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65-509: Kerch , also known as Keriç or Kerich ( Crimean Tatar : Keriç , Керич ), is a city of regional significance on the Kerch Peninsula in the east of Crimea . It has a population of 147,033 ( 2014 Census ) . Founded 2,600 years ago as the ancient Greek colony Pantikapaion , Kerch is one of the most ancient cities in Crimea. The city experienced rapid growth starting in the 1920s and

130-1090: A harbour on the Kerch Strait, which makes it a key to the Sea of Azov . It has several railroad terminals and a small airport. The Kerch Strait ferry line across the Kerch Strait was established in 1953, connecting Crimea and the Krasnodar Krai ( Port Krym – Port Kavkaz line); (as of November 2009) there are also plans for a Kerch- Poti ferry route. Tavrida Highway work in progress along Kerch railway (two rails) highway (four lanes) bridge to connect Rostov Krasnodar with peninsula. There are several ports in Kerch, including Kerch Maritime Trading Port, Kerch Maritime Fishing Port, Port Krym (ferry crossing), Kamysh-Burun Port. The railroad terminals include: Kerch, Kerch I, Kerch Factory, Arshyntsevo, and Krym. A bus network connects Kerch to other cities in Crimea and Krasnodar Krai . Kerch had

195-536: A reputation as a strong defender of orthodoxy . He is best known for composing the Panarion , a compendium of eighty heresies , which included also pagan religions and philosophical systems. There has been much controversy over how many of the quotations attributed to him by the Byzantine Iconoclasts were actually by him. Regardless of this, he was clearly strongly against some contemporary uses of images in

260-554: A result of this persecution, four of these monks, the so-called Tall Brothers, fled to Palestine, and then travelled to Constantinople, seeking support and spreading the controversy. John Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople , gave the monks shelter. Bishop Theophilus of Alexandria saw his chance to use this event to bring down his enemy Chrysostom : in 402 he summoned a council in Constantinople, and invited those supportive of his anti-Origenist views. Epiphanius, by this time nearly 80,

325-519: A result, the Turkish heritage has been almost completely wiped out. In 1790 Russian naval forces under the command of admiral Fyodor Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Kerch Strait . Because of its location, from 1821 Kerch developed into an important trade and fishing port. The state museum of ancient times and a number of educational institutions were opened in the city. The ironwork factory

390-451: A significant role in the city's economy. Kerch is also a fishing fleet base and an important processing centre for numerous fish products. Because of its location on the shores of the Azov and Black seas, Kerch became a popular summer resort among people of the former USSR . Also, several mud-cure sources are located near the city. Despite the seaside location, the tourist appeal of Kerch today

455-423: A substantial area and includes several separate neighborhoods that are part of the Kerch city: Eltigen (Heroyevskoe), Kamysh-Burun (Arshyntsevo), Port Krym , Adzhimushkai, and Tuzla Island . Today Kerch is home to many metallurgists , shipbuilders, and fishermen. It also has a significant tourism sector. The largest enterprises in the city are: Construction-materials, food processing, and light industries play

520-734: A synod in Antioch (376) where the Trinitarian questions were debated against the heresy of Apollinarianism . He upheld the position of Bishop Paulinus , who had the support of Rome, over that of Meletius of Antioch , who was supported by the Eastern Churches. In 382 he was present at the Council of Rome , again upholding the cause of Paulinus. During a visit to Palestine in 394 or 395, while preaching in Jerusalem, he attacked Origen 's followers and urged

585-478: A tram system that was established in 1935 and destroyed in 1941. A trolleybus system was established in 2004, and has one line. On 25 April 2010, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed an agreement to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait. In January 2015, with Russia now in control, the contract for the construction of the bridge was awarded to Arkady Rotenberg 's S.G.M. Group . In May 2015 construction commenced, and

650-503: A verbalizing suffix to a noun or adjective, as demonstrated in the following examples: тиш ле tiş le tooth- VB тиш ле tiş le Epiphanius of Salamis Epiphanius of Salamis ( Ancient Greek : Ἐπιφάνιος ; c. 310–320 – 403) was the bishop of Salamis, Cyprus , at the end of the 4th century . He is considered a saint and a Church Father by both the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches . He gained

715-580: Is agglutinating , with the exclusive use of suffixing to express grammatical categories. Generally, suffixes are attached to the ends of word stems, although derivational morphology makes uses of compounding as well. Overall, the grammatical structure of the language is similar to that of other West Kipchak varieties. Crimean Tatar is a pro-drop language with a generally SOV word order . Crimean Tatar, like most Turkic languages, features pervasive vowel harmony , which results in sound changes when suffixes are added to verb or noun stems. Essentially,

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780-454: Is fairly complex, inflecting for tense, number, person, aspect, mood and voice. Verbs are conjugated according to the following paradigm: It is possible, albeit rare, for a single verb to contain all of these possible components, as in: Мен Men I ювундырылмадым. yuvundırılmadım. wash- REFL - CAUS - PASS - NEG - PAST - 1SG Мен ювундырылмадым. Men yuvundırılmadım. I wash-REFL-CAUS-PASS-NEG-PAST-1SG "I

845-524: Is found in Shatberd ms 1141 along with Physiologus and De Gemmis ). The first section discusses the canon of the Old Testament and its versions, the second of measures and weights, and the third, the geography of Palestine . The texts appear not to have been given a polish but consist of rough notes and sketches, as Allen A. Shaw, a modern commentator, concluded; nevertheless Epiphanius' work on metrology

910-738: Is in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages commonly spoken in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan The formation period of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate . However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish . After Islamization , Crimean Tatars wrote with an Arabic script . In 1876,

975-426: Is limited because of the industrial character of the city and associated pollution. Despite the lack of beaches in the town's area, there are a lot of them at a distance of 20 minutes' travel by bus, train or taxi. Kerch has a number of impressive architectural and historical monuments. Ancient historical heritage of the city makes it attractive for scientific tourism. The most notable of Kerch's sights are: Kerch has

1040-601: Is named after the city. Crimean Tatar language A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranked the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction ( severely endangered ). However, according to the Institute of Oriental Studies , due to negative situations,

1105-466: Is one of the most seriously endangered languages in Europe. Almost all Crimean Tatars are bilingual or multilingual, using the dominant languages of their respective home countries, such as Russian, Turkish, Romanian, Uzbek, Bulgarian or Ukrainian. The Crimean Tatar language consists of three or four dialects. Among them is also the southern dialect, also known as the coastal dialect (yalıboyu, cenübiy), which

1170-545: Is the Ancoratus (the well anchored man), which includes arguments against Arianism and the teachings of Origen . Aside from the polemics by which he is known, Epiphanius wrote a work of biblical antiquarianism , called, for one of its sections, On Weights and Measures (περὶ μέτρων καὶ στάθμων). It was composed in Constantinople for a Persian priest, in 392, and survives in Syriac, Armenian, and Georgian translations (this last

1235-467: Is the Panarion (from Latin panarium , "bread basket" < panis , "bread"), also known as Adversus Haereses , "Against Heresies", presented as a book of antidotes for those bitten by the serpent of heresy. Written between 374 and 377, it forms a handbook for dealing with the arguments of heretics. It lists, and refutes, 80 heresies , some of which are not described in any other surviving documents from

1300-894: Is the same as the Turkish alphabet , with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. In the Russian-annexed " Republic of Crimea " all official communications and education in Crimean Tatar are conducted exclusively in the Cyrillic alphabet. The vowel system of Crimean Tatar is similar to some other Turkic languages. Because high vowels in Crimean Tatar are short and reduced, /i/ and /ɯ/ are realized close to [ɪ] , even though they are phonologically distinct. In addition to these phonemes, Crimean also displays marginal phonemes that occur in borrowed words, especially palatalized consonants . The southern (coastal) dialect substitutes / x / for / q / , e.g. standard qara 'black', southern xara . At

1365-473: The Kerch Strait . As with the other parts of Crimea, as of 2023 Kerch is occupied by Russian forces following the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014. On 17 October 2018, a student killed 20 people and himself at Kerch Polytechnic College . Kerch has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) with cool to cold winters and warm to hot summers. The city municipality stretches over

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1430-753: The Lapidarium in Kerch and the collections of major museums around the world. Such as: the Hermitage , the Louvre, the British Museum, the Berlin Museum, the Moscow State Museum of fine arts and many others. Currently, excavations at ancient fortresses of Kerch are led by scientists from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland. A minor planet 2216 Kerch discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova

1495-509: The Latin script . The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet . During the 1990s and 2000s, the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under Ukraine encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic has still been widely used (mainly in published literature, newspapers and education). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet

1560-623: The Uturgurs (tribe of Huns ). In the 7th century, the Turkic Khazars took control of Bospor, and the city was named Karcha from Turkic "karşı" meaning 'opposite, facing.' The main local government official during Khazar times was the tudun . During Khazar rule, Kerch was used as a major port for the Khazar slave trade , through which slaves were exported to the Black Sea slave trade . Christianity

1625-753: The 17th–15th centuries BC. While many finds from Kerch can be found in the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg and the local museum, a large number of antique sculptures, reliefs, bronze and glassware, ceramics and jewellery were excavated in 1855–1856 during the Crimean War by Duncan MacPherson, a surgeon from the British Army, and later donated to the British Museum in London. Kerch as a city starts its history in

1690-583: The 60 Christian heresies, from assorted gnostics to the various trinitarian heresies of the fourth century, closing with the Collyridians and Messalians . While Epiphanius often let his zeal come before facts – he admits on one occasion that he writes against the Origenists-based only on hearsay ( Panarion , Epiphanius 71) – the Panarion is a valuable source of information on the Christian Church of

1755-545: The 7th century BC, when Greek colonists from Miletus founded a city-state named Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridat near the mouth of the Melek-Chesme river. Panticapaeum subdued nearby cities and by 480 BC became the capital of the Kingdom of Bosporus . Later, during the rule of Mithradates VI Eupator , Panticapaeum for a short period of time became the capital of the much more powerful and extensive Kingdom of Pontus . The city

1820-523: The Bishop of Jerusalem , John II , to condemn his writings. He urged John to be careful of the "offence" of images in the churches. He noted that when travelling in Palestine he went into a church to pray and saw a curtain with an image of Christ or a saint which he tore down. He told Bishop John that such images were "opposed ... to our religion" (see below). This event sowed the seeds of conflict which erupted in

1885-516: The Church of Christ and of those Christians who are committed to your charge. Beware of Palladius of Galatia —a man once dear to me, but who now sorely needs God's pity—for he preaches and teaches the heresy of Origen; and see to it that he does not seduce any of those who are intrusted to your keeping into the perverse ways of his erroneous doctrine. I pray that you may fare well in the Lord. His best-known book

1950-587: The Mongols, the city became the Genoese colony of Cerco (Cherkio) in 1318 and served as a sea harbour, where townspeople worked at salt works and fishery. In 1475, the city was passed to the Ottoman Empire . During the Turkish rule Kerch fell into decay and served as a slave-market . It repeatedly suffered from raids of Zaporizhian Cossacks . In response to the strengthening of Russian military forces in Azov area,

2015-640: The Turks built a fortress, named Yenikale , near Kerch on the shore of Kerch Strait . The fortress was completed by 1706. In 1771 the Imperial Russian Army invaded Crimea and approached Yenikale. The Turks decided to abandon the fortress, though reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire had arrived a few days earlier. By the Peace Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji in 1774, Kerch and Yenikale were ceded to Russia. As

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2080-676: The Ukrainian government), the other ones being Ukrainian and Russian. Today, more than 260,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea . Approximately 120,000 reside in Central Asia (mainly in Uzbekistan ), where their ancestors had been deported in 1944 during World War II by the Soviet Union. However, of all these people, mostly the older generations are the only ones still speaking Crimean Tatar. In 2013,

2145-519: The animal's characteristics, how it produces its poison, and how to protect oneself from the animal's bite or poison. For example, he describes his enemy Origen as "a toad noisy from too much moisture which keeps croaking louder and louder." He compares the Gnostics to a particularly dreaded snake "with no fangs." The Ebionites , a Christian sect that followed Jewish law, were described by Epiphanius as "a monstrosity with many shapes, who practically formed

2210-513: The centre of a Khazar successor-state . Its ruler, Georgius Tzul , was deposed by a Byzantine - Rus expedition in 1016. From the 10th century, the city was a Slavic settlement named Korchev, which belonged to the Tmutarakan principality. Kerch was a center of trade between Russia', Crimea , Caucasus and the Orient . In the 13th century, Crimea including Korchev was invaded by Mongols . After

2275-511: The church. Epiphanius was either born into a Romaniote Christian family or became a Christian in his youth. Either way, he was a Romaniote Jew who was born in the small settlement of Besanduk, near Eleutheropolis (modern-day Beit Guvrin in Israel), and lived as a monk in Egypt, where he was educated and came into contact with Valentinian groups . He returned to Roman Palestine around 333, when he

2340-701: The city was taken by the Germans in November 1941. On 31 December 1941, the 302nd Mountain Rifle Division recaptured the city following a naval landing operation at Kamysh Burun, to the south of the city, five days earlier. In 1942 the Germans occupied the city again. The Red Army lost over 160,000 men, either killed or taken POW at the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula . On 31 October 1943 another Soviet naval landing operation

2405-564: The city's population was ethnically Scythian , later Sarmatian , as the large royal barrow ( Kurgan ) at Kul-Oba testifies. In the 1st century AD Panticapaeum and the Kingdom of Bosporus suffered from Ostrogoth raids; then the city was devastated by the Huns in AD 375. Myrmekion was founded in the eastern part of the Kerch, 4 km NE of ancient Panticapaeum . The settlement was founded by Ionians in

2470-652: The different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski . A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire . In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people. In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on

2535-528: The dispute between Rufinus and John against Jerome and Epiphanius. Epiphanius fuelled this conflict by ordaining a priest for Jerome's monastery at Bethlehem, thus trespassing on John's jurisdiction. This dispute continued during the 390s, in particular in the literary works by Rufinus and Jerome attacking one another. In 399, the dispute took on another dimension, when the Bishop of Alexandria, Theophilus , who had initially supported John , changed his views and started persecuting Origenist monks in Egypt. As

2600-626: The fact that I have been seeking a curtain of the best quality to give to them instead of the former one, and thought it right to send to Cyprus for one. I have now sent the best that I could find, and I beg that you will order the presbyter of the place to take the curtain which I have sent from the hands of the Reader, and that you will afterwards give directions that curtains of the other sort—opposed as they are to our religion—shall not be hung up in any church of Christ. A man of your uprightness should be careful to remove an occasion of offence unworthy alike of

2665-526: The first half of the 6th c. BC. From the 6th century the city was under the control of the Byzantine Empire . By order of Emperor Justinian I , a citadel named Bospor was built there. Bospor was the centre of a bishopric , the diocese of Bosporus and developed under the influence of Greek Christianity . In 576, it withstood a siege by the Göktürks under Bokhan, aided by Anagai, the last khan (ruler) of

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2730-610: The fourth century. It is also an important source regarding the early Jewish gospels such as the Gospel according to the Hebrews circulating among the Ebionites and the Nazarenes , as well as the followers of Cerinthus and Merinthus. One unique feature of the Panarion is in the way that Epiphanius compares the various heretics to different poisonous beasts, going so far as to describe in detail

2795-505: The language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in only around 15 schools in Crimea. Turkey has provided support to Ukraine, to aid in bringing the schools teaching in Crimean Tatar to a modern state. An estimated 5 million people of Crimean origin live in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Smaller Crimean Tatar communities such as ( Dobrujan Tatars ) are also found in Romania (22,000) and Bulgaria (1,400). Crimean Tatar

2860-433: The occupation. Thousands of soldiers and refugees found shelter inside and were involved in counterattacks. Many of them died underground, including those who died of numerous alleged poison gas attacks. Later, a memorial was established on the site. On 11 November 2007, a powerful storm passed through the city, causing much damage and an ecological disaster as a few ships, including an oil tanker, were shipwrecked and blocked

2925-429: The often quoted incident of the curtain, which unlike other passages attributed to Epiphanius and quoted by the Iconoclasts, is accepted as authentic by modern scholars: 9. Moreover, I have heard that certain persons have this grievance against me: When I accompanied you to the holy place called Bethel, there to join you in celebrating the Collect, after the use of the Church, I came to a villa called Anablatha and, as I

2990-455: The population had reached 33,000. After suffering a decline during the First World War and the Russian Civil War , the city resumed its growth in the late 1920s, with the expansion of various industries, iron ore, and metallurgy in particular, and by 1939 its population had reached 104,500. On the Eastern Front of World War II from 1941 to 1945, Kerch was the site of heavy fighting between Red Army and Axis forces. After fierce fighting,

3055-433: The preceding segment is voiced or voiceless, or whether the segment demonstrates backness harmony. Consonants that alternate between [k], [q], [g] and [ɣ] are represented as K , alternating [k] and [g] as G , alternating [t] and [d] by D , and alternating [tʃ] and [dʒ] as Ç . Thus, the suffix - şAr could be rendered as "şar" or "şer" depending on the vowel in the morpheme preceding it. Crimean Tatar verbal morphology

3120-442: The real degree of threat has elevated to critically endangered languages in recent years, which are highly likely to face extinction in the coming generations. Crimean language is one of the official languages of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine), along with Ukrainian and Russian. It is also one of the state languages of the Republic of Crimea ( Russian occupation , considered " temporarily occupied territories " by

3185-670: The road section of the bridge was opened to traffic in May 2018. The rail section was opened in 2019, with Russian President Vladimir Putin taking the first train across on 23 December. It was heavily damaged by an explosion on 8 October 2022. Kerch hosts (2004): Archaeological digs in Kerch were launched under Russian auspices in the middle of the 19th century. Since then the site of ancient Panticapaeum city on Mount Mithridat has been systematically excavated. Located nearby are several ancient burial mounds ( kurgans ) and excavated cities. Kerch takes part in UNESCO 's " Silk Road " programme. Treasures and historical findings of Kerch adorn

3250-635: The same time the southern and some central dialects preserve glottal / h / which is pronounced / x / in the standard language. The northern dialect on the contrary lacks / x / and / f / , substituting / q / for / x / and / p / for / f / . The northern / v / is usually [ w ] , often in the place of / ɣ / , compare standard dağ and northern taw 'mountain' (also in other Oghuz and Kipchak languages, such as Azerbaijani : dağ and Kazakh : taw ). / k / and / ɡ / are usually fronted, close to [ c ] and [ ɟ ] . The grammar of Crimean Tatar, like all Turkic languages,

3315-435: The snake-like shape of the mythical many-headed Hydra in himself." In all, Epiphanius describes fifty animals, usually one per sect. Another feature of the Panarion is the access its earlier sections provide to lost works, notably Justin Martyr's work on heresies, the Greek of Irenaeus' Against Heresies , and Hippolytus' Syntagma . The Panarion was first translated into English in 1987 and 1990. His earliest known work

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3380-433: The teaching of the Scriptures, I tore it asunder and advised the custodians of the place to use it as a winding sheet for some poor person. They, however, murmured, and said that if I made up my mind to tear it, it was only fair that I should give them another curtain in its place. As soon as I heard this, I promised that I would give one, and said that I would send it at once. Since then there has been some little delay, due to

3445-428: The time. Epiphanius begins with the 'four mothers' of pre-Christian heresy – 'barbarism', 'Scythism', 'Hellenism' and 'Judaism' – and then addresses the 16 pre-Christian heresies that have flowed from them: four philosophical schools (Stoics, Platonists, Pythagoreans and Epicureans), and 12 Jewish sects. There then follows an interlude, telling of the Incarnation of the Word. After this, Epiphanius embarks on his account of

3510-837: The vowel in a suffix undergoes assimilation to agree in certain categories with the vowel in the stem. The two main types of assimilation that characterize this agreement in Crimean Tatar morphophonology are backness harmony and rounding harmony. Using the transliteration system in Kavitskaya (2010), non-high vowels undergoing backness harmony vary between [a] and [e], and are represented as A . High vowels that undergo both backness and rounding harmony alternate between [i], [y], [ɪ] and [u] and are represented as I . High vowels in suffixes that are never rounded and alternate between [i] and [ɪ] are represented as Y , whereas high vowels in suffixes that are always round and alternate between [u] and [y] are represented as U . Some consonants undergo similar harmonizing changes depending on whether

3575-410: Was a major religion in Kerch during the period of Khazar rule. Kerch's Church of St. John the Baptist was founded in 717; thus, it is the oldest church in Ukraine. The Church of the Apostles existed during the late 8th and early 9th centuries, according to the Life of the Apostle Andrew by Epiphanius of Salamis . Following the fall of Khazaria to Kievan Rus' in the late 10th century, Kerch became

3640-413: Was built in 1846 based on a huge iron ore deposit found on Kerch Peninsula. During the Crimean War the city was devastated by British forces in 1855. In the late 19th century, mechanical and cement factories were built, and tinned food and tobacco factories were established. By 1900, Kerch was connected to a railroad system, and the fairway of Kerch Strait was deepened and widened. At this time,

3705-406: Was called by Jerome on that account Pentaglossos ("Five tongued"). His reputation for learning prompted his nomination and consecration as Bishop of Salamis, Cyprus , in 365 or 367, a post which he held until his death. He was also the Metropolitan of the Church of Cyprus . He served as bishop for nearly forty years, as well as travelled widely to combat differing beliefs. He was present at

3770-407: Was important in the history of measurement . Another work, On the Twelve Gems ( De Gemmis ), survives in a number of fragments, the most complete of which is the Georgian. The letter written by Epiphanius to John, Bishop of Jerusalem, in 394 and preserved in Jerome's translation, is discussed above. The collection of homilies traditionally ascribed to a "Saint Epiphanius, bishop" are dated in

3835-407: Was launched. Kerch returned to Soviet control on 11 April 1944. The German invaders killed about 15,000 citizens and deported another 14,000 during their occupation. Evidence of German atrocities in Kerch was presented in the Nuremberg trials . After the war, the city was awarded the title Hero City . The Adzhimushkay catacombs in the city's suburbs were the site of guerrilla warfare against

3900-412: Was located at the intersection of trade routes between the steppe and Europe . This caused it to grow rapidly. The city's main exports were grain and salted fish; wine-making was also common. Panticapaeum minted its own coins. According to extant documents the Melek-Chesme river (small and shallow nowadays) was navigable in Bosporan times, and sea galleys were able to enter the river. A large portion of

3965-610: Was not forced to wash myself." For the most part, each type of suffix would only appear once in any given word, although it is possible in some circumstances for causative suffixes to double up. Infinitive verbs take the - mAK suffix and can be negated by the addition of the suffix - mA between the verb stem and the infinitive suffix, creating verb constructions that do not easily mirror English. яшамакъ yaşamaq яшамакъ yaşamaq "to live" яшамамакъ yaşamamaq яшамамакъ yaşamamaq "not to live" Verb derivation Novel verb stems are derived chiefly by applying

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4030-615: Was one of those summoned, and began the journey to Constantinople. However, when he realised he was being used as a tool by Theophilus against Chrysostom, who had given refuge to the monks persecuted by Theophilus and who were appealing to the emperor, Epiphanius started back to Salamis, only to die on the way home in 403. Letter LI in Jerome's letters gives Jerome's Latin translation, made at Epiphanius' request, of his letter, originally in Greek from c. 394, "From Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus, to John, Bishop of Jerusalem" (see previous section for wider context). The final section covers

4095-410: Was passing, saw a lamp burning there. Asking what place it was, and learning it to be a church, I went in to pray, and found there a curtain hanging on the doors of the said church, dyed and embroidered. It bore an image either of Christ or of one of the saints; I do not rightly remember whose the image was. Seeing this, and being loth that an image of a man should be hung up in Christ’s church contrary to

4160-477: Was still a young man, and he founded a monastery at Ad nearby, which is often mentioned in the polemics of Jerome with Rufinus and John, Bishop of Jerusalem . He was ordained a priest, and lived and studied as superior of the monastery in Ad that he founded for thirty years and gained much skill and knowledge in that position. In that position he gained the ability to speak in several languages, including Hebrew , Syriac , Egyptian , Greek , and Latin , and

4225-411: Was the site of a major battle during World War II. Today, it is one of the largest cities in Crimea and is among the area's most important industrial, transport and tourist centres. As with the rest of Crimea, it has been occupied by Russian forces since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. Archeological digs at Mayak village near the city ascertained that the area had already been inhabited in

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