian Plebiscite , the districts east of the Vistula within the region of Marienwerder (Kwidzyn), along with all of the Allenstein Region (Olsztyn) and the district of Oletzko voted to be included within the province of East Prussia and thus became part of Weimar Germany. All of the region as the southern part of the province of East Prussia became part of Poland after World War II, with northern East Prussia going to
17550-707: The region was annexed to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights . Most cities of the region joined or sided with the Prussian Confederation , which in 1454 started an uprising against Teutonic rule and asked the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region to Poland. After the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation, the Thirteen Years' War broke out, ending in a Polish victory. The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) made Royal Prussia
17700-561: The rest of the country in 1320. They built on the theory of the Corona Regni Poloniae , according to which the state (the Crown) and its interests were no longer strictly connected with the person of the monarch . Because of that no monarch could effectively renounce Crown claims to any of the territories that were historically and/or ethnically Polish. Those claims were reserved for the state (the Crown), which in theory still covered all of
17850-443: The right atrium of the heart. The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into veins leading back to the heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this. In humans, the only significant example is the hepatic portal vein which combines from capillaries around the gastrointestinal tract where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather than leading directly back to
18000-426: The rulers of Pomerania as a Polish fief , before being reintegrated with Poland in 1637, and later on, again transformed into a Polish fief , which it remained until the First Partition , when three quarters of Royal Prussia's urban population were German-speaking Protestants. After Poland regained independence in 1918, a large part of Pomerelia was reintegrated with Poland, as the so-called Polish Corridor , and so
18150-466: The second half of the 10th century, forming the first Polish state and becoming the first historically recorded Piast duke. His realm roughly included all of the area of what would later be named the "Recovered Territories", except for the Warmian-Masurian part of Old Prussia and eastern Lusatia . Mieszko's son and successor, Duke Bolesław I Chrobry , upon the 1018 Peace of Bautzen expanded
18300-510: The southern part of the realm, but lost control over the lands of Western Pomerania on the Baltic coast. After fragmentation, pagan revolts and a Bohemian invasion in the 1030s, Duke Casimir I the Restorer (reigned 1040–1058) again united most of the former Piast realm, including Silesia and Lubusz Land on both sides of the middle Oder River, but without Western Pomerania, which became part of
18450-408: The successful Greater Poland uprising , the cession of Pomerelia to Poland following the Treaty of Versailles and the Silesian Uprisings that allowed Poland to obtain a large portion of Upper Silesia , the territorial claims of the Second Polish Republic were directed towards the rest of partially Polish speaking Upper Silesia and Masuria under German control, as well as the city of Danzig ,
18600-442: The systems of fish , amphibians , reptiles , and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system. Closed systems permit blood to be directed to the organs that require it. In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is, therefore, only
18750-577: The taking of a person's pulse as an indicator of a person's heart rate , the taking of blood pressure through a sphygmomanometer or the use of a stethoscope to listen to the heart for murmurs which may indicate problems with the heart's valves . An electrocardiogram can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is conducted through the heart. Other more invasive means can also be used. A cannula or catheter inserted into an artery may be used to measure pulse pressure or pulmonary wedge pressures . Angiography, which involves injecting
18900-483: The term "Recovered Territories" had been dropped from Polish communist propaganda , but it is still used occasionally in common language. On the grounds that those areas should not be regarded as unique territories within the Polish state, the authorities began to refer to them instead as the "Western and Northern Lands". Wolff and Cordell say that along with the debunking of communist historiography, "the 'recovered territories' thesis ... has been discarded", and that "it
19050-670: The territories during the later stages of the war or were expelled by the Soviet and Polish communist authorities after the war ended, although a small German minority remains in some places. The territories were resettled with Poles who moved from central Poland, Polish repatriates forced to leave areas of former eastern Poland that had been annexed by the Soviet Union , Poles freed from forced labour in Nazi Germany , with Ukrainians forcibly resettled under " Operation Vistula ", and other minorities which settled in post-war Poland, including Greeks and Macedonians . However, contrary to
19200-593: The territories that were part of, or dependent on, the Polish Crown upon the death of Bolesław III in 1138. This concept was also developed to prevent from loss of territory after the death of King Casimir III the Great in 1370, when Louis I of Hungary , who ruled Hungary with absolute power, was crowned King of Poland. In the 14th century Hungary was one of the greatest powers of Central Europe , and its influence reached various Balkan principalities and southern Italy ( Naples ). Poland in personal union with Hungary
19350-546: The territories. With the Kresy annexed by the Soviet Union, Poland was effectively moved westwards and its area reduced by almost 20% (from 389,000 to 312,000 km (150,194 to 120,464 sq mi)). Millions of non-Poles – mainly Germans from the Recovered Territories, as well as some Ukrainians in the east – were to be expelled from the new Poland, while large numbers of Poles needed to be resettled having been expelled from
19500-607: The time of Bolesław's death in 1138, most of West Pomerania (the Griffin-ruled areas ) was no longer controlled by Poland. Shortly after, the Griffin Duke of Pomerania, Boguslav I., achieved the integration of Pomerania into the Holy Roman Empire. The easternmost part of later Western Pomerania (including the city of Słupsk ) in the 13th century was part of Eastern Pomerania , which was re-integrated with Poland, and later on, in
19650-404: The tissues and collecting and disposing of waste materials . Circulated nutrients include proteins and minerals and other components include hemoglobin , hormones , and gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide . These substances provide nourishment, help the immune system to fight diseases , and help maintain homeostasis by stabilizing temperature and natural pH . In vertebrates,
19800-422: The town, as they found employment in the Zakrze textile factory. Since 1962, Kudowa-Zdrój hosts the annual International Moniuszko Festival, dedicated to the "father of Polish national opera " Stanisław Moniuszko . (with German names) The local football club is Włókniarz Kudowa-Zdrój. It competes in the lower leagues. Kudowa-Zdrój is twinned with: Circulatory system The circulatory system
19950-491: The traditional Polish homeland under the Piast dynasty (there were their small parts under Poland even after the Piast ended), after the establishment of the state in the Middle Ages . Over the centuries, however, they had become predominantly German-speaking through the processes of German eastward settlement ( Ostsiedlung ), political expansion ( Drang nach Osten ), as well as language shift due to Germanisation of
20100-453: The transfer still contained a substantial German population. The Polish administration set up a "Ministry for the Recovered Territories", headed by the then deputy prime minister Władysław Gomułka . A "Bureau for Repatriation" was to supervise and organize the expulsions and resettlements. According to the national census of 14 February 1946, the population of Poland still included 2,288,300 Germans, of which 2,036,439—nearly 89 per cent—lived in
20250-415: The venous system. The total length of muscle capillaries in a 70 kg human is estimated to be between 9,000 and 19,000 km. Capillaries merge into venules , which merge into veins. The venous system feeds into the two major veins: the superior vena cava – which mainly drains tissues above the heart – and the inferior vena cava – which mainly drains tissues below the heart. These two large veins empty into
20400-582: The view of the Piast Concept . It was actively supported by the Catholic Church. The sciences were responsible for the development of this perception of history. In 1945 the Western Institute ( Polish : Instytut Zachodni ) was founded to coordinate the scientific activities. Its director, Zygmunt Wojciechowski , characterized his mission as an effort to present the Polish history of the region, and project current Polish reality of these countries upon
20550-421: The west – "the land of opportunity". These new territories were described as a place where opulent villas abandoned by fleeing Germans waited for the brave; fully furnished houses and businesses were available for the taking. In fact, the areas were devastated by the war, the infrastructure largely destroyed, suffering high crime rates and looting by gangs. It took years for civil order to be established. In 1970,
20700-678: The young post-war generation received education informing them that the boundaries of the People's Republic were the same as those on which the Polish nation had developed for centuries. Furthermore, they were instructed that the Polish "Motherland" has always been in the same location, even when "occupied" for long periods of time by foreigners or as political boundaries shifted. Because the Recovered Territories had been under German and Prussian rule for many centuries, many events of this history were perceived as part of "foreign" rather than "local" history in post-war Poland. Polish scholars thus concentrated on
20850-465: Was already claiming that the lands situated on the right bank of the Oder river, including inner industrial cities such as Wrocław , and Baltic ports such as Szczecin and Gdańsk , were economic parts of Poland that had to be united with the rest of the "economic territory of Poland" into a united and independent state, as a fundamental condition of the economic revival of Poland after World War I . After
21000-519: Was created in Lower Silesia. The first Polish-language printed text was published in Wrocław by Głogów -born Kasper Elyan, who is regarded as the first Polish printer. Burial sites of Polish monarchs are located in Wrocław, Trzebnica and Legnica . Piast dukes continued to rule Silesia following the 12th-century fragmentation of Poland . The Silesian Piasts retained power in most of the region until
21150-409: Was difficult to differentiate German speakers who were "really" Polish and those who were not. The government used criteria that involved explicit links to Polish ethnicity, as well the person's conduct. Local verification commissions had wide latitude in determining who was or was not Polish and should remain. Their decisions were based on the nationalist assumption that an individual's national identity
21300-597: Was founded in Germany, also representing the Polish minority. Jan Baczewski from Warmia , member of the Landtag of Prussia , initiated a law allowing the founding of schools for national minorities. In 1938, the Nazi government changed thousands of place-names (especially of cities and villages) of Polish origin to newly invented German place-names; about 50% of the existing names were changed in that year alone. Also, undercover operatives were sent to spy on Polish communities. Information
21450-910: Was gathered on who sent their children to Polish schools, or bought Polish books and newspapers. Polish schools, printing presses, headquarters of Polish institutions as well as private homes and shops owned by Poles were routinely attacked by members of the Schutzstaffel (SS) . Although, thousands of Poles were forcefully migrated or voluntarily migrated to these lands during World War II . Also, small isolated enclaves of ethnic Poles could be found in Pomerania , Lubusz Land and Lower Silesia . These included scattered villages which remained ethnically Polish and large cities such as Wrocław ( Breslau ), Szczecin ( Stettin ) and Zielona Góra ( Grünberg in Schlesien ) which contained small Polish communities. During
21600-599: Was not part of the post-war so-called Recovered Territories. The medieval Lubusz Land on both sides of the Oder River up to the Spree in the west, including Lubusz ( Lebus ) itself, also formed part of Mieszko's realm. In the period of fragmentation of Poland the Lubusz Land was in different periods part of the Greater Poland and Silesian provinces of Poland. Poland lost Lubusz when the Silesian duke Bolesław II Rogatka sold it to
21750-587: Was one of the leading regions of medieval Poland. Wrocław was one of three main cities of the Medieval Polish Kingdom, according to the 12th-century chronicle Gesta principum Polonorum . Henry I the Bearded granted town rights for the first time in the history of Poland in 1211 to the Lower Silesian town of Złotoryja . The Book of Henryków , containing the oldest known written sentence in Polish,
21900-505: Was part of the Prussian province of Lower Silesia . Between 1871 and 1945 it was part of Germany. In the interbellum , the German administration renamed most district names to erase traces of Slavic origin, only the district of Zakrze (then under the Germanized name Sackisch ) retained its name, despite also being of Slavic origin. During World War II , the Germans established and operated
22050-659: Was recognized by East Germany in 1950 and by West Germany in 1970, and was affirmed by the re-united Germany in the German–Polish Border Treaty of 1990. The term "Recovered Territories" was officially used for the first time in the Decree of the President of the Republic of 11 October 1938 after the annexation of Trans-Olza by the Polish army. It became the official term coined in the aftermath of World War II to denote
22200-459: Was simplified into a picture of an ethnically homogeneous state that matched post-war borders, as opposed to the later Jagiellon Poland, which was multi-ethnic and located further east. The argument that this territory in fact constituted "old Polish lands" seized on a pre-war concept developed by Polish right-wing circles attached to the SN. One reason for post-war Poland's favoring a Piast rather than
22350-455: Was that the Poles had always had the inalienable and inevitable right to inhabit the Recovered Territories, even if prevented from doing so by foreign powers. Furthermore, the Piast concept was used to persuade the Allied Powers, who found it difficult to define a Polish "ethnographic territory", to assume that it would be an intolerable injustice to not "give the territories back". By 1949,
22500-548: Was the smaller, politically weaker and peripheral country. In the Privilege of Koszyce (1374) King Louis I guaranteed that he would not detach any lands from the Polish Kingdom. The concept was not new, as it was inspired by similar Bohemian (Czech) laws ( Corona regni Bohemiae ). Some of the territories (such as Pomerelia and Masovia) reunited with Poland during the 15th and 16th centuries. However all Polish monarchs until
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