Misplaced Pages

#148851

42-540: Khadi ( pronounced [kʰaːdiː] , Khādī ), derived from khaddar , is a hand-spun and woven natural fibre cloth promoted by Mahatma Gandhi as swadeshi (self-sufficiency) for the freedom struggle of the Indian subcontinent , and the term is used throughout India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . The first piece of the hand-woven cloth was manufactured in the Sabarmati Ashram during 1917–18. The coarseness of

84-412: A degree of cost and challenge to creating a load bearing cellulose or other filler based nanocomposite. Natural fibers often show promise as biomaterials in medical applications. Chitin is notable in particular and has been incorporated into a variety of uses. Chitin based materials have also been used to remove industrial pollutants from water, processed into fibers and films, and used as biosensors in

126-414: A family of protein that support and strengthen many tissues in the body. Keratin is a structural protein located at the hard surfaces in many vertebrates. Keratin has two forms, α-keratin and β-keratin , that are found in different classes of chordates. The naming convention for these keratins follows that for protein structures: alpha keratin is helical and beta keratin is sheet-like. Alpha keratin

168-614: A keratin based implant, has the potential to be recognized as natural tissue by the body. This can lead either to integration in rare cases where the structure of the implant promotes regrowth of tissue with the implant forming a superstructure or degradation of the implant in which the backbones of the proteins are recognized for cleavage by the body. 23. Kuivaniemi, Helena, and Gerard Tromp. "Type III collagen (COL3A1): Gene and protein structure, tissue distribution, and associated diseases." Gene vol. 707 (2019): 151-171. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.003 Chandina Upazila Chandina

210-554: A raw cotton crisis in Cottonopolis Britain. Substitute Indian cotton at was sourced at cheap prices as the British sought to supplement raw materials to Manchester-Lancashire area textile mills. During Victorian era (1837–1901), 47 mills existed in the 1870s but Indians still bought clothes at an artificially inflated price, since the colonial government exported the raw materials for cloth to British fabric mills, then re-imported

252-620: A reasonable living by using high-quality mill yarn and catering to the luxury market. Gandhi tried to put an end to this practice by threatening to give up khadi altogether, but since the weavers would have starved if they listened to him, they ignored the threat. In 1919, Gandhi started spinning at Mani Bhawan Mumbai and encouraging others to do so. He invented Patti Charkha, using a double-wheel design to increase speed and control while reducing size. In 1946, when huge funds were being spent on development for more productive charkhas, he recommended takli over charkha. The khadi movement began in 1918 and

294-401: A strong interface between the matrix and filler is required to achieve favorable mechanical properties. If this is not the case, the phases tend to separate along the weak interface and makes for very poor mechanical properties. In a MCC composite however this is not the case, if the interaction between the filler and matrix is stronger than the filler-filler interaction the mechanical strength of

336-554: A tensile strength of approximately 200MPa. This tensile strength is an order of magnitude higher than human nails (20MPa), because human hair's keratin filaments are more aligned. Natural fibers tend to have decreased stiffness and strength compared to synthetic fibers. Properties also decrease with the age of the fiber. Younger fibers tend to be stronger and more elastic than older ones. Many natural fibers exhibit strain rate sensitivity due to their viscoelastic nature. Bone contains collagen and exhibits strain rate sensitivity in that

378-1071: Is a generic word. In 2017, KVIC and the government of India fought a case at the EUIPO against a German company that had trademarked the word. While KVIC obtained the latest trademark registration in Bhutan on 9 July 2021; trademark registration was granted in UAE on 28 June 2021, and the organisation registered the trademark in Mexico in December 2020. The KVIC enrolled 2624 functional Khadi institutions in India where decentralized units of Kshetriya Shri Gandhi Ashram in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand , Zila Khadi Gramodyog Sangh in Bihar and Jharkhand , Sarvodaya Sangh in Tamilnadu have survived as

420-855: Is cotton for textiles. Natural fibers are also used in composite materials, much like synthetic or glass fibers. These composites, called biocomposites, are a natural fiber in a matrix of synthetic polymers. One of the first biofiber-reinforced plastics in use was a cellulose fiber in phenolics in 1908. Usage includes applications where energy absorption is important, such as insulation, noise absorbing panels, or collapsable areas in automobiles. Natural fibers can have different advantages over synthetic reinforcing fibers. Most notably they are biodegradable and renewable. Additionally, they often have low densities and lower processing costs than synthetic materials. Design issues with natural fiber-reinforced composites include poor strength (natural fibers are not as strong as glass fibers) and difficulty with actually bonding

462-448: Is found in mammalian hair, skin, nails, horn and quills, while beta keratin can be found in avian and reptilian species in scales, feathers , and beaks. The two different structures of keratin have dissimilar mechanical properties, as seen in their dissimilar applications. The relative alignment of the keratin fibrils significantly impacts the mechanical properties. In human hair the filaments of alpha keratin are highly aligned, giving

SECTION 10

#1732852819149

504-620: Is located at 23°29′00″N 91°00′30″E  /  23.4833°N 91.0083°E  / 23.4833; 91.0083 . It has 69,736 households and a total area of 201.01 km . Chandina township is a class B municipality, which is located at the extreme north of the upazila by the N1 or Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. Value of property in the Municipality have increased significantly in last decade due to its proximity to N1 and heavy influx of people coming from villages for education & jobs. According to

546-780: Is markedly different from that of its bulk constituent. In regards to natural fibers, some of the best example of nanocomposites appear in biology. Bone , abalone shell , nacre , and tooth enamel are all nanocomposites. As of 2010, most synthetic polymer nanocomposites exhibit inferior toughness and mechanical properties compared to biological nanocomposites. Completely synthetic nanocomposites do exist, however nanosized biopolymers are also being tested in synthetic matrices. Several types of protein based, nanosized fibers are being used in nanocomposites. These include collagen, cellulose, chitin and tunican. These structural proteins must be processed before use in composites. To use cellulose as an example, semicrystalline microfibrils are sheared in

588-702: Is the discovery of wool and dyed flax fibers found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP . Natural fibers can be used for high-tech applications, such as composite parts for automobiles and medical supplies. Compared to composites reinforced with glass fibers , composites with natural fibers have advantages such as lower density, better thermal insulation , and reduced skin irritation. Further, unlike glass fibers, natural fibers can be broken down by bacteria once they are no longer used. Natural fibers are good water absorbents and can be found in various textures. Cotton fibers made from

630-591: Is the world's second most abundant natural polymer , with collagen being the first. It is a "linear polysaccharide of β-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose". Chitin is highly crystalline and is usually composed of chains organized in a β sheet. Due to its high crystallinity and chemical structure, it is insoluble in many solvents. It also has low toxicity in the body and is inert in the intestines. Chitin also has antibacterial properties. Chitin forms crystals that make fibrils that become surrounded by proteins. These fibrils can bundle to make larger fibers that contribute to

672-483: Is used in biomedical applications. Collagen is a structural protein, often referred to as "the steel of biological materials". There are multiple types of collagen: Type I (comprising skin, tendons and ligaments, vasculature and organs, as well as teeth and bone and artery walls); Type II (a component in cartilage); Type III (often found in reticular fibers ); and others. Collagen has a hierarchical structure, forming triple helices, fibrils , and fibers. Collagen are

714-676: The 2011 Census of Bangladesh , Chandina Upazila had 69,736 households and a population of 350,273. 92,365 (26.37%) were under 10 years of age. Chandina had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 51.01%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1112 females per 1000 males. 48,471 (13.84%) lived in urban areas. Chandina Upazila is divided into Chandina Municipality and 13 union parishads . They are Barera, Batagashi, Borkoroi, Barkait, Dollai Nawabpur, Etberpur, Gollai, Joag, Keronkhal, Madhaiya, Maijkhar, Mohichail, and Shuhilpur alphabetically. 13 Union parishads are further subdivided into 121 mauzas and 223 villages. Chandina Municipality

756-651: The Roman Empire . In medieval times, cotton textiles were imported to Rome through the maritime Silk Road . Arabian - Surat merchants traded cotton textiles to Basra and Baghdad from three areas of Gujarat, the Coromandel Coast and the East Coast of India. To the east, trade reached China via Java. 14th-century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta mentioned Delhi sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq sending five varieties of cloth to

798-481: The cotton plant, for example, produce fabrics that are light in weight, soft in texture, and which can be made in various sizes and colors. Clothes made of natural fibers such as cotton are often preferred over clothing made of synthetic fibers by people living in hot and humid climates. Animal fibers generally comprise proteins such as collagen , keratin and fibroin ; examples include silk , sinew , wool , catgut , angora , mohair and alpaca . Chitin

840-482: The KVIC into existence as a statutory organisation the following year. After Independence, the government reserved some types of textile production, such as towel manufacturing for the handloom sector, which resulted in a deskilling of traditional weavers and a boost for the power loom sector. Private sector enterprises have been able to make handloom weaving somewhat remunerative and the government also continues to promote

882-627: The Yuan emperor in China. Some of the textiles are stored in repositories of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. After the First Indian War of Independence in 1857, domestic textile production by mill or traditional methods declined to its lowest levels before khadi emerged as a "silent economic revolution" as an outcome of a long and laborious evolutionary process. The American Civil War (1861–1865) caused

SECTION 20

#1732852819149

924-413: The acetylated composition of the copolymer is below 50% it is chitosan. Chitosan is a semicrystalline "polymer of β-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose". One difference between chitin and chitosan is that chitosan is soluble in acidic aqueous solutions. Chitosan is easier to process that chitin, but it is less stable because it is more hydrophilic and has pH sensitivity. Due to its ease of processing, chitosan

966-551: The amorphous region, resulting in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). These small, crystalline cellulose fibrils are at this points reclassified as a whisker and can be 2 to 20 nm in diameter with shapes ranging from spherical to cylindrical. Whiskers of collagen, chitin, and cellulose have all be used to make biological nanocomposites. The matrix of these composites are commonly hydrophobic synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of polystyrene and polyacrylate. Traditionally in composite science

1008-422: The chitin fibers contribute to their hierarchical structure. In nature, pure chitin (100% acetylation ) does not exist. It instead exists as a copolymer with chitin's deacetylated derivative, chitosan. When the acetylized composition of the copolymer is over 50% acetylated it is chitin. This copolymer of chitin and chitosan is a random or block copolymer. Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin. When

1050-440: The cloth led Gandhi to call it khadi . The cloth is made from cotton , but it may also include silk or wool , which are all spun into yarn on a charkha . It is a versatile fabric that remains cool in summer and warm in winter. To improve its appearance, khadi is sometimes starched to give it a stiffer feel. It is widely accepted in various fashion circles. Greco-Roman merchants imported finer cotton in large quantities to

1092-406: The composite is noticeably decreased. Difficulties in natural fiber nanocomposites arise from dispersity and the tendency small fibers to aggregate in the matrix. Because of the high surface area to volume ratio the fibers have a tendency to aggregate, more so than in micro-scale composites. Additionally secondary processing of collagen sources to obtain sufficient purity collagen micro fibrils adds

1134-435: The fibers and the matrix. Hydrophobic polymer matrices offer insufficient adhesion for hydrophilic fibers. Nanocomposites are desirable for their mechanical properties. When fillers in a composite are at the nanometer length scale, the surface to volume ratio of the filler material is high, which influences the bulk properties of the composite more compared to traditional composites. The properties of these nanosized elements

1176-614: The finished cloth to India. In the Edwardian era (1901–1914) the Swadeshi movement of boycotting foreign cloth remained prominent. During the first two decades of the 20th century it was backed by nationalist politicians and Indian mill owners. In 1922, Mahatma Gandhi requested the Indian National Congress (INC) to start a khadi department. In 1924, due to a large amount of work, a semi-independent body All India Khadi Board (AIKB)

1218-474: The food industry. Chitin has also been used several of medical applications. It has been incorporated as a bone filling material for tissue regeneration, a drug carrier and excipient , and as an antitumor agent. Insertion of foreign materials into the body often triggers an immune response, which can have a variety of positive or negative outcomes depending on the bodies response to the material. Implanting something made from naturally synthesized proteins, such as

1260-426: The hierarchical structure of many biological materials. These fibrils can form randomly oriented networks that provide the mechanical strength of the organic layer in different biological materials. Chitin provides protection and structural support to many living organisms. It makes up the cell walls of fungi and yeast, the shells of mollusks, the exoskeletons of insects and arthropods . In shells and exoskeletons,

1302-439: The humidity was too high, then it would cause the plants to create mold and bacteria. Humidity would also increase the amount of pests around the plants. Hydrated, biopolymers generally have enhanced ductility and toughness. Water plays the role of a plasticizer , a small molecule easing passage of polymer chains and in doing so increasing ductility and toughness. When using natural fibers in applications outside of their native use,

Khadi - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-549: The ideology of Congress that had led the non-cooperation movement , so khadi organisations like the Noakhali Ambika Kalinga Charitable (NAKC) Trust, started on Gandhi's visit in 1946, were discouraged. Pakistan prime minister Firoz Khan Noon (1957–58), who remained Governor East Pakistan (1950-1953) was liberal towards khadi and established The Khadi and Cottage Industry Association in 1952. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 's historic 7 March speech of Bangabandhu refueled

1386-648: The momentum to produce khadi. A sudden wave of demand persisted in Bangladesh for many years after the country's independence from Pakistan in 1971. In 1975, some years after the independence of Bangladesh, the NAKC trust was reformed and renamed the Gandhi Ashram Trust . Muslin was registered under Bangladesh as its geographical indication in 2020. The soft or refined khadi is known as muslin khadi. Researchers have tried to replicate muslin and identified phuti carpas as

1428-478: The oldest operational Khadi organisations. Natural fibre Natural fibers or natural fibres (see spelling differences ) are fibers that are produced by geological processes , or from the bodies of plants or animals . They can be used as a component of composite materials, where the orientation of fibers impacts the properties. Natural fibers can also be matted into sheets to make paper or felt . The earliest evidence of humans using fibers

1470-504: The original level of hydration must be taken into account. For example when hydrated, the Young's Modulus of collagen decreases from 3.26 to 0.6 GPa and becomes both more ductile and tougher. Additionally the density of collagen decreases from 1.34 to 1.18 g/cm . Of industrial value are four animal fibers: wool, silk, camel hair, and angora as well as four plant fibers: cotton, flax, hemp, and jute. Dominant in terms of scale of production and use

1512-668: The role of rural cottage industries in its Industrial Policy Resolution. In 1948, Shri Ekambernathan invented amber charkha . The All India Khadi & Village Industries Board (AIKVIB) was set up in January 1953 by the Government of India. In 1955 it was decided that a statutory body, the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), should replace the Board and the KVIC Act was passed in 1956, which brought

1554-455: The stiffness increases with strain rate, also known as strain hardening . Spider silk has hard and elastic regions that together contribute to its strain rate sensitivity, these cause the silk to exhibit strain hardening as well. Properties of natural fibers are also dependent on the moisture content in the fiber. The presence of water plays a crucial role in the mechanical behavior of natural fibers. Plants depend on water to help them grow. If

1596-438: The use of Khadi through various initiatives. Prime Minister Narendra Modi during Khadi Utsav (27 Aug 2022), said "Khadi was ignored after Independence due to which weavers in the country suffered" and asserted that khadi is a movement to help the poor, and further claimed that the KVIC is a statutory organisation engaged in promoting and developing khadi and village industries. The Pakistan government saw khadi as emblematic of

1638-573: The variety from the DNA of cotton and from motifs used in making muslin sarees from Victoria & Albert Museum London of 1710 collection with 350 muslin sarees. The KVIC holds the exclusive rights to use the trademarks khadi and Khadi India . The National Internet Exchange of India Domain Dispute Policy Arbitration Tribunal in New Delhi rejected a private entity's claim that khadi

1680-450: Was expensive and of poor quality, and weavers preferred yarn produced by mills because it was more robust and consistent in quality. Gandhi argued that the mill owners would deny handloom weavers an opportunity to buy yarn because they would prefer to create a monopoly for their own cloth. When some people complained about the costliness of khadi to Gandhi, he only wore dhoti , though he used wool shawls when it got cold. Some were able to make

1722-623: Was formed which liaisoned with the INC's khadi department at the provincial and district levels. In 1925, the All India Spinner Association (AISA) was formed comprising the khadi department and AIKB. Mahatma Gandhi was the founder of AISA. He made it obligatory for all members of the INC to spin cotton themselves and pay their dues in yarn. Gandhi collected large sums of money to create grassroots-level khadi institutions to encourage spinning and weaving which were certified by AISA. Handspun yarn

Khadi - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-586: Was marked with its own changing dynamics. Initially, a clear emphasis could be seen on using khadi as an economic solution due to stagnation, from 1934 onwards the fabric became something that villagers could use for themselves. In 1921, Gandhi went to Chandina Upazila in Comilla, Bangladesh, to inspire local weavers and consequently in the greater Comilla region, weaving centers were developed in Mainamati , Muradnagar , Gauripur and Chandina. In 1948, India recognized

#148851