93-458: Katherine Mansfield House and Garden (formerly known as Katherine Mansfield Birthplace) was the early childhood home of Katherine Mansfield , a prominent New Zealand author. The building, located in Thorndon , Wellington , is classified as a Category 1 Historic Place by Heritage New Zealand . The house was built during an economic depression in 1888 for Mansfield's father, Harold Beauchamp , and
186-516: A chapter featuring Mansfield and A.R. Orage at George Gurdjieff's institute in France. Literary modernism Modernist literature originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is characterised by a self-conscious separation from traditional ways of writing in both poetry and prose fiction writing. Modernism experimented with literary form and expression, as exemplified by Ezra Pound 's maxim to "Make it new". This literary movement
279-459: A drawing room, dining room, bathroom, kitchen, scullery, and lean-to . On the first or upper floor there are four bedrooms and a night nursery. The original wallpaper and the ceramics recovered through archaeological excavations both illustrate Katherine's mother's interest in Europe's aesthetic movement . Mansfield's family moved into the house in 1888. She was born on October 14, a few months after
372-494: A fatal pulmonary haemorrhage on 9 January 1923, after running up a flight of stairs. She died within the hour, and was buried at Cimetière d'Avon, Avon , near Fontainebleau. Because Murry forgot to pay for her funeral expenses, she initially was buried in a pauper's grave; when matters were rectified, her casket was moved to its current resting place. Mansfield was a prolific writer in the final years of her life. Much of her work remained unpublished at her death, and Murry took on
465-511: A forerunner of Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity . Many prior theories about epistemology argued that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it were, on an individual—for example, John Locke 's (1632–1704) empiricism , which saw the mind beginning as a tabula rasa , a blank slate ( An Essay Concerning Human Understanding , 1690). Freud's description of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions,
558-537: A great influence on twentieth-century novelists," especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson for the book Pointed Roofs (1915), James Joyce for Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) for Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927). Also important in Bergson's philosophy was the idea of élan vital , the life force, which "brings about
651-669: A half-deserted, cold hotel in Bandol , France, where she became depressed but continued to produce stories, including " Je ne parle pas français ". " Bliss ", the story that lent its name to her second collection of stories in 1920, was also published in 1918. Her health continued to deteriorate and she had her first lung haemorrhage in March. By April, Mansfield's divorce from Bowden had been finalised, and she and Murry married, only to part again two weeks later. They came together again, however, and in March 1919 Murry became editor of The Athenaeum ,
744-522: A hotel in Randogne. Mansfield finished " The Canary ", the last short story she completed, on 7 July 1922. She wrote her will at the hotel on 14 August 1922. They went to London for six weeks before Mansfield, along with Ida Baker, moved to Fontainebleau, France, on 16 October 1922. At Fontainebleau, Mansfield lived at G. I. Gurdjieff 's Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man , where she
837-571: A house on Tinakori Road in the Wellington suburb of Thorndon , Mansfield was the third child in the Beauchamp family. She began school in Karori with her sisters before attending Wellington Girls' College . The Beauchamp girls later switched to the elite Fitzherbert Terrace School, where Mansfield became friends with Maata Mahupuku , who became a muse for early work and with whom she is believed to have had
930-478: A magazine for which Mansfield wrote more than 100 book reviews (collected posthumously as Novels and Novelists ). During the winter of 1918–1919, she and Baker stayed in a villa in Sanremo , Italy. Their relationship came under strain during this period; after she wrote to Murry to express her feelings of depression, he stayed over Christmas. Although her relationship with Murry became increasingly distant after 1918 and
1023-449: A passionate relationship. Mansfield wrote short stories and poetry under a variation of her own name, Katherine Mansfield, which explored anxiety , sexuality and existentialism alongside a developing New Zealand identity. When she was 19, she left New Zealand and settled in England, where she became a friend of D. H. Lawrence , Virginia Woolf , Lady Ottoline Morrell and others in
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#17328584708281116-440: A puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to Vaudeville , mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either
1209-624: A significant effect on her literary outlook. In particular, she was introduced to the works of Anton Chekhov . Some biographers accuse her of plagiarizing Chekhov with one of her early short stories. She returned to London in January 1910. She then published more than a dozen articles in Alfred Richard Orage 's socialist magazine The New Age and became a friend and lover of Beatrice Hastings , who lived with Orage. Her experiences in Germany formed
1302-409: A single compound image'. This avoids the limitations of a single, privileged viewer, and points towards a more objective realism. Similarly, it has been argued that Wallace Stevens's realism "serves a truth that is revealing—not the truth that prevails. It also is a “realism” that recognizes multiple perspectives, multiple truths. Perhaps the snow is not just white; it is also turning black, attuned to
1395-717: A stone monument dedicated to her with a plaque commemorating her work and her time at the school, and at Samuel Marsden Collegiate School (previously Fitzherbert Terrace School) with a painting, and an award in her name. Her birthplace in Thorndon has been preserved as the Katherine Mansfield House and Garden , and the Katherine Mansfield Memorial Park in Fitzherbert Terrace is dedicated to her. A street in Menton, France, where she lived and wrote,
1488-895: A television biopic titled Bliss was made of her early beginnings as a writer in New Zealand; in this she was played by Kate Elliott . Archives of Katherine Mansfield material are held in the Turnbull Collection of the National Library of New Zealand in Wellington, with other important holdings at the Newberry Library in Chicago, the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin and
1581-445: Is "a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history.... Instead of narrative method, we may now use the mythical method. It is, I seriously believe, a step toward making the modern world possible for art." Eliot's own modernist poem The Waste Land (1922) mirrors "the futility and anarchy" in its own way, in its fragmented structure, and
1674-543: Is claimed that she sent money to Mansfield in London. The second relationship, with Edith Kathleen Bendall, took place from 1906 to 1908. Mansfield professed her adoration for her in her journals. After having returned to London in 1908, Mansfield quickly fell into a bohemian way of life. She published one story and one poem during her first 15 months there. Mansfield sought out the Trowell family for companionship, and while Arnold
1767-476: Is known as an early work of modernism for its plain-spoken prose style and emphasis on psychological insight into characters. James Joyce was a major modernist writer whose strategies employed in his novel Ulysses (1922) for depicting the events during a twenty-four-hour period in the life of his protagonist, Leopold Bloom , have come to epitomize modernism's approach to fiction. The poet T. S. Eliot described these qualities in 1923, noting that Joyce's technique
1860-618: Is named after her. An award, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship is offered annually to enable a New Zealand writer to work at her former home, the Villa Isola Bella. New Zealand's pre-eminent short story competition is named in her honour. Mansfield was the subject of a 1973 BBC miniseries A Picture of Katherine Mansfield , starring Vanessa Redgrave . The six-part series included depictions of Mansfield's life and adaptations of her short stories. In 2011,
1953-660: Is the atonal ending of Arnold Schoenberg 's Second String Quartet in 1908, the Expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in 1903 and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Expressionist Blue Rider group in Munich in 1911, the rise of fauvism , and the introduction of cubism from the studios of Henri Matisse , Pablo Picasso , Georges Braque and others between 1900 and 1910. Sherwood Anderson 's Winesburg, Ohio (1919)
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#17328584708282046-665: The British Library in London. There are smaller holdings at New York Public Library and other public and private collections. J.M. Murry wrote in Reminiscences of D.H. Lawrence (1933): "I have been told, by one who should know, that the character of Gudrun in Women in Love was intended for a portrait of Katherine [Mansfield]. If this is true, it confirms me in my belief that Lawrence had curiously little understanding of her... And yet he
2139-551: The Hogarth Press , approached her for a story, and Mansfield presented to them " Prelude ", which she had begun writing in 1915 as "The Aloe". The story depicts a New Zealand family, configured like her own, moving house. In December 1917, at the age of 29, Mansfield was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis . For part of spring and summer 1918, she joined her friend Anne Estelle Rice , an American painter, at Looe in Cornwall with
2232-462: The Native Companion (Australia), her first paid writing work, and by this time she had her heart set on becoming a professional writer. This was also the first occasion on which she used the pseudonym K. Mansfield. She rapidly grew weary of the provincial New Zealand lifestyle and of her family, and two years later, headed back to London. Her father sent her an annual allowance of 100 pounds for
2325-449: The "centrality of a conscious break with the past", one that "emerges as a complex response across continents and disciplines to a changing world". Literary modernism is often summed up in a line from W. B. Yeats : "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold" (in ' The Second Coming '). Modernists often search for a metaphysical 'centre' but experience its collapse. ( Postmodernism , by way of contrast, celebrates that collapse, exposing
2418-472: The 1920s and 1930s, including further novels by Marcel Proust , Virginia Woolf , Robert Musil ( The Man Without Qualities ), and Dorothy Richardson . The American modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill 's career began in 1914, but his major works appeared in the 1920s and 1930s and early 1940s. Two other significant modernist dramatists writing in the 1920s and 1930s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca . D. H. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley's Lover
2511-526: The 1930s, in addition to further major works by William Faulkner ( As I Lay Dying , Light in August ), Samuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphy (1938), while in 1932 John Cowper Powys published A Glastonbury Romance , the same year as Hermann Broch 's The Sleepwalkers . In 1935 E. du Perron published his Country of Origin , the seminal work of Dutch modernist prose. Djuna Barnes published her novel Nightwood in 1936,
2604-553: The 20th century, and were characterized by a poetry that favoured a precision of imagery , brevity and free verse . This idealism, however, ended with the outbreak of World War I , and writers created more cynical works that reflected a prevailing sense of disillusionment. Many modernist writers also shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion of absolute truths. Modernist works such as T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land (1922) were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored
2697-503: The Absurd is applied to plays written by primarily European playwrights, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence. While there are significant precursors, including Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), the Theatre of
2790-491: The Absurd is generally seen as beginning in the 1950s with the plays of Samuel Beckett . Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay, "Theatre of the Absurd." He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, " The Myth of Sisyphus ". The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man's reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as
2883-532: The Australian-born writer Elizabeth von Arnim , who visited Mansfield and Murry often during this period. Von Arnim was the first cousin of Mansfield's father. They got on well, although Mansfield considered her wealthier cousin—who had in 1919 separated from her second husband Frank Russell , the elder brother of Bertrand Russell —to be rather patronising. It was a highly productive period of Mansfield's writing, for she felt she did not have much time left. " At
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2976-651: The Bay ", " The Doll's House ", " The Garden Party " and " A Cup of Tea " were written in Switzerland. Mansfield spent her last years seeking increasingly unorthodox cures for her tuberculosis. In February 1922, she went to Paris to have a controversial X-ray treatment from the Russian physician Ivan Manoukhin. The treatment was expensive and caused unpleasant side effects without improving her condition. From 4 June to 16 August 1922, Mansfield and Murry returned to Switzerland, living in
3069-864: The Cathedral . While modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra Pound , Hart Crane , Marianne Moore , William Carlos Williams , H.D. , and Louis Zukofsky , there were important British modernist poets, including T. S. Eliot, David Jones , Hugh MacDiarmid , Basil Bunting , and W. H. Auden . European modernist poets include Federico García Lorca , Fernando Pessoa , Anna Akhmatova , Constantine Cavafy , and Paul Valéry . Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees Modernism ending by c. 1939 , with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when
3162-560: The Store ". Mansfield was inspired at this time by Fauvism . Mansfield and Murry began a relationship in 1911 that culminated in their marriage in 1918, but she left him in 1911 and again in 1913. The characters Gudrun and Gerald in D. H. Lawrence's Women in Love are based on Mansfield and Murry. Charles Granville (sometimes known as Stephen Swift), the publisher of Rhythm , absconded to Europe in October 1912 and left Murry responsible for
3255-416: The absence of an obvious central, unifying narrative. This is in fact a rhetorical technique to convey the poem's theme: "The decay and fragmentation of Western Culture". The poem, despite the absence of a linear narrative, does have a structure: this is provided by both fertility symbolism derived from anthropology, and other elements such as the use of quotations and juxtaposition. In Italian literature ,
3348-534: The artist as "hero" seeks to embrace complexity and locate new meanings. Regarding technique, modernist works sought to obfuscate the boundaries between genres. Thus, prose works tended to be poetical and poetry prose-like. T. S. Eliot's poetry sacrified lyrical grace for the sake of fragmented narrative while Virginia Woolf's novels (such as Mrs Dalloway and The Waves ) have been described as poetical. Other early modernist writers and selected works include: Significant modernist works continued to be created in
3441-417: The back of the house deep in a trench. Once detailed planning began in the 1950s, this house and its surroundings, along with much of this select part of Thorndon, suffered "motorway blight". Wellington writer/journalist Pat Lawlor wrote of the apparently run-down state of this house and the condition of Chesney Wold, their Karori house in 1958 (both then divided into flats). The Society bought this house after
3534-401: The beginning and quote novelist Virginia Woolf , who declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December 1910". But modernism was already stirring by 1902, with works such as Joseph Conrad 's (1857–1924) Heart of Darkness , while Alfred Jarry 's (1873–1907) absurdist play Ubu Roi appeared even earlier, in 1896. Among early modernist non-literary landmarks
3627-487: The cello, an occupation that she believed she would take up professionally, but she began contributing to the college newspaper with such dedication that she eventually became its editor. She was particularly interested in the works of the French Symbolists and Oscar Wilde , and she was appreciated among her peers for her vivacious, charismatic approach to life and work. Mansfield met fellow student Ida Baker at
3720-622: The college, and they became lifelong friends. They both adopted their mother's maiden names for professional purposes, and Baker became known as LM or Lesley Moore, adopting the name of Lesley in honour of Mansfield's younger brother Leslie. Mansfield travelled in Continental Europe between 1903 and 1906, staying mainly in Belgium and Germany. After finishing her schooling in England she returned to New Zealand, and only then began in earnest to write short stories. She had several works published in
3813-547: The country suburb of Karori , where Mansfield spent the happiest years of her childhood. She used some of those memories as an inspiration for the short story " Prelude ". The family returned to Wellington in 1898. Mansfield's first printed stories appeared in the High School Reporter and the Wellington Girls' High School magazine in 1898 and 1899. Her first formally published story " His Little Friend " appeared
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3906-983: The creative evolution of everything". His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect. These various thinkers were united by a distrust of Victorian positivism and certainty. Modernism as a literary movement can also be seen as a reaction to industrialisation, urbanisation and new technologies. Important literary precursors of modernism were Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–81) ( Crime and Punishment (1866), The Brothers Karamazov (1880)); Walt Whitman (1819–92) ( Leaves of Grass ) (1855–91); Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880) ( Madame Bovary (1856–57), Sentimental Education (1869), The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1874), Three Tales (1877), Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881)); Charles Baudelaire (1821–67) ( Les Fleurs du mal ), Rimbaud (1854–91) ( Illuminations , 1874); Knut Hamsun (1859–1952) ( Hunger , 1890); August Strindberg (1849–1912), especially his later plays, including
3999-426: The darker aspects of human nature. The term modernism covers a number of related, and overlapping, artistic and literary movements, including Imagism , Symbolism , Futurism , Vorticism , Cubism , Surrealism , Expressionism , and Dada . Early modernist writers, especially those writing after World War I and the disillusionment that followed, broke the implicit contract with the general public that artists were
4092-531: The death of her younger brother Leslie Beauchamp, known as Chummie to his family. In October 1915, he was killed during a grenade training drill while serving with the British Expeditionary Force in the Ypres Salient , Belgium, aged 21. She began to take refuge in nostalgic reminiscences of their childhood in New Zealand. In a poem describing a dream she had shortly after his death, she wrote: By
4185-497: The death of the 91-year-old resident, Mrs Edward Pearce, in 1985. The Katherine Mansfield Birthplace Society—founded in 1986 by art historian Oroya Day , Peter Young, and the architect James Beard —purchased the property in 1987. In the late 1980s, the society restored the house to its original condition, undertaking considerable research and relying on Mansfield's own descriptions as well as photographs and "archeological and architectural analyses". The house and its garden are open to
4278-495: The debts the magazine had accumulated. Mansfield pledged her father's allowance toward the magazine, but it was discontinued, being reorganised as The Blue Review in 1913 and folded after three issues. Mansfield and Murry were persuaded by their friend Gilbert Cannan to rent a cottage next to his windmill in Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire in 1913 in an attempt to alleviate Mansfield's ill health. The couple moved to Paris in January
4371-557: The decline of the traditional role of the poet as foreseer, teacher, prophet. In a world that has absorbed Friedrich Nietzsche 's lesson, these poets want to renew literature according to the new cultural world of the 20th century. For example, Montale uses epiphany to reconstruct meaning, while Saba incorporates Freudian concepts of psychoanalysis . Modernist literature addressed similar aesthetic problems as contemporary modernist art. Gertrude Stein 's abstract writings, such as Tender Buttons (1914), for example, have been compared to
4464-618: The end of the poem. Modernism often rejects nineteenth century realism , if the latter is understood as focusing on the embodiment of meaning within a naturalistic representation. At the same time, some modernists aim at a more 'real' realism, one that is uncentered. Picasso's proto-cubist painting, 'The Poet' of 1911 is decentred, presenting the body from multiple points of view. As the Peggy Guggenheim Collection website puts it, 'Picasso presents multiple views of each object, as if he had moved around it, and synthesizes them into
4557-484: The failure of metaphysics, such as Jacques Derrida 's deconstruction of metaphysical claims.) Philosophically, the collapse of metaphysics can be traced back to the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–1776), who argued that we never actually perceive one event causing another. We only experience the ' constant conjunction ' of events, and do not perceive a metaphysical 'cause'. Similarly, Hume argued that we never know
4650-423: The following year in a society magazine, New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal . In 1902 Mansfield became enamoured of Arnold Trowell , a cellist, but her feelings were for the most part not reciprocated. Mansfield was herself an accomplished cellist, having received lessons from Trowell's father. She moved to London in 1903, where she attended Queen's College with her sisters. Mansfield recommenced playing
4743-620: The following year with the hope that a change of setting would make writing easier for both of them. Mansfield wrote only one story during her time there, " Something Childish But Very Natural ", then Murry was recalled to London to declare bankruptcy. Mansfield had a brief affair with the French writer Francis Carco in 1914. Her visit to him in Paris in February 1915 is retold in her story " An Indiscreet Journey ". Mansfield's life and work were changed by
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#17328584708284836-404: The foundation of her first published collection In a German Pension (1911), which she later described as "immature". In 1910, Mansfield submitted a lightweight story to Rhythm , a new avant-garde magazine. The piece was rejected by the magazine's editor John Middleton Murry , who requested something darker. Mansfield responded with a tale of murder and mental illness titled " The Woman at
4929-557: The fragmentary and multi-perspective Cubist paintings of her friend Pablo Picasso . The questioning spirit of modernism, as part of a necessary search for ways to make sense of a broken world, can also be seen in a different form in the Scottish poet Hugh MacDiarmid 's A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1928). In this poem, MacDiarmid applies Eliot's techniques to respond to the question of nationalism, using comedic parody, in an optimistic (though no less hopeless) form of modernism in which
5022-405: The generation of poets represented by Eugenio Montale (with his Ossi di seppia ), Giuseppe Ungaretti (with his Allegria di naufragi ), and Umberto Saba (with his Canzoniere ) embodies modernism. This new generation broke with the tradition of Giosuè Carducci , Giovanni Pascoli , and Gabriele D'Annunzio in terms of style, language and tone. They were aware of the crisis deriving from
5115-495: The harbour. The Beauchamp family moved in 1893 to a more spacious house in then-rural Karori , Chesney Wold. Harold wrote that the shift was made "for the benefit not only of the children's health but also my own." They returned to Thorndon in 1898 to 75 Tinakori Road opposite the junction with George Street. About 1907, they moved to 47 Fitzherbert Terrace, then moved to The Grange in Wadestown in 1916. Katherine's mother died in
5208-453: The hope of recovering. While there, Rice painted a portrait of her dressed in red, a vibrant colour Mansfield liked and suggested herself. The Portrait of Katherine Mansfield is now held by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa . Rejecting the idea of staying in a sanatorium on the grounds that it would cut her off from writing, she moved abroad to avoid the English winter. She stayed at
5301-563: The house during this period, the most notable was Dr. Frederick Truby King , founder of the Plunket Society . He lived in the house from 1921 to 1924, during which time he was appointed the Director of Child Welfare in the Department of Health . The house was sold to Edward Pearce, grandson of the leading businessman and briefly Wellington MP of the same name . State Highway 1 passes beneath
5394-410: The human animal. Another major precursor of modernism was Friedrich Nietzsche , especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the " will to power ", were more important than facts, or things. Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasised the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time. His work on time and consciousness "had
5487-545: The image’. This was extended in modernist theory which, drawing on its symbolist precursors, often emphasizes the inscrutability and failure of symbol and metaphor. For example, Wallace Stevens seeks and fails to find meaning in nature, even if he at times seems to sense such a meaning. As such, symbolists and modernists at times adopt a mystical approach to suggest a non-rational sense of meaning. For these reasons, modernist metaphors may be unnatural, as for instance in T.S. Eliot's description of an evening 'spread out against
5580-519: The many writers after 1945 who resist easy inclusion into the category 'postmodern' and yet, heavily influenced by (say) American and/or European modernism, continued to manifest significant neo-modernist works, for instance Roy Fisher , Mario Petrucci and Jorge Amado . Another example of post-1945 modernism, then, would be the first modernist work of Reunionnais literature entitled Sortilèges créoles: Eudora ou l'île enchantée ( fr ), published 1952 by Marguerite-Hélène Mahé . The term Theatre of
5673-595: The marriage could be consummated. After Mansfield had a brief reunion with Garnet, Mansfield's mother Annie Beauchamp arrived in 1909. She blamed the breakdown of the marriage to Bowden on a lesbian relationship between Mansfield and Baker, and she quickly had her daughter dispatched to the spa town of Bad Wörishofen in Bavaria, where Mansfield miscarried. It is not known whether her mother knew of this miscarriage when she left shortly after arriving in Germany, but she cut Mansfield out of her will. Mansfield's time in Bavaria had
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#17328584708285766-618: The menacing storm in the sky—or it is perhaps purple, surrounding a man with a monarch’s boundless ego." Modernism, with its sense that 'things fall apart,' can be seen as the apotheosis of romanticism , if romanticism is the (often frustrated) quest for metaphysical truths about character, nature, a higher power and meaning in the world. Modernism often yearns for a romantic or metaphysical centre, but later finds its collapse. This distinction between modernism and romanticism extends to their respective treatments of 'symbol'. The romantics at times see an essential relation (the 'ground') between
5859-471: The move. The initial occupants were her parents; her two sisters, Vera and Charlotte; two aunts, Belle and Kitty, from her mother's side; and her grandmother, Mrs Dyer. With a servant also on the premises, the living space was crowded. 11-week-old Gwendoline died of cholera in 1891, one of 104 epidemic deaths that year. The city had many deaths from infectious diseases like typhoid from the mid-1880s because of poor sanitation with sewage collected in open drains to
5952-416: The novels themselves treat ironically while offering more mundane explanations. Similarly, many poems of Wallace Stevens convey a struggle with the sense of nature's significance, falling under two headings: poems in which the speaker denies that nature has meaning, only for nature to loom up by the end of the poem; and poems in which the speaker claims nature has meaning, only for that meaning to collapse by
6045-569: The orbit of the Bloomsbury Group . Mansfield was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in 1917, and she died in France aged 34. Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp was born in 1888 into a socially prominent Wellington family in Thorndon . Her grandfather Arthur Beauchamp briefly represented the Picton electorate in parliament. Her father Harold Beauchamp became the chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and
6138-410: The public. [REDACTED] Media related to Katherine Mansfield Birthplace at Wikimedia Commons Katherine Mansfield Kathleen Mansfield Murry (née Beauchamp ; 14 October 1888 – 9 January 1923) was a New Zealand writer and critic who was an important figure in the modernist movement . Her works are celebrated across the world and have been published in 25 languages. Born and raised in
6231-504: The reliable interpreters and representatives of mainstream ("bourgeois") culture and ideas, and, instead, developed unreliable narrators , exposing the irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world. They also attempted to address the changing ideas about reality developed by Charles Darwin , Ernst Mach , Freud , Albert Einstein , Nietzsche , Bergson and others. From this developed innovative literary techniques such as stream-of-consciousness, interior monologue , as well as
6324-694: The remembered stream my brother stands Waiting for me with berries in his hands... "These are my body. Sister, take and eat." At the beginning of 1917, Mansfield and Murry separated, but he continued to visit her at her apartment. Ida Baker, whom Mansfield often called, with a mixture of affection and disdain, her "wife", moved in with her shortly afterwards. Mansfield entered into her most prolific period of writing after 1916, which began with several stories, including " Mr Reginald Peacock's Day " and " A Dill Pickle ", being published in The New Age . Virginia Woolf and her husband Leonard , who had recently set up
6417-432: The rest of her life. In later years, she expressed both admiration and disdain for New Zealand in her journals, but she never was able to return there because of her tuberculosis . Mansfield had two romantic relationships with women that are notable for their prominence in her journal entries. She continued to have male lovers and attempted to repress her feelings at certain times. Her first same-sex romantic relationship
6510-483: The same year as Miroslav Krleža 's Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh . Then in 1939 James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake appeared. It was in this year that another Irish modernist, W. B. Yeats , died. In poetry, E. E. Cummings , and Wallace Stevens continued writing into the 1950s. It was in this period when T. S. Eliot began writing what would become his final major poetic work, Four Quartets . Eliot shifted focus in this period, writing several plays, including Murder in
6603-700: The self as object, only the self as subject, and we are thus blind to our true natures. Moreover, if we only 'know' through sensory experience—such as sight, touch and feeling—then we cannot 'know' and neither can we make metaphysical claims. Thus, modernism can be driven emotionally by the desire for metaphysical truths, while understanding their impossibility. Some modernist novels, for instance, feature characters like Marlow in Heart of Darkness or Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby who believe that they have encountered some great truth about nature or character, truths that
6696-452: The sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table'. In the 1880s, increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques. The theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and Ernst Mach (1838–1916) influenced early Modernist literature. Ernst Mach argued that the mind had a fundamental structure, and that subjective experience
6789-595: The south of France without her husband but with a female friend, and lapses into an incurable illness that kills her. The character Kathleen in Evelyn Schlag's 1987 novel Die Kränkung (published in English as Quotations of a Body ) is based on Mansfield. C.K. Stead's 2004 novel Mansfield depicts the writer in the period 1915-18. Kevin Boon's 2011 novella Kezia is based on Mansfield's childhood in New Zealand. Andrew Crumey's 2023 novel Beethoven's Assassins has
6882-436: The spring of 1918 and her father remarried in January 1920. Mansfield drew on memories of her childhood home in her short stories " Prelude " (and subsequent novel, The Aloe ); "A Birthday"; " The Doll's House ", and " The Wind Blows ". Mansfield described the house as "[a] dark little cubby hole" and "[a] horrid little piggy house". Harold Beauchamp owned the house until 1929. While there were many occupants and families in
6975-506: The symbol (or the 'vehicle', in I.A. Richards 's terms) and its 'tenor' (its meaning)—for example in Coleridge's description of nature as 'that eternal language which thy God / Utters'. But while some romantics may have perceived nature and its symbols as God's language, for other romantic theorists it remains inscrutable. As Goethe (not himself a romantic) said, ‘the idea [or meaning] remains eternally and infinitely active and inaccessible in
7068-953: The task of editing and publishing it in two additional volumes of short stories ( The Doves' Nest in 1923, and Something Childish in 1924); a volume of poems; The Aloe ; Novels and Novelists ; and collections of her letters and journals. The following high schools in New Zealand have a house named after Mansfield: Whangārei Girls' High School ; Rangitoto College , Westlake Girls' High School , and Macleans College in Auckland; Tauranga Girls' College ; Wellington Girls' College ; Rangiora High School in North Canterbury, New Zealand; Avonside Girls' High School in Christchurch; and Southland Girls' High School in Invercargill. She has also been honoured at Karori Normal School in Wellington, which has
7161-479: The term late modernism has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written after 1945, rather than 1930. With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War II , especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb. Taking this further, instead of attempting to impose some arbitrary 'end-date' on modernism, one may acknowledge
7254-768: The transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred". Clement Greenberg sees Modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts. In fact, many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally speaking they were no longer producing major works. The term late modernism is sometimes applied to modernist works published after 1930. Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were Wallace Stevens , Gottfried Benn , T. S. Eliot , Anna Akhmatova , William Faulkner , Dorothy Richardson , John Cowper Powys , and Ezra Pound . Basil Bunting , born in 1901, published his most important modernist poem Briggflatts in 1965. In addition Hermann Broch 's The Death of Virgil
7347-452: The trilogy To Damascus 1898–1901, A Dream Play (1902), and The Ghost Sonata (1907). Initially, some modernists fostered a utopian spirit, stimulated by innovations in anthropology , psychology , philosophy , political theory , physics and psychoanalysis . The poets of the Imagist movement , founded by Ezra Pound in 1912 as a new poetic style, gave modernism its early start in
7440-643: The tuberculosis treatment of the Swiss bacteriologist Henri Spahlinge. From June 1921, Murry joined her, and they rented the Chalet des Sapins in the Montana region (now Crans-Montana) until January 1922. Baker rented separate accommodation in Montana village and worked at a clinic there. The Chalet des Sapins was only a "1/2 an hours scramble away" from the Chalet Soleil at Randogne, the home of Mansfield's first cousin once removed,
7533-427: The two often lived apart, this intervention of his spurred her, and she wrote " The Man Without a Temperament ", the story of an ill wife and her long-suffering husband. Mansfield followed Bliss (1920), her first collection of short stories, with the collection The Garden Party and Other Stories , published in 1922. In May 1921, Mansfield, accompanied by her friend Ida Baker, travelled to Switzerland to investigate
7626-418: The use of multiple points-of-view. This can reflect doubts about the philosophical basis of realism , or alternatively an expansion of our understanding of what is meant by realism. For example, the use of stream-of-consciousness or interior monologue reflects the need for greater psychological realism. It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen 1910 as roughly marking
7719-496: Was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in The Science of Mechanics (1883). Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer ; 1895). According to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was a major influence on logical positivism , and through his criticism of Isaac Newton ,
7812-460: Was combined by Carl Jung (1875–1961) with the idea of the collective unconscious , which the conscious mind either fought or embraced. While Charles Darwin 's work remade the Aristotelian concept of "man, the animal" in the public mind, Jung suggested that human impulses toward breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but rather derived from the essential nature of
7905-506: Was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of the time. The immense human costs of the First World War saw the prevailing assumptions about society reassessed, and much modernist writing engages with the technological advances and societal changes of modernity moving into the 20th century. In Modernist Literature , Mary Ann Gillies notes that these literary themes share
7998-402: Was involved with another woman, Mansfield embarked on a passionate affair with his brother Garnet. By early 1909, she had become pregnant by Garnet, but Trowell's parents disapproved of the relationship, and the two broke up. She then hastily entered into a marriage with George Bowden, a teacher of singing 11 years her senior; they were married on 2 March, but she left him the same evening before
8091-426: Was knighted in 1923. Her mother was Annie Burnell Beauchamp (née Dyer), whose brother married the daughter of Richard Seddon . Her extended family included the author Countess Elizabeth von Arnim , and her great-granduncle was a Victorian artist Charles Robert Leslie . Mansfield had two elder sisters, a younger sister and a younger brother. In 1893, for health reasons, the Beauchamp family moved from Thorndon to
8184-413: Was most likely built to a builder's plan. The site was leasehold. Conditions of the lease required any house on the site to be placed more than 10 feet (3.0 m) from Tinakori Road and of a value exceeding £400. The freehold belonged to the then new baronet, Sir Charles Clifford . The two-storey house measures 9.1 metres (30 ft) wide and 12.1 metres (40 ft) long. The ground or lower floor has
8277-446: Was published in 1928, while another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of William Faulkner 's The Sound and the Fury in 1929. The 1920s would prove to be watershed years in modernist poetry. In this period, T. S. Eliot published some of his most notable poetic works, including The Waste Land , The Hollow Men , and Ash Wednesday . In
8370-774: Was published in 1945 and Thomas Mann 's Doctor Faustus in 1947 (early works by Thomas Mann , The Magic Mountain (1924), and Death in Venice (1912) are sometimes considered modernist). Samuel Beckett , who died in 1989, has been described as a "later modernist". Beckett is a writer with roots in the expressionist tradition of modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including Molloy (1951), En attendant Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961) and Rockaby (1981). The terms minimalist and post-modernist have also been applied to his later works. The poets Charles Olson (1910–1970) and J. H. Prynne (b. 1936) have been described as late modernists. More recently
8463-433: Was put under the care of Olgivanna Lazovitch Hinzenburg (who later married Frank Lloyd Wright ). As a guest rather than a pupil of Gurdjieff, Mansfield was not required to take part in the rigorous routine of the institute, but she spent much of her time there with her mentor Alfred Richard Orage , and her last letters inform Murry of her attempts to apply some of Gurdjieff's teachings to her own life. Mansfield suffered
8556-576: Was very fond of her, as she was of him." Murry said that the fictional incident in the chapter "Gudrun in the Pompadour" – when Gudrun tears a letter from Julian Halliday's hands and storms out – was based on a true event at the Cafe Royal . The character Sybil in the 1932 novel But for the Grace of God , by Mansfield's friend J.W.N. Sullivan , has several resemblances to Mansfield. Musically trained, she goes to
8649-413: Was with Maata Mahupuku (sometimes known as Martha Grace), a wealthy young Māori woman whom she had first met at Miss Swainson's school in Wellington and again in London in 1906. In June 1907, she wrote: "I want Maata—I want her as I have had her—terribly. This is unclean I know but true." She often referred to Maata as Carlotta. She wrote about Maata in several short stories. Maata married in 1907, but it
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