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69-667: Kedu Residency (also known as Kedoe and Kedoo) was a colonial administrative unit in Central Java in Java , Indonesia . It contained the areas which are now the Kebumen , Wonosobo , Temanggung , Purworejo and Magelang regencies (including Magelang city). All of the areas under the residency were under the Surakarta Sunanate , until the Indonesian government abolished its recognition of

138-531: A mixture of both dialects; these areas are Pekalongan and the Kedu Plain , which composes Magelang and Temanggung . Some parts of the districts of Brebes and Cilacap speak Sundanese , the western part of Central Java is the border between the Javanese people and Sundanese people worlds in the western of Java. Central Java is considered to be the heart of the Javanese culture. The ideal conduct and moral of

207-556: A narrow lowland. In the Brebes area, it is 40 km wide from the coast, while in Semarang, it is only 4 km wide. This plain continues with the depression of Semarang-Rembang in the east. Mount Muria at the end of the Ice Age (around 10,000 years BC) was a separate island from Java, which eventually fused because of alluvial deposits from flowing rivers. The city of Demak during the era of

276-399: A new Batang Regency was formed from the eastern half of Pekalongan Regency. Today, Central Java (excluding Yogyakarta Special Region) is divided into 29 regencies ( kabupaten ) and six cities ( kota , previously kotamadya and kota pradja ), the latter being independent of any regency. The Southeastern (Solo) area used to be the Surakarta Sunanate until the monarchy was unrecognized by

345-733: A new structural element in Central Java. This section is separated from the Bogor Zone by the Majenang Depression. The eastern part was built by the Ajibarang anticline (narrow anticline) which was cut by the Serayu River stream. In the east of Banyumas, the anticline developed into an anticlinorium with a width reaching 30 km in the Lukulo area (south of Banjarnegara -Midangan) or often called

414-537: A regional Council was formed. In addition, autonomous gemeente (municipal) was formed, Pekalongan , Tegal , Semarang , Salatiga , and Magelang . In 1930, the province was designated as an autonomous region with a provinciale raad (provincial council). The province consists of several residenties (residencies), covering several regentschap (districts), divided into several kawedanan (districts). Central Java consisted of 5 residences: Pekalongan, Jepara- Rembang , Semarang, Banyumas , and Kedu . On 1 March 1942,

483-492: A separate special region (equivalent to a province) since the country's independence, and is administered separately. Although known as the "heart" of Javanese culture , there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups, such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java. Chinese Indonesians , Arab Indonesians , and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province. The province has been inhabited by humans since

552-622: A silver city called Argyra at its western end. This name mentioned Java, which most likely origins from the Sanskrit term Java-dvipa (Yawadvipa). Chinese records from the Songshu and the Liangshu referred to Java as She-po (5th century AD), He-ling (640–818 AD), then called it She-po again until the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), where they began to call Zhao-Wa. In the book Yingyai Shenglan , written by

621-698: Is a province of Indonesia , located in the middle of the island of Java . Its administrative capital is Semarang . It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south, East Java in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. It has a total area of 33,750.37 km , with a population of 36,516,035 at the 2020 Census making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java . The official population estimate in mid-2023

690-523: Is a limestone mountain area that extends to the southern coast of East Java. The rivers that empty into the Java Sea include the Bengawan Solo River , Kali Pemali, Kali Comal, and Kali Bodri, while the ones that empty into the Indian Ocean include Serayu River , Bogowonto River, Luk Ulo River and Progo River. Bengawan Solo is the longest river on the island of Java (572 km); has a spring in

759-547: Is almost the same as the Baduy people in Banten . Although Indonesian is the official language, people mostly speak Javanese as their daily language. The Solo-Jogja dialect or the Mataram dialect is considered as the standard Javanese Language. Additionally, there are a number of Javanese dialects but in general, it consists of two, namely kulonan and timuran . The former is spoken in

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828-473: Is also common among Chinese Indonesians. In the post-Suharto era , it is recognised as an official religion along with the aforementioned five. Ethnic Groups in Central Java At approximately 98%, Javanese people form the overwhelming majority of the population, and a minority of the Sundanese people . Central Java is known as the centre of Javanese culture. The cities of Surakarta and Yogyakarta are

897-641: Is between 18–28 °C (64–82 °F) and the relative humidity varies between 73% and 94%. While the humidity is high in most low-lying parts of the province, it drops significantly in the upper mountains. The highest average annual rainfall of 3,990 mm with 195 rainy days was recorded in Salatiga . On the eve of the World War II in 1942, Central Java was subdivided into seven residencies ( Dutch : residentie or plural residenties , Javanese karésiḍènan or karésidhènan ) which corresponded more or less with

966-457: Is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage, unlike other agricultural products. Healthy grain supply and trade is important to many societies, providing a caloric base for most food systems as well as important role in animal feed for animal agriculture . The grain trade is as old as agricultural settlement, identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming. Major societal changes have been directly connected to

1035-556: Is sometimes grown as a perennial . Winter varieties are hardy enough to be planted in the autumn, becoming dormant in the winter, and harvested in spring or early summer; spring varieties are planted in spring and harvested in late summer. The term cereal is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of grain crops and fertility, Ceres . Cereals were domesticated in the Neolithic , some 8,000 years ago. Wheat and barley were domesticated in

1104-587: Is that the word "Java" comes from Proto-Austronesian , Awa or Yawa (Similar to the words Awa'i (Awaiki) or Hawa'i (Hawaiki) used in Polynesia , especially Hawaii ) which means "home". An island called Iabadiu or Jabadiu is mentioned in Ptolemy's work called Geographia which was made around 150 AD during the era of the Roman Empire . Iabadiu is said to mean "island of barley", also rich in gold, and has

1173-762: Is the North and South Serayu Mountains. The North forms a mountain chain that connects the Bogor range in West Java with the Kendeng Mountains in the east. The width of this mountain range is around 30–50 km; on the western end there is Mount Slamet , which is the highest mountain in Central Java as well as the second-highest mountain in Java, and the eastern part is the Dieng Plateau with peaks of Mount Prahu and Mount Ungaran . Between

1242-555: Is written in Sanskrit in Pallava script . It is written that a Shaivite king named Sri Sanjaya established a kingdom called Mataram . Under the reign of Sanjaya's dynasty, several monuments such as the Prambanan temple complex were built. At the same time, a competing dynasty Sailendra arose, adhering to Buddhism and built the Borobudur temple. After 820 AD, there was no more mention of

1311-418: The Brebes - Tegal - Slawi area in the northwest of the province. Religion in Central Java (June 2024) Although the overwhelming majority of Javanese are Muslims, many also profess indigenous Javanese beliefs . Clifford Geertz , in his book about the religion of Java, made a distinction between the so-called santri Javanese and abangan Javanese. He considered the former as orthodox Muslims and

1380-654: The Burma-Siam and Saketi-Bayah railways , and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation. About 2.4 million people died in Java from famine during 1944–45. Following the surrender of Japan, Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945. The final stages of warfare were initiated in October when, under

1449-553: The Cultivation System which was linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, first in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice. In the 1900s, the predecessor of the modern Central Java was created, named Gouvernement van Midden-Java . Before 1905, central Java consisted of 5 gewesten (regions) namely Semarang , Rembang , Kedu , Banyumas , and Pekalongan . Surakarta

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1518-728: The Demak Sultanate was on the edge of the sea and became a thriving port. This sedimentation process is still ongoing on the coast of Semarang . In the south of the area are the Northern Cretaceous Mountains and the Kendeng Mountains, which are limestone mountains stretching from the east of Semarang from the Southwest end of Pati then east to the Lamongan and Bojonegoro in East Java. The main range of mountains in Central Java

1587-715: The Fertile Crescent ; rice was domesticated in East Asia, and sorghum and millet were domesticated in West Africa. Maize was domesticated by Indigenous peoples of the Americas in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. In the 20th century, cereal productivity was greatly increased by the Green Revolution . This increase in production has accompanied a growing international trade , with some countries producing large portions of

1656-462: The House of Representatives . The province's 77 elected members are comprised as follows: As of the 2010 census, Central Java's population stood at 32.38 million, barely increasing from 2000, compared with the 1990 census when the population was 28 million. This reflected an increase of approximately 13.5% in 20 years. At the 2020 Census the population was 36,516,035, and the official estimate for mid 2023

1725-756: The Hēlíng in Chinese records. Coinciding with the overthrow of the Sailendras by the Sanjayas who restored Shaivism as the dominant religion. In the middle of the 10th century, however, the centre of power moved to eastern Java. Raden Wijaya founded the Majapahit Empire , and reaching its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk . The kingdom claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago , although direct control tended to be limited to Java, Bali and Madura . Gajah Mada

1794-646: The Imperial Japanese Army landed on Java , and the following week, the Dutch East Indies surrendered to Japan. During Japanese rule, Java and Madura were placed under the Japanese 16th Army . Many who lived in areas considered important to the war effort experienced torture , sex slavery , arbitrary arrest and execution, and other war crimes . Thousands of people were taken away as forced labourers ( romusha ) for Japanese military projects, including

1863-695: The Kebumen Tinggi . At the very eastern end of Mandala, the South Serayu Mountains are formed by the dome of the Kulonprogo Mountains (1022 m), which is located between Purworejo and the Progo River . The area of the south coast of Central Java also has a narrow lowland, with a width of 10–25 km. In addition, there are South Gombong Karst Areas. Sloping hills stretch parallel to the coast, from Yogyakarta to Cilacap . East of Yogyakarta

1932-883: The Sewu Mountains (Wonogiri Regency), this river flows to the north, crosses the City of Surakarta , and finally goes to East Java and empties into the Gresik area (near Surabaya). Among the main reservoirs (lakes) in Central Java are Gunung Rowo Lake ( Pati Regency ), Gajahmungkur Reservoir ( Wonogiri Regency ), Kedungombo Reservoir ( Boyolali and Sragen Regency ), Rawa Pening Lake ( Semarang Regency ), Cacaban Reservoir ( Tegal Regency ), Malahayu Reservoir ( Brebes Regency ), Wadaslintang Reservoir (border of Kebumen Regency and Wonosobo Regency ), Gembong Reservoir (Pati Regency), Sempor Reservoir ( Kebumen Regency ) and Mrica Reservoir ( Banjarnegara Regency ). The average temperature in Central Java

2001-516: The Sultanate of Mataram , grew into a dominant force in the central and eastern Java. The cities of Surabaya and Cirebon were subdued by Mataram. Only the Mataram and Banten Sultanates remained after the Dutch arrived in the early 17th century. Some Islamic kingdoms in Java can still be found in several regions, such as Surakarta (with two kingdoms of Kasunanan and Mangkunegaran ), and Yogyakarta with

2070-552: The Yogyakarta Sultanate and Pakualaman . By the late 16th century, European traders began to frequent central Javanese ports. The Dutch established a presence in the region through the East India Company . Following the fall of Demak to Mataram under the reign of Sultan Agung , Mataram was able to conquer almost all of Java by the 17th century, but internal disputes and Dutch intervention forced it to cede more land to

2139-486: The grain market is a major global commodity market that includes crops such as maize , rice , soybeans , wheat and other grains. Grains and cereal are synonymous with caryopses , the fruits of the grass family . In agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as " grain amaranth ", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Hispanic civilizations of

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2208-404: The upheavals in 1965–66, religious identification of citizens became compulsory, and there has been a renaissance of Buddhism and Hinduism since then. As one has to choose a religion out of the five official religions in Indonesia; i.e. Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, the latter two became alternatives for people who did not want to be Muslims or Christians. Confucianism

2277-681: The Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains was a cereal . All three grains native to the Andes ( kaniwa , kiwicha , and quinoa ) are broad-leafed plants rather than grasses such as corn, rice, and wheat. A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain. Cereals are the world's largest crops, and are therefore staple foods . They include rice , wheat , rye , oats , barley , millet , and maize . Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat and quinoa , are pseudocereals . Most cereals are annuals , producing one crop from each planting, though rice

2346-543: The Chinese Ming explorer Ma Huan , the Chinese call Java as Chao-Wa, and it was once called the She-pó (She-bó). When Giovanni de' Marignolli returned from China to Avignon , he stopped at the kingdom of Saba, which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen; this name Saba might be his interpretation of She-bó. Java has been inhabited by humans or their ancestors ( hominina ) since prehistoric times. In Central Java and

2415-624: The Dutch. These cessions led to several partitions of Mataram. The first was after the 1755 Treaty of Giyanti , which divided the kingdom in two, the Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Surakarta was divided again with the establishment of the Mangkunegaran following the 1757 Treaty of Salatiga. During the Napoleonic Wars , Central Java as a Dutch colony was taken over by the British . In 1813,

2484-487: The Indonesian government. These contemporary regencies and cities can further be subdivided into 565 districts ( kecamatan ). These districts are further divided into 7,804 rural communes or "villages" ( desa ) and 764 urban communes ( kelurahan ). The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and populations at the 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, and are grouped (for convenience) approximately according to

2553-542: The Japanese had almost captured the city when British forces arrived. The province of Central Java was formed on 15 August 1950, excluding Yogyakarta but including Surakarta . There has been no significant changes in the administrative division of the province ever since. In the aftermath of the 30 September Movement in 1965, an anti-communist purge took place in Central Java, in which the army and community vigilante groups killed Communists and leftists, both actual and alleged. Others were interned in concentration camps ,

2622-607: The South Central Java Basin located in the southern part of the province. This mandala is a geoantiklin that extends from west to east along 100 kilometres and is divided into two parts separated by the Jatilawang valley, namely the western and eastern regions. The western part is formed by Mount Kabanaran (360 m) and can be described as having the same elevation as the Bandung Depression Zone in West Java or as

2691-629: The Sultanate of Yogyakarta was divided with the establishment of the Pakualaman. Following the departure of the British, the Dutch returned as stipulated in the Congress of Vienna . The Java War between 1825 and 1830 ravaged Central Java, which resulted in a consolidation of the Dutch power. The power and the territories of the already divided Mataram were greatly reduced. After the war, the Netherlands enforced

2760-579: The adjacent territories in East Java remains known as " Java Man " were discovered in the 1890s by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois . It belongs to the species Homo erectus , and are believed to be about 1.7 million years old. The Sangiran site is an important prehistoric site on Java. Around 40,000 years ago, Australoid peoples related to modern Australian Aboriginals and Melanesians settled in Central Java. They were assimilated or replaced by Mongoloid Austronesians by about 3,000 BC, who brought technologies of pottery, outrigger canoes,

2829-551: The assistance of the Javanese Buddhist monk Jñānabhadra. It is not precisely known what is meant by the name Hēlíng . It used to be considered the Chinese transcription of Kalinga but it is now most commonly thought of as a rendering of the name Areng . Hēlíng is believed to be located somewhere between Semarang and Jepara . The first dated inscription in Central Java was the Canggal from 732 AD. This inscription, from Kedu ,

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2898-570: The bow and arrow, and introduced domesticated pigs, fowls, and dogs. They also introduced cultivated rice and millet. Recorded history began in what is now Central Java in the 7th century AD. The writing, as well as Hinduism and Buddhism, were brought by the Indians from South Asia, at the time of Central Java was a centre of power in Java. In 664 AD, the Chinese monk Hui-neng visited the Javanese port city he called Hēlíng (訶陵) or Ho-ling , where he translated various Buddhist scriptures into Chinese with

2967-484: The centres of the Javanese royal palace that still stands today. Significant minority ethnic groups include the Chinese Indonesians . They usually reside in urban areas, although they are also found in rural areas. In general, they primarily work in trade and services. Many speak the Javanese language with sufficient fluency as they have lived alongside the Javanese. One can feel the strong influence in Semarang and

3036-420: The cereal supply for other countries. Starchy grains from broadleaf (dicot) plant families: Pulses or grain legumes , members of the pea family , have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include: Oilseed grains are grown primarily for

3105-820: The courts (such as politeness, nobility and grace) has a tremendous influence on the people. They are known as soft-spoken, very polite, extremely class-conscious, apathetic, down-to-earth, etc. These stereotypes form what most non-Javanese see as the "Javanese Culture", when in fact, not all Javanese behave in such manner as most Javanese are far from the court culture. Grain After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other staple foods , such as starchy fruits ( plantains , breadfruit , etc.) and tubers ( sweet potatoes , cassava , and more). This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture , since they can be mechanically harvested , transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in silos , and milled for flour or pressed for oil . Thus,

3174-434: The creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes. This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by James Scott in his book Against the Grain . He argues that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production due to

3243-603: The dominant religion in Java. The emergence of Islamic kingdoms in Java is also inseparable from the role of Walisongo . At first, the spread of Islam was quick and was accepted by ordinary people, until the entrance of da'wah and it was carried out by the rulers of the island. The Sultanate of Demak was the first recorded Islamic kingdom in Java, first led by one of the descendants of the Majapahit emperor Raden Patah , who converted to Islam. During this period, Islamic kingdoms began to develop from Pajang , Surakarta , Yogyakarta , Cirebon , and Banten . Another Islamic kingdom,

3312-437: The entry of Indian influence. It is possible that the island had many previous names, including the possibility of it originating from the word jaú which means "far away". Yavadvipa is mentioned in one of the Indian epic, Ramayana . According to the epic, Sugriva , the commander of the wanara (ape man) from Sri Rama 's army, sent his envoy to Yavadvip ("Java Island") to look for the Hindu goddess Sita . Another possibility

3381-454: The extraction of their edible oil . Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids . They are also used as fuel and lubricants. Ancient grains is a marketing term used to describe a category of grains and pseudocereals that are purported to have been minimally changed by selective breeding over recent millennia, as opposed to more widespread cereals such as corn , rice and modern varieties of wheat , which are

3450-550: The grain trade, such as the fall of the Roman Empire . From the early modern period onward, grain trade has been an important part of colonial expansion and international power dynamics. The geopolitical dominance of countries like Australia, the United States, Canada and the Soviet Union during the 20th century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries. Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards and exposures . Risks include grain entrapment , where workers are submerged in

3519-440: The latter as nominal Muslims that devote more energy to indigenous traditions. Dutch Protestants were active in missionary activities and were rather successful. The Dutch Catholic Jesuit missionary, F.G.C. van Lith also achieved some success, especially in areas around the central-southern parts of Central Java and Yogyakarta at the beginning of the 20th century, and is buried at the Jesuit necropolis at Muntilan . Following

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3588-402: The long storage potential of grains, but rather that the shift towards settlements was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society seeking to expand control over labor and resources. The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals such as wheat , barley , maize , and rice , and other food grains . Grain is an important trade item because it

3657-420: The main regions of this area. These residencies were Banjoemas , Kedoe , Pekalongan , Semarang , and Djapara-Rembang plus the so-called Gouvernement Soerakarta and Gouvernement Jogjakarta . However, after the local elections in 1957, the role of these residencies were reduced until they finally disappeared. The only major boundary change since the creation of the province took place on 14 June 1965, when

3726-502: The majority of modern-day Indonesians are of Javanese descent, both Central Java and East Java have a major impact on Indonesia's social, political, and economic life. The origin of the name "Java" can be traced from the Sanskrit chronicle which mentions the existence of an island called yavadvip(a) ( dvipa means "island", and yava means " barley " or also " grain "). These grains may be millet ( Setaria italica ) or rice, both of which have been widely found on this island, before

3795-419: The monarchy. It was adjacent to the Banyumas (to the west), and Semarang (to the north) residencies. ISBN   0-7081-1815-1 map on p. xiii, and list on p. xii This Indonesia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Central Java#Administrative division Central Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Tengah , Javanese : ꦗꦮꦶꦩꦢꦾ , romanized:  Jawi Tengah )

3864-544: The most infamous of which was on the isle of Buru in Maluku, first used as a place of political exile by the Dutch. Some were executed years later, but most were released in 1979 In 1998, near the downfall of Suharto , anti-Chinese violence broke out in Surakarta (Solo) and surrounding areas, in which Chinese property and other buildings were burnt down. The following year, public buildings in Surakarta were burnt by supporters of Megawati Sukarnoputri after Indonesia's parliament chose Abdurrahman Wahid instead of Megawati for

3933-421: The now defunct residenties in which they were formerly situated (omitting Yogyakarta residentie which now forms a separate province). Note: The regencies now appear in the formal order prescribed by the Indonesian Central Statistics Board ( Badan Pusat Statistik ), as indicated by the regional codes ( Kode Wilayah ). The province comprises ten of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to

4002-410: The prehistoric-era. Remains of a Homo erectus , known as " Java Man ", were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo , and date back to 1.7 million years ago. What is present-day Central Java was once under the control of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and the Dutch East Indies colonial government. Central Java was also the centre of the Indonesian independence movement . As

4071-414: The presidency. The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in the south and Yogyakarta devastated many buildings and caused thousands of deaths and more than 37,000 injuries. According to the slope level of land in Central Java, 38% of the land has a slope of 0–2%, 31% has a slope of 2–15%, 19% has a slope of 15–40%, and the remaining 12% has a slope of more than 40%. The northern coastal region of Central Java has

4140-524: The product of thousands of years of selective breeding. Ancient grains are often marketed as being more nutritious than modern grains, though their health benefits over modern varieties have been disputed by some nutritionists . Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to

4209-402: The province of West Java, there are Sundanese people and Sundanese culture, especially in the Cilacap, Brebes, and Banyumas regions. Sundanese toponyms are common in these regions such as Dayeuhluhur in Cilacap, Ciputih and Citimbang in Brebes and even Cilongok as far away in Banyumas. In the interior of Blora , which borders East Java, there is an isolated Samin community , the case of which

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4278-402: The series of North and South Serayu Mountains are separated by the Serayu Depression which stretches from Majenang in the Cilacap Regency , Purwokerto , to Wonosobo . East of this depression is the Sindoro and Sumbing volcano, and the east again (Magelang and Temanggung areas) is a continuation of depression which limits Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu. The Southern Serayu Mountains are part of

4347-464: The terms of their surrender, the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they relinquished to the Indonesians in towns and cities. The fiercest fighting involving the Indonesian pemuda and the Japanese was in Semarang . Six days later, British forces began to occupy the city, after which retreating Indonesian Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and 300 Japanese prisoners. Five hundred Japanese and 2,000 Indonesians had been killed, and

4416-471: The town of Lasem in Rembang Regency , which is on the northeastern tip of Central Java. Even Lasem is nicknamed Le petit chinois or the Small Chinese City. The urban areas that are densely populated by Chinese Indonesians are called pecinan , which means " Chinatown ". Additionally, in several major cities, the Arab-Indonesian community can also be found. Similar to the Chinese community, they are usually engaged in trade and services. In areas bordering

4485-404: The western part of Central Java, consisting of the Banyumasan dialects and Tegal dialects (also called Basa Ngapak) . They are quite different in pronunciation from the standard Javanese. The latter dialect is spoken in the eastern part of the province, including the Mataram dialect (Solo-Jogja), Semarang dialect, and the Pati dialect. Between the borders of the two dialects, Javanese is spoken with

4554-422: Was 37,608,336 The province also includes a number of offshore islands, including the island of Nusakambangan in the south (close to the border of West Java), and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea. Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Yogyakarta Special Region , in turn including the city of Yogyakarta ; however, administratively that city and its surrounding regencies have formed

4623-446: Was 37,608,336. Birthrates had not plunged between 2000 and 2010, instead losses due to domestic outmigration on 2010 figures, reversed themselves in 2020 with pandemic back to kampung influence. The three biggest regencies in terms of population are: Brebes , Cilacap and Banyumas . Together they make up approximately 16% of the province's population. Major urban population centres include Greater Semarang , Greater Surakarta and

4692-455: Was a military leader during this time, who led numerous territorial conquests. The kingdoms in Java had previously based their power on agriculture, but Majapahit had succeeded in seizing ports and shipping lanes, in a bid to become the first commercial empire on Java. The empire suffered a setback after the death of Hayam Wuruk and the entry of Islam into the archipelago . In the late 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as

4761-421: Was still an independent vorstenland (autonomous region) which stood alone and consisted of two regions, Surakarta and Mangkunegaran, as well as Yogyakarta. Each gewest consisted of districts. At that time, the Rembang Gewest also included Regentschap Tuban and Regentschap Bojonegoro . After the enactment of the 1905 Decentralisatie Besluit (Decentralisation Decision), the governor was given autonomy and

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