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102-458: While it is often stated in modern folk stories that Sanremo is named after a legendary Saint Remus , the name of the city is actually a phonetic contraction of Sant'Eremo di San Romolo ("Holy Hermitage of Saint Romulus"), which refers to Romulus of Genoa , the successor to Syrus of Genoa . In Ligurian , its name is San Reumo or San Reumoro . The non- univerbated spelling San Remo features on ancient maps of Liguria and maps of

204-519: A celebrated poster of Sarah Bernhardt in 1890. In Paris, he taught at the Guérin school of art ( École normale d'enseignement du dessin ), where his students included Augusto Giacometti and Paul Berthon . Swiss-born Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen created the famous poster for the Paris cabaret Le Chat noir in 1896. The Czech artist Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939) arrived in Paris in 1888, and in 1895, made

306-479: A coherent whole. He commissioned the sculptor Alfred Crick and the painter Adolphe Crespin  [ fr ] to decorate the façades of houses with their work. The most striking example was the house and studio built for the artist Albert Ciamberlani at 48, rue Defacqz / Defacqzstraat in Brussels, for which he created an exuberant façade covered with sgraffito murals with painted figures and ornament, recreating

408-759: A collection of Far Eastern art, especially Japanese. New technologies in printing and publishing allowed Art Nouveau to quickly reach a global audience. Art magazines, illustrated with photographs and colour lithographs , played an essential role in popularizing the new style. The Studio in England, Arts et idèes and Art et décoration in France, and Jugend in Germany allowed the style to spread rapidly to all corners of Europe. Aubrey Beardsley in England, and Eugène Grasset , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , and Félix Vallotton achieved international recognition as illustrators. With

510-438: A dedicated space within an open floor plan building, for religious devotion, basic sleeping accommodations, and a domestic cooking range, suitable for the ascetic lifestyle of the inhabitant. Depending on the work of the hermit, premises such as a studio, workshop or chapel may be attached or sited in proximity. Originally, the first hermitages were natural caves, temple ruins, and even simple huts in forests and deserts. Around

612-613: A famous symbol of the style, the Glasgow Rose". Léon-Victor Solon , made an important contribution to Art Nouveau ceramics as art director at Mintons. He specialised in plaques and in tube-lined vases marketed as "secessionist ware" (usually described as named after the Viennese art movement ). Apart from ceramics, he designed textiles for the Leek silk industry and doublures for a bookbinder (G.T.Bagguley of Newcastle-under-Lyme), who patented

714-481: A figure holding a lamp and mirror symbolises light and truth. German Art Nouveau is commonly known by its German name, Jugendstil , or 'Youth Style'. The name is taken from the artistic journal, Jugend ('Youth'), which was published in Munich. The magazine was founded in 1896 by Georg Hirth , who remained editor until his death in 1916. The magazine survived until 1940. During the early 20th century, Jugendstil

816-573: A glass bathtub. Josef Hoffmann designed the Viennese exhibit at the Paris exposition, highlighting the designs of the Vienna Secession . Eliel Saarinen first won international recognition for his imaginative design of the pavilion of Finland. While the Paris Exposition was by far the largest, other expositions did much to popularize the style. The 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition marked

918-783: A mixture of Art Nouveau and Beaux-Arts architecture : the main exhibit hall, the Grand Palais had a Beaux-Arts façade completely unrelated to the spectacular Art Nouveau stairway and exhibit hall in the interior. French designers all made special works for the Exhibition: Lalique crystal and jewellery; jewellery by Henri Vever and Georges Fouquet ; Daum glass; the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres in porcelain ; ceramics by Alexandre Bigot ; sculpted glass lamps and vases by Émile Gallé ; furniture by Édouard Colonna and Louis Majorelle ; and many other prominent arts and crafts firms. At

1020-419: A new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan , Victor Horta , Hector Guimard , and Antoni Gaudí . The French painters Maurice Denis , Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard played an important part in integrating fine arts painting with decoration. "I believe that before everything

1122-408: A painting must decorate", Denis wrote in 1891. "The choice of subjects or scenes is nothing. It is by the value of tones, the coloured surface and the harmony of lines that I can reach the spirit and wake up the emotions." These painters all did both traditional painting and decorative painting on screens, in glass, and in other media. Another important influence on the new style was Japonism . This

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1224-577: A panoramic view of the coast. The A10 joins the French A8 highway at the border between Ventimiglia and Menton . Together these national routes are part of the European route E80 . The A10 motorway is a toll road , and the A8 demands a toll in sections, and some sections are free of charge. When travelling from Italy into France, one does not pay until after the towns of Menton and Monaco. Other roads of importance are

1326-579: A poster for actress Sarah Bernhardt in the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou in Théâtre de la Renaissance . The success of this poster led to a contract to produce posters for six more plays by Bernhardt. The city of Nancy in Lorraine became the other French capital of the new style. In 1901, the Alliance provinciale des industries d'art , also known as the École de Nancy , was founded, dedicated to upsetting

1428-412: A poustinik. Permission was happily given, as Russians were glad to have a poustinik praying for them. The poustinik lives alone praying for his own salvation, the salvation of the world, and particularly for the community that God has blessed for him to be a member. Traditionally: The poustinik was also available to the people. When there were special needs, such as a fire to fight or hay to bring in,

1530-423: A precursor of Art Nouveau design. In France, it was influenced by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , a declared enemy of the historical Beaux-Arts architectural style , whose theories on rationalism were derived from his study of medieval art : Viollet-le-Duc was himself a precursor of Art Nouveau: in 1851, at Notre-Dame de Paris , he created a series of mural paintings typical of

1632-641: A presence as strong as several forces". In 1906, he departed Belgium for Weimar (Germany), where he founded the Grand-Ducal School of Arts and Crafts, where the teaching of historical styles was forbidden. He played an important role in the German Werkbund , before returning to Belgium. The debut of Art Nouveau architecture in Brussels was accompanied by a wave of Decorative Art in the new style. Important artists included Gustave Strauven , who used wrought iron to achieve baroque effects on Brussels façades;

1734-794: A prison until 2002. It is now used as a museum. After the French domination and the Savoy restoration in 1814, Sanremo was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia . From the middle of the 18th century, the town grew rapidly, in part due to the development of tourism, which saw the first grand hotels built and the town extended along the coast. The Empress "Sissi" of Austria , Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, and Emperor Nicholas II of Russia took vacations in Sanremo, while Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel made it his permanent home. The San Remo conference , 19–26 April 1920, of

1836-462: A series of innovative glass display windows for Brussels shops, restaurants and galleries, in what a local critic called "a veritable delirium of originality". He died in 1901, just as the movement was beginning to receive recognition. Henry van de Velde , born in Antwerp , was another founding figure in the birth of Art Nouveau. Van de Velde's designs included the interior of his residence in Brussels,

1938-489: A short time, more and more people arrived to adopt the teachings and lifestyle of these hermits, and there began by necessity a mutual exchange of labour and shared goods between them, forming the first monastic communities. In the later feudal period of the Middle Ages , both monasteries and hermitages alike were endowed by royalty and nobility in return for prayers being said for their family, believing it to be beneficial to

2040-542: A strong influence on the work of the young Hector Guimard , who came to see the Hôtel Tassel under construction, and later declared that Horta was the "inventor" of the Art Nouveau. Horta's innovation was not the façade, but the interior, using an abundance of iron and glass to open up space and flood the rooms with light, and decorating them with wrought iron columns and railings in curving vegetal forms, which were echoed on

2142-480: A very different use. He designed the residence of a prominent Belgian chemist, Émile Tassel, on a very narrow and deep site. The central element of the house was the stairway, not enclosed by walls, but open, decorated with a curling wrought-iron railing, and placed beneath a high skylight. The floors were supported by slender iron columns like the trunks of trees. The mosaic floors and walls were decorated with delicate arabesques in floral and vegetal forms, which became

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2244-410: Is twinned with: Hermitage (religious retreat) A hermitage most authentically refers to a place where a hermit lives in seclusion from the world, or a building or settlement where a person or a group of people lived religiously, in seclusion. Particularly as a name or part of the name of properties its meaning is often imprecise, harking to a distant period of local history, components of

2346-468: Is a servant of God and God's people, in communion with the Church. Historically, one who experienced the call "...to the poustinia had first, after securing the blessing of their spiritual director , to find a village. He generally did this through pilgrimage and prayer . Once having discovered the village to which he felt God drawing him, the poustinik went to the elders and asked permission to live there as

2448-491: Is a small sparsely furnished cabin or room where a person goes to pray and fast alone in the presence of God . The word poustyn has its origin in the Russian word for desert (пустыня). A person called to live permanently in a poustinia is called a poustinik (plural: poustiniki ) or anapatakan (Armenian: անապատական). A poustinik is one who has been called by God to live life in the desert ( poustinia ), alone with God in

2550-454: Is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art , especially the decorative arts . It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers. Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines , and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete, to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. It

2652-574: Is in France , the Côte d'Azur International Airport in Nice , 45 minutes away by car. The railway connects the city to other Ligurian cities like Imperia, Genoa and to Nice, Milan , Turin and Rome . The railway line used to be along the coast, running close to the sea, and providing a view for travellers. The line has been moved further north and underground, which allows for faster trains; Sanremo railway station

2754-586: Is one of twelve symphony orchestras recognized by the state of Italy; it performs some 120 concerts throughout the year, most in the Municipal Casino's Opera Theatre. The city is connected to Genoa and to Ventimiglia , the border city with France , by the A10 motorway , whose last part is also known as the Autostrada dei Fiori ("Motorway of Flowers"). It has a large number of elevated sections with viaducts that give

2856-413: Is only 4 metres (13 ft) wide, but is given extraordinary height by his elaborate architectural inventions. It is entirely covered by polychrome bricks and a network of curling vegetal forms in wrought iron , in a virtually Art Nouveau-Baroque style. Other important Art Nouveau artists from Belgium included the architect and designer Henry van de Velde , though the most important part of his career

2958-671: Is so popular among Italians that it is often referred to simply as "Il Festival" ( The Festival). Other events include the Tenco Prize (autumn), a song contest for authors dedicated to the memory of Luigi Tenco ; the Flowers Parade in January/February in which every city of the Italian Riviera presents an original composition of flowers displayed on a Carnival/Mardi-Gras style moving car; and the summer Firework International Contest in

3060-464: Is the greatest builder of all, and nature makes nothing that is parallel and nothing that is symmetric." Parisians welcomed Guimard's original and picturesque style; the Castel Béranger was chosen as one of the best new façades in Paris, launching Guimard's career. Guimard was given the commission to design the entrances for the new Paris Métro system, which brought the style to the attention of

3162-509: Is the ruins of a Romanesque church of Ávila, Spain , that ended up several hundred miles away, to feature in the Buen Retiro Park in Madrid. A hermitage is any type of domestic dwelling in which a hermit lives. While the level of isolation can vary widely, more often than not it is associated with a nearby monastery . Typically, hermitages consist of at least one detached room, or sometimes

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3264-664: The Modern Style in English. The style is often related to, but not always identical with, styles that emerged in many countries in Europe and elsewhere at about the same time. Their local names were often used in their respective countries to describe the whole movement. The new art movement had its roots in Britain, in the floral designs of William Morris , and in the Arts and Crafts movement founded by

3366-511: The Republic of Genoa , Medieval Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia , and the Kingdom of Italy ; it was used in 1924 in official documents under Mussolini . This form of the name, now superseded by Sanremo both officially and in common usage, still appears on some road signs and, more rarely, in unofficial tourist information. Once the Roman settlement of Matutia or Villa Matutiana , Sanremo expanded in

3468-525: The Sutherland binding in 1895. George Skipper was perhaps the most active Art Nouveau architect in England. The Edward Everard building in Bristol, built during 1900–01 to house the printing works of Edward Everard , features an Art Nouveau façade. The figures depicted are of Johannes Gutenberg and William Morris , both eminent in the field of printing. A winged figure symbolises the "Spirit of Light", while

3570-596: The Villa Bloemenwerf (1895). The exterior of the house was inspired by the Red House , the residence of writer and theorist William Morris , the founder of the Arts and Crafts movement . Trained as a painter, Van de Velde turned to illustration, then to furniture design, and finally to architecture. For the Villa Bloemenwerf, he created the textiles, wallpaper, silverware, jewellery, and even clothing, that matched

3672-622: The railway station in Haarlem (1906–1908), and the former office building of the Holland America Lines (1917) in Rotterdam , now the Hotel New York . Prominent graphic artists and illustrators in the style included Jan Toorop , whose work inclined toward mysticism and symbolism , even in his posters for salad oil. In their colors and designs, they also sometimes showed the influence of

3774-513: The 15th century, after which it expanded to the Pigna hill and at Saint Syrus Cathedral. The almost perfectly preserved old village remains. Sanremo remained independent of the Genoese Republic . In 1753, after 20 years of fierce conflicts, it rose against Genoese hegemonical attempts. At that time Genoa built the fortress of Santa Tecla, situated on the beach near the port. The fortress was used as

3876-601: The 1880s could also be adduced, or some flat floral textile designs, most of which owed some impetus to patterns of 19th century design. Other British graphic artists who had an important place in the style included Walter Crane and Charles Ashbee . The Liberty department store in London played an important role, through its colourful stylised floral designs for textiles, and the silver, pewter, and jewellery designs of Manxman (of Scottish descent) Archibald Knox . His jewellery designs in materials and forms broke away entirely from

3978-487: The 1900 Exposition, the capital of Art Nouveau was Paris. The most extravagant residences in the style were built by Jules Lavirotte , who entirely covered the façades with ceramic sculptural decoration. The most flamboyant example is the Lavirotte Building , at 29, avenue Rapp (1901). Office buildings and department stores featured high courtyards covered with stained glass cupolas and ceramic decoration. The style

4080-465: The 1900 Paris Exposition, Siegfried Bing presented a pavilion called Art Nouveau Bing , which featured six different interiors entirely decorated in the Style. The Exposition was the first international showcase for Art Nouveau designers and artists from across Europe and beyond. Prize winners and participants included Alphonse Mucha , who made murals for the pavilion of Bosnia-Herzegovina and designed

4182-879: The Art Nouveau work of artists such as Louis Tiffany . It appeared in graphic arts in the posters of Alphonse Mucha , and the glassware of René Lalique and Émile Gallé . From Britain, Belgium and France, Art Nouveau spread to the rest of Europe, taking on different names and characteristics in each country (see Naming section below). It often appeared not only in capitals, but also in rapidly growing cities that wanted to establish artistic identities ( Turin and Palermo in Italy; Glasgow in Scotland; Munich and Darmstadt in Germany; Barcelona in Catalonia , Spain), as well as in centres of independence movements ( Helsinki in Finland, then part of

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4284-595: The Catholic-inspired Italian Center for Sexology. Sanremo's Mediterranean climate and attractive seacoast setting on the Italian Riviera make it a popular tourist destination. Besides tourism, the city is active in the production of extra virgin-grade olive oil , whose regional "designation of origin" is protected (D.O.P., Denominazione di Origine Protetta ). It is one of the agricultural commodities in western Liguria and in particular within

4386-555: The Hankar House, his own residence in Brussels. With a goal to create a synthesis of fine arts and decorative arts, he brought together the sculptor René Janssens and the painter Albert Ciamberlani to decorate the interior and exterior with sgraffiti , or murals. The façade and balconies featured iron decoration and curling lines in stylised floral patterns, which became an important feature of Art Nouveau. Based on this model, he built several houses for his artist friends. He also designed

4488-462: The Modern Style is Arthur Mackmurdo 's design for the cover of his essay on the city churches of Sir Christopher Wren , published in 1883, as is his Mahogany chair from the same year. Other important innovators in Britain included the graphic designers Aubrey Beardsley whose drawings featured the curved lines that became the most recognizable feature of the style. Free-flowing wrought iron from

4590-610: The Russian Empire). By 1914, with the beginning of the First World War , Art Nouveau was largely exhausted. In the 1920s, it was replaced as the dominant architectural and decorative art style by Art Deco and then Modernism . The Art Nouveau style began to receive more positive attention from critics in the late 1960s, with a major exhibition of the work of Hector Guimard at the Museum of Modern Art in 1970. The term Art Nouveau

4692-490: The SS1, the "Aurelia Bis", which connects Sanremo to Taggia . This is a non-toll bypass route . The coast road is the via Aurelia or SS1 and follows the route of a Roman road. This can be heavily congested when it passes through towns, as it has only one lane in either direction for most of the way around Sanremo. A trolleybus line along the via Aurelia links Sanremo with both Taggia and Ventimiglia. The closest airport to Sanremo

4794-692: The Secession Style in Vienna. His architectural creations included the Glasgow Herald Building (1894) and the library of the Glasgow School of Art (1897). He also established a major reputation as a furniture designer and decorator, working closely with his wife, Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh , a prominent painter and designer. Together they created striking designs that combined geometric straight lines with gently curving floral decoration, particularly

4896-423: The architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar , Henry van de Velde , and especially Victor Horta , whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. It moved quickly to Paris, where it was adapted by Hector Guimard , who saw Horta's work in Brussels and applied the style to the entrances of the new Paris Métro . It reached its peak at the 1900 Paris International Exposition , which introduced

4998-658: The art of Java. Important figures in Dutch ceramics and porcelain included Jurriaan Kok and Theo Colenbrander . They used colorful floral pattern and more traditional Art Nouveau motifs, combined with unusual forms of pottery and contrasting dark and light colors, borrowed from the batik decoration of Java. Art Nouveau had its roots in Britain, in the Arts and Crafts movement which started in 1860s and reached international recognition by 1880s. It called for better treatment of decorative arts, and took inspiration in medieval craftmanship and design, and nature. One notable early example of

5100-839: The beginning of 1860, a Far Eastern influence suddenly manifested. In 1862, art lovers from London or Paris, could buy Japanese artworks , because in that year, Japan appeared for the first time as an exhibitor at the International Exhibition in London. Also in 1862, in Paris, La Porte Chinoise store, on Rue de Rivoli , was open, where Japanese ukiyo-e and other objects from the Far East were sold. In 1867, Examples of Chinese Ornaments by Owen Jones appeared, and in 1870 Art and Industries in Japan by R. Alcock, and two years later, O. H. Moser and T. W. Cutler published books about Japanese art. Some Art Nouveau artists, like Victor Horta , owned

5202-554: The beginning of the Modernisme style in Spain, with some buildings of Lluís Domènech i Montaner . The Esposizione internazionale d'arte decorativa moderna of 1902 in Turin, Italy, showcased designers from across Europe, including Victor Horta from Belgium and Joseph Maria Olbrich from Vienna, along with local artists such as Carlo Bugatti , Galileo Chini and Eugenio Quarti . Following

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5304-442: The building material, or recalling any former sanctuary or holy place. Secondary churches or establishments run from a monastery were often called "hermitages". In the 18th century, some owners of English country houses adorned their gardens with a "hermitage", sometimes a Gothic ruin, but sometimes, as at Painshill Park , a romantic hut which a "hermit" was recruited to occupy. The so-called Ermita de San Pelayo y San Isidoro

5406-597: The celebrated annual Sanremo Music Festival , which has been held in the city since 1951. This festival inspired the Eurovision Song Contest , which started in 1956, and has often been used to select the Italian entry for the European contest. The internationally notable song " Nel blu, dipinto di blu ", popularly known as "Volare", was performed at this festival for the first time by Domenico Modugno in 1958. The festival

5508-554: The decorative architecture of the Quattrocento , or 15th-century Italy. Hankar died in 1901, when his work was just receiving recognition. Gustave Strauven began his career as an assistant designer working with Horta, before he started his own practice at age 21, making some of the most extravagant Art Nouveau buildings in Brussels. His most famous work is the Saint-Cyr House at 11, square Ambiorix / Ambiorixsquare . The house

5610-467: The desert, a lonely place, a silent place, where one can lift the two arms of prayer and penance to God in atonement, intercession, reparation for one's sins and those of one's brothers.... To go into the poustinia means to listen to God. It means entering into kenosis — the emptying of oneself." She promotes the poustinia as a place where anyone — in any walk of life — can go for 24 hours of silence, solitude and prayer. Ultimately, however,

5712-534: The design of the fair, and Henri Privat-Livemont created the poster for the exhibition. The Franco-German art dealer and publisher Siegfried Bing played a key role in publicizing the style. In 1891, he founded a magazine devoted to the art of Japan, which helped publicize Japonism in Europe. In 1892, he organized an exhibit of seven artists, among them Pierre Bonnard , Félix Vallotton , Édouard Vuillard , Toulouse-Lautrec and Eugène Grasset , which included both modern painting and decorative work. This exhibition

5814-412: The designs of the textiles and batik from Java . The most important architect and furniture designer in the style was Hendrik Petrus Berlage , who denounced historical styles and advocated a purely functional architecture. He wrote, "It is necessary to fight against the art of illusion, to and to recognize the lie, in order to find the essence and not the illusion." Like Victor Horta and Gaudí , he

5916-503: The early Middle Ages when the population moved to the high grounds. The nobility built a castle and the walled village of La Pigna to protect the town from Saracen raids. At first subjected to the countship of Ventimiglia , the community later passed under the dominion of the Genoese bishops. In 1297 they sold it to the Doria and De Mari families. It became a free town in the second half of

6018-479: The few Art Nouveau products that could be mass-produced was the perfume bottle, and these are still manufactured in the style today. Belgium was an early centre of Art Nouveau, thanks largely to the architecture of Victor Horta , who designed one of the first Art Nouveau houses, the Hôtel Tassel in 1893, and three other townhouses in variations of the same style. They are now UNESCO World Heritage sites . Horta had

6120-558: The five most important one-day races of the cycling season. Milan – San Remo is traditionally held in March and is one of the first major fixtures of the cycling season. It is usually the longest professional one-day race in the cycling season, giving the race a unique character. The most important local football club is the Sanremese which has played also in Serie B and in Serie C . Sanremo

6222-436: The floors and walls, as well as the furniture and carpets which Horta designed. Paul Hankar was another pioneer of Brussels' Art Nouveau. His house was completed in 1893, the same year as Horta's Hôtel Tassel, and featured sgraffiti murals on the façade. Hankar was influenced by both Viollet-le-Duc and the ideas of the English Arts and Crafts movement . His conception idea was to bring together decorative and fine arts in

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6324-423: The furniture designer Gustave Serrurier-Bovy , known for his highly original chairs and articulated metal furniture; and the jewellery designer Philippe Wolfers , who made jewellery in the form of dragonflies, butterflies, swans and serpents. The Brussels International Exposition held in 1897 brought international attention to the style; Horta, Hankar, Van de Velde, and Serrurier-Bovy, among others, took part in

6426-426: The hierarchy that put painting and sculpture above the decorative arts. The major artists working there included the glass vase and lamp creators Émile Gallé , the Daum brothers in glass design, and the designer Louis Majorelle , who created furniture with graceful floral and vegetal forms. The architect Henri Sauvage brought the new architectural style to Nancy with his Villa Majorelle in 1902. The French style

6528-456: The historical traditions of jewellery design. For Art Nouveau architecture and furniture design, the most important centre in Britain was Glasgow , with the creations of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow School , whose work was inspired by Scottish baronial architecture and Japanese design. Beginning in 1895, Mackintosh displayed his designs at international expositions in London, Vienna, and Turin; his designs particularly influenced

6630-458: The menu for the restaurant of the pavilion; the decorators and designers Bruno Paul and Bruno Möhring from Berlin; Carlo Bugatti from Turin ; Bernhardt Pankok from Bavaria ; The Russian architect-designer Fyodor Schechtel , and Louis Comfort Tiffany and Company from the United States. The Viennese architect Otto Wagner was a member of the jury, and presented a model of the Art Nouveau bathroom of his own town apartment in Vienna, featuring

6732-399: The millions of visitors to the city's 1900 Exposition Universelle . The Paris 1900 Exposition universelle marked the high point of Art Nouveau. Between April and November 1900, it attracted nearly fifty million visitors from around the world, and showcased the architecture, design, glassware, furniture and decorative objects of the style. The architecture of the Exposition was often

6834-561: The modern era, hermitages are often abutted to monasteries, or in their grounds, being occupied by monks who receive dispensation from their abbot or prior to live a semi-solitary life. However, hermitages can be found in a variety of settings, from isolated rural sites, houses in large cities, and even high-rise blocks of flats, depending on the hermit's means. Examples of hermitages in Western Christian tradition: A pustyn ( Russian : пустынь ) or kalyva ( Greek : καλύβα ) or anapat' ( Armenian : անապատ  [ hy ] )

6936-435: The most popular signature of the style. In a short period, Horta built three more town houses, all with open interiors, and all with skylights for maximum interior light: the Hôtel Solvay , the Hôtel van Eetvelde (for Edmond van Eetvelde ), and the Maison & Atelier Horta . All four are now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Paul Hankar was also an innovator of early Art Nouveau. Born at Frameries , in Hainaut ,

7038-413: The name Munich Secession for the Association of Visual Artists of Munich . The Vienna Secession , founded in 1897, and the Berlin Secession also took their names from the Munich group. The journals Jugend and Simplicissimus , published in Munich, and Pan , published in Berlin, were important proponents of the Jugendstil . Jugendstil art combined sinuous curves and more geometric lines, and

7140-429: The new style, between 1895 and 1898. Parisians had been complaining of the monotony of the architecture of the boulevards built under Napoleon III by Georges-Eugène Haussmann . The Castel Beranger was a curious blend of Neo-Gothic and Art Nouveau, with curving whiplash lines and natural forms. Guimard, a skilled publicist for his work, declared: "What must be avoided at all cost is...the parallel and symmetry. Nature

7242-484: The post-World War I Allied Supreme Council determined the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for the administration of the former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East by the victorious powers. The most notable of these was the British Mandate of Palestine . In 1972, the first public demonstration for the defence of the dignity and rights of gay people in Italy took place in Sanremo in protest against an international congress on sexual deviance organized by

7344-657: The posters by Jules Chéret for dancer Loie Fuller in 1893, and by Alphonse Mucha for actress Sarah Bernhardt in 1895, the poster became not just advertising, but an art form. Sarah Bernhardt set aside large numbers of her posters for sale to collectors. The first Art Nouveau town houses, the Hankar House by Paul Hankar (1893) and the Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1892–1893), were built almost simultaneously in Brussels . They were similar in their originality, but very different in their design and appearance. Victor Horta

7446-399: The poustinik would help. And whenever anyone had something they wanted to talk about—a question about prayer, a problem, a special joy or sorrow—they could go to the poustinik. The poustinik is one who listens, and shares the love of Christ with all whom he encounters, as well as a cup of tea or some food; whatever he has he shares, as God has shared all with him. The poustinia

7548-677: The poustinik's call is to the desert of one's own heart wherein he dwells with God alone, whether in the workplace or in a solitary locale. A poustinia cabin or room generally consists of a bed, a table and chair, a cross , and a Bible . In Hinduism , a hermitage is called an ashram . Traditionally, an ashram in ancient India was a place where sages lived in peace and tranquility amidst nature . Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( / ˌ ɑː r ( t ) n uː ˈ v oʊ / AR(T) noo- VOH , French: [aʁ nuvo] ; lit.   ' New Art ' ), Jugendstil  in German,

7650-647: The principles of constructivism . Everything was functional, including the lines of rivets that decorated the walls of the main room. He often included very tall towers to his buildings to make them more prominent, a practice used by other Art Nouveau architects of the period, including Joseph Maria Olbrich in Vienna and Eliel Saarinen in Finland. Other buildings in the style include the American Hotel (1898–1900), also by Berlage; and Astoria (1904–1905) by Herman Hendrik Baanders and Gerrit van Arkel in Amsterdam ;

7752-545: The province of Imperia . Sanremo is known as the City of Flowers ( la Città dei Fiori ), this being another important aspect of the economy of the city. The nearby towns of Arma di Taggia , Bordighera and Ospedaletti are also involved in the cultivation of flowers for the international flower market. The Municipal Casino , built in 1905, is an example of Art Nouveau building. The Ariston Theatre offers an annual series of concerts, operas and theatre plays. The Symphony Orchestra

7854-639: The pupils of Morris. Early prototypes of the style include the Red House with interiors by Morris and architecture by Philip Webb (1859), and the lavish Peacock Room by James Abbott McNeill Whistler . The new movement was also strongly influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite painters, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones , and especially by British graphic artists of the 1880s, including Selwyn Image , Heywood Sumner , Walter Crane , Alfred Gilbert , and especially Aubrey Beardsley . The chair designed by Arthur Mackmurdo has been recognized as

7956-405: The second week of August also called Ferragosto . The culinary specialities of Sanremo and its environs include Sardenara , Focaccia, Focaccia alle Cipolle, Torta Verde, Farinata and Taggiasca olives. The Sanremo Casino ( Casino Municipale di Sanremo ) opened in 1905 and has operated continuously since then with the exception of the years of World War II . For much of its history, the casino

8058-464: The service of humanity through prayer, fasting, and availability to those who might call upon him or her. Those called to life in the poustinia were not uncommon in Russia prior to the suppression of Christianity in the early 20th century. In this Eastern Christian expression of the eremitic vocation , poustiniks are not solitary but are part of the local community to which they are called. The poustinik

8160-493: The son of a master stone cutter, he had studied ornamental sculpture and decoration at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels from 1873 to 1884, whilst working as an ornamental sculptor. From 1879 to 1904, he worked in the studio of the prominent architect Henri Beyaert , a master of eclectic and neoclassical architecture . Through Beyaert, Hankar also became an admirer of Viollet-le-Duc. In 1893, Hankar designed and built

8262-403: The state of their soul. Carthusian monks typically live in a one-room cell or building, with areas for study, sleep, prayer, and preparation of meals. Most Carthusians live a mostly solitary life, meeting with their brethren for communion, for shared meals on holy days, and again irregularly for nature walks, where they are encouraged to have simple discussions about their spiritual life. In

8364-469: The style of the residence. Van de Velde went to Paris, where he designed furniture and decoration for the German-French art dealer Siegfried Bing , whose Paris gallery gave the style its name. He was also an early Art Nouveau theorist, demanding the use of dynamic, often opposing lines. Van de Velde wrote: "A line is a force like all the other elementary forces. Several lines put together but opposed have

8466-633: The style was known as the Nieuwe Stijl ('New Style'), or Nieuwe Kunst ('New Art'), and it took a different direction from the more floral and curving style in Belgium. It was influenced by the more geometric and stylised forms of the German Jugendstil and Austrian Vienna Secession . It was also influenced by the art and imported woods from Indonesia , then the Dutch East Indies , particularly

8568-520: The style. These paintings were removed in 1945 as deemed non academic. At the Château de Roquetaillade in the Bordeaux region, his interior decorations dating from 1865 also anticipate Art Nouveau. In his 1872 book Entretiens sur l'architecture , he wrote, "Use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate

8670-557: The time of early fourth century (around 300 AD), the spiritual retreats of the Desert Fathers , who had chosen to live apart from society in the relative isolation of the Nitrian Desert of Egypt , began to attract the attention of the wider Christian community. The piety of such hermits often attracted both laity and other would-be ascetics, forming the first cenobitic communities called "sketes", such as Nitria and Kellia . Within

8772-481: The time of its creation, did not aspire in any way to have the honor of becoming a generic term. It was simply the name of a house opened as a rallying point for all the young and ardent artists impatient to show the modernity of their tendencies." The style was quickly noticed in neighbouring France. After visiting Horta's Hôtel Tassel, Hector Guimard built the Castel Béranger , among the first Paris buildings in

8874-527: Was a wave of enthusiasm for Japanese woodblock printing , particularly the works of Hiroshige , Hokusai , and Utagawa Kunisada , which were imported into Europe beginning in the 1870s. The enterprising Siegfried Bing founded a monthly journal, Le Japon artistique in 1888, and published thirty-six issues before it ended in 1891. It influenced both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt . The stylised features of Japanese prints appeared in Art Nouveau graphics, porcelain, jewellery, and furniture. Since

8976-451: Was among the most influential architects of early Art Nouveau, and his Hôtel Tassel (1892–1893) in Brussels is one of the style's landmarks. Horta's architectural training was as an assistant to Alphonse Balat , architect to King Leopold II , constructing the monumental iron and glass Royal Greenhouses of Laeken . He was a great admiror of Viollet-le-Duc , whose ideas he completely identified with. In 1892–1893, he put this experience to

9078-570: Was an admirer of architectural theories of Viollet-le-Duc . His furniture was designed to be strictly functional, and to respect the natural forms of wood, rather than bending or twisting it as if it were metal. He pointed to the example of Egyptian furniture, and preferred chairs with right angles. His first and most famous architectural work was the Beurs van Berlage (1896–1903), the Amsterdam Commodities Exchange, which he built following

9180-566: Was applied only to the graphic arts. It referred especially to the forms of typography and graphic design found in German magazines such as Jugend , Pan , and Simplicissimus . Jugendstil was later applied to other versions of Art Nouveau in Germany, the Netherlands. The term was borrowed from German by several languages of the Baltic states and Nordic countries to describe Art Nouveau (see Naming section). In 1892 Georg Hirth chose

9282-510: Was documented by the Catholic social activist Catherine Doherty in her best-selling book Poustinia: Christian Spirituality of the East for Western Man first published in 1975. Although originating with ancient startsy (wise Russian elders, sg. starets ), Doherty's popular book made the concept of poustinia accessible to modern Western people. In it, she describes the poustinia as "an entry into

9384-629: Was first used in the 1880s in the Belgian journal L'Art Moderne to describe the work of Les Vingt , twenty painters and sculptors seeking reform through art. The name was popularized by the Maison de l'Art Nouveau ('House of the New Art'), an art gallery opened in Paris in 1895 by the Franco-German art dealer Siegfried Bing . In Britain, the French term Art Nouveau was commonly used, while in France, it

9486-402: Was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement . German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk ('total work of art') that would unify the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, to uplift and inspire the residents. The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s, in

9588-614: Was often called by the term Style moderne (akin to the British term Modern Style ), or Style 1900 . In France, it was also sometimes called Style Jules Verne (after the novelist Jules Verne ), Style Métro (after Hector Guimard 's iron and glass subway entrances), Art Belle Époque , or Art fin de siècle . Art Nouveau is known by different names in different languages: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, and also known as

9690-515: Was particularly popular in restaurants and cafés, including Maxim's at 3, rue Royale , and Le Train bleu at the Gare de Lyon (1900). The status of Paris attracted foreign artists to the city. The Swiss-born artist Eugène Grasset was one of the first creators of French Art Nouveau posters. He helped decorate the famous cabaret Le Chat Noir in 1885, made his first posters for the Fêtes de Paris and

9792-717: Was popular between 1890 and 1910 during the Belle Époque period, and was a reaction against the academicism , eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decorative art. One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts. It was most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles, ceramics, jewellery and metal work. The style responded to leading 19th century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900). In Britain, it

9894-553: Was relocated next to the City Hall. The city has refurbished the old railway line and converted it into a bike route and pedestrian area. There are several bike hire kiosks along the route and a choice of beaches to visit in either direction from San Remo. The path stretches 24 km (15 mi) between Ospedaletti in the west and San Lorenzo al Mare in the east. Sanremo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). The Ariston Theatre hosts

9996-458: Was replaced by Rally d'Italia Sardegna on the island of Sardinia , in hosting the Italian round of the WRC. It is now part of European Rally Championship . Formerly a mixed surface event (tarmac and gravel), the rally has later been an all-tarmac event and takes place around the mountains. Sanremo is the finish of the classic Milan–San Remo cycle race. It is considered to be a " monument " – one of

10098-793: Was shown at the Société nationale des beaux-arts in 1895. In the same year, Bing opened a new gallery at 22 rue de Provence in Paris, the Maison de l'Art Nouveau , devoted to new works in both the fine and decorative arts. The interior and furniture of the gallery were designed by the Belgian architect Henry van de Velde , one of the pioneers of Art Nouveau architecture. The Maison de l'Art Nouveau showed paintings by Georges Seurat , Paul Signac and Toulouse-Lautrec , glass from Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé , jewellery by René Lalique , and posters by Aubrey Beardsley . The works shown there were not at all uniform in style. Bing wrote in 1902, "Art Nouveau, at

10200-516: Was spent in Germany; he strongly influenced the decoration of the Jugendstil . Others included the decorator Gustave Serrurier-Bovy , and the graphic artist Fernand Khnopff . Belgian designers took advantage of an abundant supply of ivory imported from the Belgian Congo ; mixed sculptures, combining stone, metal and ivory, by such artists as Philippe Wolfers , was popular. In the Netherlands,

10302-586: Was tolerated or granted exceptions to Italian gambling laws in order to allow the resort to compete with the casino towns in nearby France and Monaco . Sanremo hosts an annual poker tournament as part of the European Poker Tour . The city is widely accepted as the origin of the five-card stud variant telesina . The Rallye Sanremo is a rally competition that was part of the FIA World Rally Championship from 1973 to 2003 , when it

10404-499: Was widely propagated by new magazines, including The Studio , Arts et Idées and Art et Décoration , whose photographs and colour lithographs made the style known to designers and wealthy clients around the world. In France, the style reached its summit in 1900, and thereafter slipped rapidly out of fashion, virtually disappearing from France by 1905. Art Nouveau was a luxury style, which required expert and highly-paid craftsmen, and could not be easily or cheaply mass-produced. One of

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