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57-528: The Dictionary of American Family Names states that the name is etymologically derived from the Sanskrit word Kumari meaning girl or daughter which was later abridged to Kuar and became Kaur by metathesis . Other scholars, however, assert that Kaur is a diminutive of and the Punjabi equivalent of Kanwar/Kunwar – a Rajput title meaning prince or bachelor that was used for people of status, and eventually became

114-453: A /dʒənmə/ > Urdu جنم and Hindi जनम ja n a m /dʒənəm/ "Birth" More examples In case of a narrow range of Hungarian nouns, metathesis of a h sound and a liquid consonant occurs in nominative case , but the original form is preserved in accusative and other suffixed forms: The other instances are boholy [intestinal] villus/fluff/fuzz/nap vs. bolyhok , moholy vs. molyhos down/pubescence [on plants], and

171-537: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

228-551: A Form X verbal noun). Perhaps the clearest example of metathesis in Egyptian Arabic is the modern name of the city of Alexandria : ( Al- ) Iskandariya ( الإسكندرية ). In addition to the metathesis of x /ks/ to /sk/, the initial Al of Alexandria has been reanalyzed as the Arabic definite article. Metathesis is responsible for some common speech errors , such as children acquiring spaghetti as pasketti . The word ask has

285-404: A common Rajput female designation. W.H. McLeod has also written that most regard the name as the female form of Kumar . The traditional narrative is as follows: The tenth guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh , introduced Kaur and Singh when he administered Amrit to both male and female Sikhs; all female Sikhs were asked to use the name Kaur after their forename, and male Sikhs were to use

342-586: A different order"; Latin : transpositio ) is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence. Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous segments or syllables, known as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis : Metathesis may also involve interchanging non-contiguous sounds, known as nonadjacent metathesis , long-distance metathesis , or hyperthesis , as shown in these examples of metathesis sound change from Latin to Spanish: Many languages have words that show this phenomenon, and some even use it as

399-472: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

456-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

513-465: A male signifier in the late nineteenth century and henceforth became encumbered to an exclusive female title. Until the twentieth century, the name's usage was a result of cultural diffusion, as opposed to religious association. Despite the widespread belief that "Kaur" was conferred to women on the inauguration day of the Khalsa, there is a dearth of textual evidence corroborating this, further exacerbated by

570-406: A pre-specified initial and final location in reference to the body of the person signing (such as the signs RESTAURANT, PARENT, or TWINS) can have the order of these two locations reversed in contexts which seem to be purely phonological. While not possible with all signs, this does happen with quite a few. For example, the sign DEAF, prototypically made with the "1" handshape making contact first with

627-543: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

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684-489: A regular part of their grammar, such as Hebrew and Fur . The process of metathesis has altered the shape of many familiar words in English as well. The original form before metathesis may be deduced from older forms of words in the language's lexicon or, if no forms are preserved, from phonological reconstruction . In some cases it is not possible to settle with certainty on the original version. Dionysius of Halicarnassus

741-671: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek , and Koine may be classified as Ancient Greek in a wider sense. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

798-609: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

855-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

912-529: Is [säɲo] , which is the base for "Tuesday" [maksäɲo] , which is often metathesized as [maskäɲo] . All of these examples show a pair of consonants reversed so that the stop begins the next syllable. Metathesis among neighbouring consonants happens very commonly in Azerbaijani: Some common nonstandard pronunciations of Danish words employ metathesis: But metathesis has also historically changed some words: A common example of metathesis in Egyptian Arabic

969-556: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

1026-583: Is a metathesis of mendikai borrowed from Tamil : கொம்மட்டிக்காய் , romanized:  kommaṭṭikkāy . In Navajo , verbs have (often multiple) morphemes prefixed onto the verb stem. These prefixes are added to the verb stem in a set order in a prefix positional template. Although prefixes are generally found in a specific position, some prefixes change order by the process of metathesis. For example, prefix a- (3i object pronoun) usually occurs before di- , as in However, when a- occurs with

1083-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

1140-644: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

1197-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

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1254-430: Is when the order of the word's root consonants has changed. The following examples of metathesis have been identified in Egyptian Arabic texts, but are not necessarily more common than their etymological spellings: The following loanwords are also sometimes found with metathesis: The likely cause for metathesis in the word "hospital" is that the result resembles a common word pattern familiar to Arabic speakers (namely

1311-745: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

1368-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

1425-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

1482-490: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

1539-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

1596-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

1653-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

1710-450: The cheek and then moving to contact the jaw (as in the sentence FATHER DEAF), can have these locations reversed if the preceding sign, when part of the same constituent , has a final location more proximal to the jaw (as in the sentence MOTHER DEAF). Both forms of the sign DEAF are acceptable to native signers. A proposed prerequisite for metathesis to apply in ASL is that both signs must be within

1767-611: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

Kaur - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-508: The early Middle English Period: "nosþyrlu" ( c. 1050); "nos-thirlys" ( c. 1500). In 1565 "nosthrille" appears; "thirl"/"thurl" survived even longer, until 1878). Metathesis is also a common feature of the West Country dialects . In the Kurdish language, there are many examples of metathesis, as both forms are used until now, the pre-inverted form and the post-inverted form (depending on

1881-551: The early historical texts thoroughly stressed the importance of appending the name "Singh" for male Sikhs, the only text stipulating female naming conventions, the Prem Sumarg , stated that women were to be conferred the title " Devi ". The Tat Khalsa, a reformist Sikh movement seeking to consolidate the hitherto multifariousness within the Sikh community and establish a separate, distinct identity from Hindus and Muslims, had begun to emerge in

1938-553: The first consonant of the root is an alveolar or postalveolar fricative. Namely, the pattern hiṯ1a22ē3 (where the numbers signify the root consonants) becomes hi1ta22ē3 . Examples: Hebrew also features isolated historical examples of metathesis. For example, the words כֶּֽבֶשׂ keves and כֶּֽשֶׂב kesev (meaning "lamb") both appear in the Torah. Like many other natural languages Urdu and Hindi also have metathesis like in this diachronic example: Sanskrit जन्म ( جنمہ ) ja nm

1995-866: The fore of their religion. By the mid twentieth century, under the auspices of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee , "Kaur" had been cemented and ratified as the Sikh female epithet, attaining similar significance as its male counterpart "Singh". Female Sikh nomenclature prior to the Tat Khalsa's efforts was ambiguous, heterogeneous, undelineated and lacked authoritative basis; single names instead of dual names were prevalent among women, ancillary epithets included "Singhni" or "Sikhni", many Sikh women were also named "Kumari" or "Devi". Metathesis (linguistics) Metathesis ( / m ə ˈ t æ θ ə s ɪ s / mə- TATH -ə-siss ; from Greek μετάθεσις , from μετατίθημι "to put in

2052-663: The forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

2109-556: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

2166-472: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

2223-578: The injunction within the Prem Sumarg and supplanted it with "Kaur", due to its association with female Sikh aristocracy in the eighteenth century and its Rajput origins. According to Jaspal Kaur Singh, the baptism of women and the bestowal of "Kaur" was incipient only during the colonial period, during which the Tat Khalsa sought to combat perceived threats to Sikhism, both from Christian and Arya Samaj proselytization, by removing "Hinduized" and "un-Sikh" cultural and religious practices from within their fold and accentuating and introducing egalitarian practices to

2280-457: The late nineteenth century. Literature published by Vir Singh and Kahn Singh Nabha within the framework of this emerging polity, wrote of a Hindu woman's conversion which had been accompanied by the adoption of the surname "Kaur", the latter featured the transmutation of Mata Sahib Devan's name to Mata Sahib Kaur. These works precipitated the Tat Khalsa's increased cognizance for the need of a consolidated Sikh female identifier. The Tat Khalsa ignored

2337-579: The metathetized form: Sporadic examples include the word vih r eä "green", which derives from older vihe r ä , and the vernacular change of the word j uo heva "jovial" to j ou heva (also a separate word meaning "bristly"). Etymological metathesis occurs in the following French words: Deliberate metathesis also occurs extensively in the informal French pattern of speech called verlan (itself an example: verlan < l'envers , meaning "the reverse" or "the inverse"). In verlan new words are created from existing words by reversing

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2394-446: The name Singh . The adoption of Kaur and Singh as religious surnames was also intended to reduce caste-based prejudice . Because familial last names often signal a person's caste status (or for women who adopted their spouse's surname, the caste of their spouse), substituting Kaur and Singh allowed Sikhs to implement the Sikh religion's rejection of the caste system. This narrative has been contested by some scholars who wrote of

2451-649: The name's anachronistic religious association. According to early sources, "Kaur" was used by both males and females in Punjab. The appellation appears in the Guru Granth Sahib retaining its traditional delineated meaning of "prince", whereas in the Dasam Granth it is used to refer to a woman's name. "Kaur" was appended by some Sikh women prior to the initiation of the Khalsa, including the daughter of Guru Har Rai. According to older British accounts, "Kaur" ceased to become

2508-1082: The nonstandard variant ax pronounced /æks/ ; the spelling ask is found in Shakespeare and in the King James Bible and ax in Chaucer, Caxton, and the Coverdale Bible . The word "ask" derives from Proto-Germanic *aiskōną . Some other frequent English pronunciations that display metathesis are: The process has shaped many English words historically. Bird and horse came from Old English bridd and hros ; wasp and hasp were also written wæps and hæps . The Old English beorht "bright" underwent metathesis to bryht , which became Modern English bright . The Old English þrēo "three" formed þridda "thrid" and þrēotene "thriteen". These underwent metathesis to forms which became Modern English third and thirteen . The Old English verb wyrċan "to work" had

2565-456: The obsolete vehem animal's fetus (cf. vemhes "pregnant [animal]"). The first of them is often used in the regular form ( bolyh ). The following are examples of argot used in the entertainment industry. Metathesis from earlier protoform, though not so prevalent in Malay, can still be seen, as in the following: Loanwords can also be products of metathesis. The word tembikai "watermelon"

2622-499: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

2679-529: The order of syllables. Verlanization is applied mostly to two-syllable words and the new words that are created are typically considerably less formal than the originals, and/or take on a slightly different meaning. The process often involves considerably more changes than simple metathesis of two phonemes but this forms the basis for verlan as a linguistic phenomenon. Some of these words have become part of standard French. A few well known examples are: Some Verlan words are metathesized more than once: In Greek ,

2736-400: The passive participle ġeworht "worked". This underwent metathesis to wroht , which became Modern English wrought . The Old English þyrl "hole" underwent metathesis to þryl . This gave rise to a verb þrylian "pierce", which became Modern English thrill , and formed the compound nosþryl "nose-hole" which became Modern English nostril (May have occurred in

2793-425: The paucity of conclusive information about the inauguration in general and discrepancies in the sources regarding female naming patterns, state J. S. Grewal and Doris Jakobsh. The appellation "Kaur" for women did not appear in early Sikh sources following the initiation of the Khalsa, in addition, the appellation was traditionally omitted in the name of the symbolic matriarch of the Khalsa, Mata Sahib Devan . Although

2850-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

2907-518: The prefixes di- and ni- , the a- metathesizes with di- , leading to an order of di- + a- + ni- , as in instead of the expected * adinisbąąs ( a-di-ni-sh-ł-bąąs ) ( a- is reduced to - ). Prakrit lost many of its consonant clusters from Sanskrit to aspirates due to metathesis. Clusters with /h/ also became reversed. Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes

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2964-533: The present stem often consists of the root with a suffix of y ( ι ˰ in Greek). If the root ends in the vowel a or o , and the consonant n or r , the y exchanges position with the consonant and is written i : For metathesis of vowel length, which occurs frequently in Attic and Ionic Greek , see quantitative metathesis . In Hebrew the verb conjugation ( binyan ) hitpaēl ( התפעל ) undergoes metathesis if

3021-503: The regions). Example:(Befr-Berf)this word means snow . The formula ( Berf ) was used in Afrin and many Kurdish regions in Syria , and the formula ( Befr ) was used in many Kurdish regions of Turkey . In western dialects of Finnish , historical stem-final /h/ has been subject to metathesis (it is lost in standard Finnish). That leads to variant word forms: Some words have been standardized in

3078-409: The same region on the body. Constraints on the applications of metathesis in ASL has led to discussions that the phonology breaks down the body into regions distinct from settings. Amharic has a few minor patterns of metathesis, as shown by Wolf Leslau . For example, "matches" [kəbrit] is sometimes pronounced as [kərbit] , [mogzit] "nanny" is sometimes pronounced as [mozgit] . The word "Monday"

3135-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

3192-475: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

3249-430: Was a historian and scholar in rhetoric living in 1st century BC Greece. He analysed classical texts and applied several revisions to make them sound more eloquent . One of the methods he used was re-writing documents on a mainly grammatical level: changing word and sentence orders would make texts more fluent and "natural", he suggested. He called this way of re-writing metathesis . In ASL , several signs which have

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