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36-428: Kangars may refer to one of the following. A character from Lāčplēsis Latvian epic Chris Kangars , an Australian rules footballer Kangar people , Kangars, an ancient Turkic tribe See also [ edit ] Kangar Kangarli (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

72-604: A Cuman warlord (also known as Tihomir , he might have been a Bulgarian noble), was possibly the first one to unite the Bulgarian states, north from the Danube, from the west and the east of the Olt River , and his son Basarab I is considered the first ruler of the united and independent Wallachia . This interpretation corresponds with the general view of the situation of the Romanian lands in

108-516: A charter from 1247, parts of this earlier Cumania were granted to the Knights Hospitaller , as were the Banate of Severin and the Romanian cnezats of Ioan and Lupu ( a fluvio Olth et Alpibus Ultrasylvanis totam Cumaniam …excepta terra Szeneslai Woiavode Olacorum ). These, from a juridical point of view, had an inferior status than the states of Seneslau (east of the Olt River ) and Litovoi (west of

144-869: A military enterprise. In his "History of the Mongols" , the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani , referred to Cumania around 1236–1237, during the Mongol invasion of Möngke , the future Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Among others, he mentions the Kipchaks, the Turkophone Asi (probably the same as the later Jassic tribe) and the "Karaulaghi" (Black, i.e. "from the north", Vlachs ). The vast territory of this Cuman-Kipchak realm, consisting of loosely connected tribal units who were

180-975: A venerabili fratre nostro… episcopo Cumanorum,qui loci diocesanus existit, sed a quibusdam pseudoepiscopis, Grecorum ritum tenentibus, universa recipiunt ecclesiastica sacramenta, et nonnulli de regno Ungarie, tam Ungari, quam Theutonici et alii orthodoxi, morandi causa cum ipsis transeunt ad eosdem, et sic cum eis, quia populus unus facti cum eisdem Walathis eo contempto, premissa recipiunt sacramenta, in grave orthodoxorum scandalum et derogationem non modicam fidei christiane. Ne igitur ex diversitate rituum pericula proveniant animarum, nos volentes huiusmodi periculum obviare, ne prefati Walathi materiam habeant pro defectu sacramentorum ad scismathicos episcopos accedendi, eidem episcopo nostris damus litteris in mandatis, ut catholicum eis episcopum illi natione conformem provida deliberatione constituat sibi iuxta generalis statuta concilii vicarium in predictis, qui ei per omnia sit obediens et subiectus Bela dei gratia Hungariae … Rex … Contulimus …

216-530: A wheel, were slain by the Mongols. Jochi subdued remnants who still lived in the land of the Kyrghyz and Kipchak steppes in 1225. Khwarizmi Kangly remnants submitted to Great Khan Ögedei after a long resistance under Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu against his general Chormaqan and governor Chin-temur. After the Mongol conquest, the remaining Kanglys were absorbed into other Turks and Mongols . Some of them who served in

252-449: Is Cumania meant, more or less, Muntenia . At that time, the use of the name Cumania should not to be understood as asserting the existence of a Cuman state, nor even a land inhabited by Cuman tribes (as the bulk of them had either fled, or were destroyed by the Mongols , and the rest had been absorbed) but rather to the Diocese of Cumania. From the military point of view, the land comprising

288-492: Is of the Sixth Clime, its plains bear excellent pasturage ... but there are here few houses or towns or villages. Most of the inhabitants are nomads of the plain  ... Most of the lands here are swamps ... The pasturage, however, being excellent, horses and cattle are numerous, and the population for the most part subsists on the produce thereof. The climate is cold, and their water comes from springs and wells." By

324-658: The Mongol invasion of Europe . In 1223, Genghis Khan defeated the Cumans and their Rus' allies at the Battle of Kalka (in modern Ukraine), and the final blow came in 1241, when the Cuman confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects of the Mongol conquerors as part of what was to be known as the Golden Horde , or fleeing to

360-661: The Pechenegs , or were of Tiele origin. Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII mentions three Pecheneg tribes collectively known as the Kangar in his De Administrando Imperio . Kangar is associated with Kang territory and probably with the Kangaris people and the city of Kangu Tarban, mentioned in the Kul Tigin inscription of the Orkhon Turkic peoples. Still, the relationship between

396-806: The Pontic steppe , that is the steppelands to the north of the Black Sea and on its eastern side as far as the Caspian Sea , where the lowlands between the Dnieper , the Volga , the Ural and the Irtysh rivers were favorable to the nomadic lifestyle of the Cumans. Later, for a short time period, in Western sources Cumania also referred to the area in eastern Wallachia and southern Ukraine (centered on

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432-654: The Yuan dynasty became Kharchins . There are Kangly clans among the Kazakhs , Uzbeks , Kyrgyz , Bashkirs , Nogais , Karakalpaks and Yakuts (Sakha) . Cumania ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The name Cumania originated as the Latin exonym for the Cuman–Kipchak confederation , which was a tribal confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe , between

468-451: The modern era . Cumania name was also preserved as part of the Catholic ecclesiastical structure with a "Diocese of Cumania" existing until 1523 in what is now Romania , long after the Cumans ceased to be a distinct group in the area. At Milcovul , years earlier, in 1227, the Cuman warlord Bortz accepted Catholic Christianity from missionary Dominican friars. Pope Gregory IX heard about

504-426: The "Polovtsian Plain " ( Pole Polovetskoe ). A different, more organized entity that was later known as the Golden Horde was also referred to as "Comania" by Armenian chronicler Hethum (Hayton) of Korykos . "Cumania" was also the source of names, or alternate names, for several smaller areas – some of them unconnected geographically to the area of the federation – in which Cumans and/or Kipchaks settled, such as

540-741: The 10th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Turkic nomadic tribes: the Cumans (also known as the Polovtsians or Folban ) and the Kipchaks . Cumania was known in Islamic sources as Dasht-i Qipchaq , which means "Steppe of the Kipchaks" or "Plain of the Kipchaks" in Persian , and al-Qumāniyīn in Arabic. Russian sources have referred to Cumania as the "Polovtsian Steppe " ( Polovetskaia Step ), or

576-463: The 11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and (Eastern) Kipchaks (who were a distinct tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy, although other sources say that Cumans and Kipchak are simply different names for the same tribe ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from present-day Kazakhstan , southern Russia, Ukraine , to southern Moldavia and eastern Wallachia in present-day Romania. Considering

612-525: The 11th century, with the natives living in collections of village communities, united in various small confederacies, with more or less powerful chiefs trying to create little kingdoms, some paying tribute to the various militarily dominant nomadic tribes (see Romania in the Middle Ages ). This Pontic Cumania, (and the rest of the Cumanias to the east), ended its existence in the middle of the 13th century, with

648-689: The 13th century. The eastern grouping of Cumania was indeed known as Qanglı (Latin: Cangle ). Many Kangly warriors joined the Khwarezmid Empire in the 11th century. In 1175 some of them lived north of Lake Balkhash and transferred their allegiance from the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) to the Jin dynasty . They were conquered by Genghis Khan 's armies during the Mongol conquest of Central Asia in 1219–1223. All Kanglys in Bukhara who were taller than

684-782: The Caucasus, and Khwarezm , having reached as far as to create a powerful caste of warriors, the Mamluks , serving the Muslim Arab and Turkish Caliphs and Sultans. In the Balkans, we find the Cumans in contact with all of the statal entities of that time, fighting with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the Bulgarians and Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire. For example, Thocomerius , by name apparently

720-576: The Cumans in face of the Mongol invasion. The Diocese of Cumania, or of Milcovul, had subordinated in Transylvania the abbacy of Sibiu , the dioceses of Burzenland , Brasso and Orbai , and over the Carpathians, in the lands of the "infidel" Orthodox Vlachs ( in partibus infidelium ), all the Christian Catholics, irrespective of their ethnicity, despite the fact that many believers fell under

756-722: The Diocese of Cumania was held either by the Teutonic Order (as early as 1222), or by the Vlachs (Brodnics or the Vlachs of Seneslau). The term Cumania had come to mean any Catholic subordinated to the Milcovul Diocese, so much so that in some cases, the terms Cuman and Wallach (more precisely, Catholic Wallach, as the Orthodox Christians were considered schismatic , and the Pope did not officially recognise them) were interchangeable. In

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792-800: The Kanglys, the Kangars, and the Kangaris / Kengeres (allies of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate against the Western Turkic Khaganate ), is still unclear. They may have even been a branch of the Göktürks , who were conquered by the Tang dynasty of China. . Peter Golden and Istvan Vásáry propose their name derives from the region Kang (ha) (= K'ang-chü of the Chinese sources = Syr Darya region). However,

828-568: The Kipchaks or Pechenegs, or they may have been a branch of the Kök Turks who were conquered by the Tang dynasty of China. Erkoç (2023) proposes that the Qaŋlï originated from among Tiele tribes (* Tägräk ). Kara-Khanid lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari mentioned a Kipchak chief surnamed Qanglı and simply glossed Qanglı as "a wagon for carrying load". Supposedly, they might be identified as or closely related to Kipchaks ; or formed part of

864-665: The Olt River), cnezats which continued to belong to the Romanians ( quam Olacis relinquimus prout iidem hactenus tenuerant ), "like they held them so far". In the middle of spring the princes crossed the mountains in order to enter the country of the Bulares and of the Bashguirds . Orda , who was marching to the right, passed through the country of the Haute , where Bazarambam met him with an army, but

900-929: The Tang dynasty historical text Tang Huiyao apparently distinguished the Kangheli (= Kangly) from the Kang nation, another name of the Kangju nation, by distinguishing the Kangheli's horses from the Kang nation's horses, identified with the Dayuan horses . After the fall of the Pecheneg Khanate in the early 10th century, the role of the Kanglys became prominent. Different Pontic Steppe's Turkic nomadic peoples, who might have been separate and distinct earlier, would eventually become assimilated into each other by

936-528: The historic region of Kunság in Hungary, and the former Diocese of Cumania (in Romania and Hungary). Hethum of Korykos described Cumania as "wholly flat and with no trees". Ibn Battuta said of Cumania, "This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons." Battuta's contemporary, Hamdallah Mustawfi , elaborated, "This

972-515: The influence of the Romanian Orthodox "pseudo" bishops ( episcopo Cumanorum, qui loci diocesanus existit, sed a quibusdam pseudoepiscopis Graecorum ritum tenentibus ). So, at that moment, Hungarian and Papal documents use the name Cumania to refer to the land between the eastern border of the lands of Seneslau and the land of the Brodnici ( Buzău , southern Vrancea and southern Galați ): that

1008-401: The leading, integrating tribe or clan of the confederacy or state. The Cumans, when they first appear in written sources, are members of a confederacy irrespective of their tribal origin. Former tribal names disappeared when the tribe in question became part of a political unit. For instance, when we hear of an incursion of Cumans, it means that certain tribes of the Cuman confederacy took part in

1044-522: The lowlands of Budjak and the Bărăgan Plain ), referring to the area where the first contact between the Cumans and the Western Christians took place, and where, later, the Cumans of the region would accept Catholicism. Using the traditional Turkic assignment of colours to the cardinal points, White Cumania used to be located to the west and may have denoted eastern Wallachia, while Black Cumania

1080-604: The mass conversion of the Cumans, and on 1 July 1227 empowered Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom , to represent him to Cumania and in neighbouring Land of the Brodnici . Teodoric, the bishop of this new diocese, became the guardian of the Dominican Order in the Kingdom of Hungary. Hence, Cumania diocese became part of the superior archbishopric of Esztergom, determining King Béla IV of Hungary to add "Rex Cumaniae" (King of Cumania) to his titles in 1228, and later to grant asylum to

1116-576: The military dominating force, was never politically united by a strong central power. Cumania was neither a state nor an empire, but different groups under independent rulers, or khans, who acted on their own initiative, meddling in the political life of the surrounding states: the Russian principalities, Bulgaria , Byzantium and the Wallachian states in the Balkans, Armenia and Georgia (see Kipchaks in Georgia ) in

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1152-418: The nomadic way of life of these peoples, these frontiers can be regarded only as approximate; hence there were various definitions over what Cumania meant over the course of time. Depending on their region and their time, different sources each used their own vision to denote different sections of the vast Cuman territory: in Byzantine , Russian, Georgian , Armenian , Persian and Muslim sources, Cumania meant

1188-469: The title Kangars . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangars&oldid=1186688310 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kangar people They may be related to

1224-403: The west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian Empire , and the Kingdom of Hungary . On the Great Hungarian Plain , Cuman settlers gave their name to two regions known as Kunság, the Hungarian word for Cumania: Greater Cumania ( Nagykunság ) and Little Cumania ( Kiskunság ), located on the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their language and some ethnic customs well into

1260-1674: Was beaten. Boudgek crossed the mountains to enter the Kara-Ulak , and defeated the Ulak people. Gregorius Episcopus … venerabili fratri … Strigoniensi Archiepiscopo apostolicae sedis legato salutem … Nuper siquidem per litteras tuas nobis transmissas accepimus, quod Jesus Christus … super gentem Cumanorum clementer respiciens, eis salvationis ostium aperuit his diebus. Aliqui enim nobiles gentis illius per te ad baptismi gratiam pervenerunt, et quidam princeps Bortz nomine de terra illorum cum omnibus sibi subditis per ministerium tuum fidem desiderat suscipere christianam; propter quod unicum filium suum una cum fratribus praedicatoribus, messis dominicae operariis in terra praedicta, ad te specialiter destinavit, attentius obsecrans, ut personaliter accedens ad ipsum et suos viam vitae ostenderes ipsis … Unde quamvis pro executione voti tui, quod emiseras pro terrae sanctae succursu, in peregrinationis esses itinere constitutus, confidei exinde pervenire posse, si piis eorum desideriis condescendas, intermisso dictae peregrinationis itinere, dilectum filium … Archidiaconum de Zala ad nos destinare curasti … supplicans ut tibi hoc faciendi, non obstante voto praedicto, licentiam praeberemus, et … in Cumania et Brodnic terra illae vicina, de cuius gentis conversione speratur, legationis officium tibi committere dignaremur … Datum Anagniae II. Kal. Aug. Pontificatus nostri anno I. In Cumanorum episcopatu, sicut accepimus, quidam populi, qui Walati vocantur, existunt, qui etsi censeantur nomine christiano, sub una tamen fide varios ritos habentes et mores, illa committunt, que huic sunt nomini inimica… Nam Romanam ecclesiam contempnentes, non

1296-402: Was located to its north and may have denoted Moldavia. As in the case of many other large nomadic Eurasian confederacies, the ethnonym "Cuman" (referring to the inhabitants of Cumania) denoted different ethnic realities. While the main component was probably the Turkic-speaking tribes, the confederacy included other ethnic components as well. Cumania was primarily a political name, referring to

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