57-618: [REDACTED] Look up kamma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kamma may refer to: Kamma (caste) , a caste or social group found largely in Southern India Kamma, India , village in Punjab, India The Pali and Ardhamagadhi term for karma Bava Kamma , a traditional Jewish civil law procedure (1st volume of Nezikin), dealing largely with damages and compensation The nickname of
114-448: A large stone structure constructed across Krishna River bank, also known as Krishna Ghat. This structure also includes one large and one small temple constructed in the middle of the river. This structure is believed to be constructed in 1779. The Krishna River is spanned by several bridges along its course, some of which are listed below. In October 2009, heavy floods occurred, isolating 350 villages and leaving millions homeless, which
171-757: A sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States. The modern community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region in coastal Andhra Pradesh. The region, lying between the Gundlakamma River and the Krishna River in the erstwhile Guntur district (which included the three subdistricts later transferred to the Ongole district in 1970), had an identity dating back to ancient times. The term " kamma " either referred to
228-642: Is a largely Hindu caste from South India . The community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region of the erstwhile Guntur district and Ongole division in Andhra Pradesh . Propelled by their military activity in the Vijayanagara Empire , Kammas are believed to have spread out from the region during the Vijayanagara period, followed by some in-migration during
285-466: Is applicable for sharing the water available in the river among the riparian states. The Brijesh Kumar tribunal award given on 29 November 2013 was challenged by Andhra Pradesh in the Supreme Court and the case has been pending since then. The newly created state of Telangana also approached the Supreme Court demanding a fresh tribunal hearing to secure its water needs on equitable basis . Even though
342-520: Is believed to be first occurrence in 1000 years. The flood resulted in heavy damage to Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Krishna and Nalagonda Districts. The entire city of Kurnool was immersed in approximately 10 ft (3 m) water for nearly 3 days. Water inflow of 1,110,000 cu ft/s (31,000 m /s) was recorded at the Prakasam Barriage, which surpassed the previous record of 1,080,000 cu ft/s (31,000 m /s) recorded in
399-523: Is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir, and visible for devotees only during summer when the reservoir's water level comes down. Drainage Basin of Krishna The Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km (99,980 sq mi) which is nearly 8% of the total geographical area of the country. This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka (113,271 km ), Telangana, Andhra Pradesh (76,252 km ) and Maharashtra (69,425 km ). It
456-406: Is on the verge of death. The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds into the river. Adequate average and minimum continuous environmental flows to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting salt export and leading to formation of saline and sodic alkaline soils in
513-1029: Is one of the important holy places in Karnataka which is located on the bank of Krishna. Veerabhadra temple is a famous temple. Many devotees visit this place from Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Also, located on the banks of the river Krishna is the Sangameshwar Shiva temple at Haripur. Some of the other temples are the Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada , Ramling temple near Sangli, Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga (Srisailam), Amareshwara Swamy Temple , Vedadri Narasimha Temple , Vadapalli temple in Nalgonda , Dattadeva temple, and Sangameshwara Shiva temples at Alampur and Gadwal in Telangana. Bhilawadi town in Maharashtra has
570-450: Is one of the rivers whose water energy is harnessed to a large extent by various hydro electric power stations in India. The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations. Most of the years, the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture. Closed river basin of Krishna means that the river ecosystem
627-541: Is the fifth largest basin in India. Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country, except for the western border, which is formed by an unbroken line of the Western Ghats. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils. An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 58.0 km
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#1732851246736684-451: Is the main economic sector in the city, is almost entirely controlled by affluent Kamma families that were the landed aristocracy of Kongu Nadu . By the mid 20th century, many Kammas had benefited greatly from the numerous educational institutes that had proliferated throughout Coastal Andhra such as Andhra Christian College or Guntur Medical College. Many of these were high-fee private educational institutes also formed by wealthy members of
741-507: Is utilizable water. Culturable area in the basin is about 203,000 km (78,000 sq mi), which is 10.4% of the total cultivable area of the country. As the water availability in the Krishna River was becoming inadequate to meet the water demand, Godavari River is linked to the Krishna River by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme in
798-661: The British period and out-migration again during the twentieth century. Today they are regarded as one of the richest groups in Andhra Pradesh and are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ). They also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka . In recent times,
855-695: The Deccan plateau is the third-longest river in India, after the Ganga and Godavari . It is also the fourth-largest in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganges, Indus and Godavari. The river, also called Krishnaveni, is 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) long and its length in Maharashtra is 282 kilometres. It is a major source of irrigation in the Indian states of Maharashtra , Karnataka , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . The Krishna River originates in
912-529: The Ghataprabha River , Malaprabha River , Bhima River , Tungabhadra River and Musi River . The Tungabhadra River has a catchment area of 71,417 km (27,574 sq mi) and a length of 531 km (330 mi). The Bhima River is the longest tributary of the Krishna River. It has a total length of 861 km (535 mi) and catchment area of 70,614 km (27,264 sq mi). Three tributaries, Panchganga , Warna and Yerla , meet
969-642: The Kamma Mahajana Sabha and the Dakshina Desa Kamma Mahasabha . Kammas constituted 6 per cent of the population in the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency in 1921, a figure slightly higher than Brahmins, but lagging far behind the 'Kapu or Reddi'. Construction of dams and barrages and establishment of an irrigation system in Godavari and Krishna River deltas by Arthur Cotton
1026-755: The Madras Army of the British East India Company . Among Telugu Hindus, the East India Company army initially recruited predominantly from the Kamma, Raju, and Velama castes and restricted recruitment from other castes. In the 1872 census, the Kammas made up 40 per cent of the agricultural population of the Krishna district (which included the present Guntur district until 1904). Along with Brahmins, they formed
1083-535: The Nandigama pargana in 1670. Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, a Kamma zamindar , controlled 551 towns and villages in the Guntur and Krishna Districts, had a retinue of several thousand men, and became known for his patronization of Hindu religious rituals, festivals, temples, and Brahmins. The Kamma Yarlagadda zamindars of Challapalli obtained their zamindari in 1596 and deshmukhi jurisdiction in 1640, and they assisted
1140-683: The Qutb Shahis . Their roles included serving as the regional aristocracy, revenue officers and military commanders. During the reign of the Qutb Shahis and Nizams , the Sayapaneni Nayaks (1626–1802) ruled a block of territory between the Krishna River and Nellore as vassals. It was also in the Qutb Shahi period that the Vasireddy clan of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu received the deshmukhi of
1197-452: The Vijayanagara Empire in the sixteenth century. Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was a leading military commander under Krishnadevaraya, and Rama Raya and the Aravidus rose to power following a civil war largely because of the support of Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu . Pemmasani Pedda Timmaraja was the minister of Sriranga I and later for Venkata II , the latter of whom oversaw the revival of
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#17328512467361254-733: The Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), in the state of Maharashtra in central India. From Mahabaleshwar it flows to the town of Wai and continues east until it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The Krishna River passes through the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Over its 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) length, it flows for 305 km (190 mi) in Maharashtra, 483 km (300 mi) in Karnataka and 612 km (380 mi) in Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River has 13 major tributaries. Its principal tributaries include
1311-456: The 1600-1800s, Kammas acquired land in the interior Deccan Plateau due to grants that were given by the Nizam of Hyderabad to encourage cultivation in uncultivated areas of Telangana . Moreover, in the Telangana region, Muslim rulers collected taxes through intermediaries from the dominant castes, such as the Kammas, who were given the title Chowdary . Although the 1802 Permanent Settlement by
1368-501: The 1950s, some members of the dominant castes from Andhra Pradesh had gone to the US for higher education. After the lifting of immigration quota system in 1965, the highly-educated doctors, engineers and scientists started moving to US. Kammas, mainly from well-off families and having benefited from the spread of educational institutions in Coastal Andhra, took up the opportunity to move. After
1425-557: The British benefited the Kamma landed aristocracy by reinforcing the Zamindari system, most Kammas saw their landholdings consolidated, and their influence consequently increased, by the introduction of the ryotwari system as a replacement for the zamindari system in the 19th century. Akin to the jenmis of Kerala, there were also big Kamma ryotwari landlords in Andhra. Some Kammas also were in
1482-809: The IT boom in the 1990s, even more migrated to America. The success of those who migrated already incentivized more of their relatives and members of their network to migrate as well, and today having an "NRI child" is seen as a matter of pride for Kamma parents in coastal Andhra. For Kamma and other dominant caste women, although some have been sent by families for higher studies in America, many have moved to America due to marriage with NRI men. The varna system of Brahmanic ritual ranking never took hold in South Indian society outside Kerala. There were essentially three classes: Brahmin, non-Brahmin and Dalit. Kammas naturally fall into
1539-509: The Kammas also related to the Kapus in a narrative. Kammas formed the Kamma Mahajana Sabha , a caste association, in 1910, which received encouragement from the political leaders. Ranga also started a Madras Kamma Association in 1919 and founded a journal Kamma Patrika , later renamed to Ryot Patrika . Kamma caste associations also spawned in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s, with two Kamma zamindars leading
1596-574: The Kammas, along with Velamas and Reddis , evolved out of the community of Kapus (cultivators) in the post- Kakatiya period. A popular legend collected by Edgar Thurston narrates that Kammas originated from the youngest son of a certain Belthi Reddi, who managed to recover his mother's ear-ornament (called "kamma" in Telugu) that had been appropriated by Emperor Prataparudra 's minister. The other sons of Belthi Reddi are similarly said to have given rise to
1653-619: The Krishna River near Sangli . Hindus consider these places holy. It is said that Dattatreya , one of the Hindu dieties, spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of the Krishna. Kudalasangama (also written as Kudala Sangama) is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the Almatti Dam in Bagalkot district of Karnataka state. The Krishna and Malaprabha rivers merge here. The Aikya Mantapa or
1710-657: The Muslim power in Andhra country with the capture of Gandikota in 1652 and the defeat of Pemmasani Timmanayudu by Mir Jumla. Following the Battle of Talikota , many Kamma Nayaks either migrated to the dominions of the Madurai and Thanjavur Nayaks where they governed villages and supplied military officers or obtained favours from the Qutb Shahis and Mughals and settled in Telugu regions as local military chiefs. Kammas were also in service of
1767-539: The Muslim rulers in their military expeditions and collection of land taxes. This conferred on the Yarlagaddas the privileges of maintaining their own military force and control over the inhabitants in their area. Following Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's reign, coastal Andhra witnessed a series of widespread rebellions against the local Mughal officials that enabled Kamma warrior chiefs to usurp administrative power over hundreds, if not thousands, of square miles of land. In
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1824-626: The Nandyala Chiefs. Numerous Hindu temples, such as Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple and Chintalarayaswamy Temple , were constructed and patronized by the Pemmasanis. The Sayapaneni Nayaks started in service of Vijayanagara when Krishnadevaraya granted administrative control of the Dupadu Region to Shayappanayadu, a twenty-year old from the family. According to the Dupati kaifiyat , this area
1881-587: The Norwegian football club Hamarkameratene A locality near Cairns in the state of Queensland, Australia. A mountain range in Pershing County, Nevada , USA Name of a mountain creek in the province of British Columbia , Canada Kamma Rahbek , Danish artist, salonist and lady of letters See also [ edit ] Karma (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
1938-682: The Ravella Nayaks include Ravella Linga II, who is surmised to be one of the chief generals of the Vijayanagara Army during the reign of Rama Raya . When the Vijayanagara Empire was troubled after the Battle of Tallikota in 1565, the Pemmasani Nayaks , Ravella Nayaks and Sayapaneni Nayaks helped the Aravidu Dynasty in keeping the Muslims at bay. It took another 90 years to consolidate
1995-422: The Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ). In united-Andhra Pradesh (including present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Kammas made up 4.8% of the total state population in the last census. Kammas also have a notable, albeit smaller, presence in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka . In recent times, a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States. Starting in
2052-663: The Vijayanagara Empire militarily and administratively since the Sangama Dynasty , and they exercised control (on behalf of Vijayanagara) over Srisailam , Udayagiri , Podili , and Kochcherlakota Seemas (regions) at various periods. The exploits of this clan are described by the poet Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi in Sovgandhika Prasavapaharanamu, including mentions of defeating the Qutb Shahis, Gajapatis , and recapturing forts like Adoni . Noted individuals in
2109-414: The Vijayanagara Empire. It is also known that a Pemmasani Nayak, Timmanayudu, had court poets and ministers of his own, such as Channamaraju. Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580. The Pemmasani Nayaks are associated with Gandikota , where they started as commandants and later gained control of Gandikota Seema from
2166-537: The banks of the Krishna River. There are many pilgrimage places in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on the course of the river. The first holy place on the river Krishna is at Wai , known for the Mahaganpati Mandir and Kashivishweshwar temple. It has seven ghats along the river. Temples like Dattadeva temple, which is revered by the people of Maharashtra, are located on the banks of Krishna at Narsobawadi , ankalkhop Audumbar near Sangli . Yadur
2223-409: The dominant castes who often gave preference to students from their community in admissions. Today they are regarded as the wealthiest group in Andhra Pradesh and an entrepreneurial community influential in various industries, such as information technology, real estate, media and Telugu cinema . They are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout
2280-562: The dominant community of the district. By 1921, their population in the district increased to 47 per cent, representing a large in-migration. Following Brahminical traditions, Kammas emulated the rituals of the Brahmins, and the literate Kammas learned the Vedas , wore the sacred threads , taught Sanskrit and even performed pujas for the lower-caste members, which is said to have generated controversies. Despite their attachment to Brahminical orthodoxy,
2337-495: The few noted deposits: Widespread area near to the Krishna River holds the rich flora and fauna. The last surviving Mangrove forests in the Krishna estuary have been declared as the Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary . The sanctuary is the home to the large number of resident and migratory birds. Fishing cats, otters, Estuarine crocodiles, spotted deer, sambar deer, blackbucks, snakes, lizards and jackals can also be spotted in
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2394-476: The holy Samādhi of Basavanna , the founder of the Lingayat Hindu sect along with Linga , which is believed to be self-born ( Swayambhu ), is here and the river flows east towards Srisailam (another pilgrim center) Andhra Pradesh. Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a famous pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra and Bhavanasi rivers join the Krishna River. The Sangameswaram temple
2451-728: The new state of Telangana, the Kammas and the Reddys were politically and economically dominant in the state. From 1953 to 1983, many Kammas initially associated themselves with the Indian National Congress and offered the party financing and media support. During the 1980s, they played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party by its then President N. T. Rama Rao also called as NTR. Politics Industry Sciences Film Krishna River The Krishna River in
2508-631: The non-Brahmin class. Classification of social groups in the Andhra region has changed frequently as the various communities jostle for status. During the British Raj, the Kammas were considered to be "upper Shudra "/"Sat Shudra", along with the Reddy and Velama castes, under the varna system. Selig Harrison said in 1956 that Kamma lore nurtures the image of a once-proud warrior clan reduced by Reddi chicanery to its present peasant status. Reddi duplicity, recounted by Kamma historian K. Bhavaiah Choudary,
2565-464: The other prominent caste communities of the Telugu people. Kammas served as ministers, military generals, and governors in the Vijayanagara Empire. During the reign of Krishnadevaraya , Kammas are said to have formed the bulwark of the Vijayanagara army. Their role in protecting the last great Hindu kingdom of India was significant. Krishnadevaraya's court had a significant presence of Kamma officers, and they entered into matrimonial alliances with
2622-420: The river does not flow through Tamil Nadu , the Telugu Ganga Project is a canal system that brings Krishna River water to that state's capital city of Chennai with the agreement of all basin states. This river is revered by Hindus as sacred. The river is also believed to remove all the sins of those who bathe in it. The centre of attraction is the Krishna Pushkaram fair which is held once in twelve years on
2679-410: The royal family. It's possible that the influence of Kamma generals led to the importance of the Telugu language in Vijayanagara and the rise of Telugu colonies in Tamil Nadu. Some of the notable Kamma Nayak clans of Vijayanagara include the Pemmasanis , Sayapanenis, and Ravellas. Of the Pemmasani Nayaks , they controlled parts of Rayalaseema and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of
2736-439: The sanctuary. The sanctuary also supports rich vegetation with plants like Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Aegiceros. The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in the Krishna basin. The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin The yearly water outflows to the sea in a water year from 1 June 2003 to 31 May 2022 (19 years) are given below At present, the award of Bachawat tribunal dated 31 May 1976
2793-516: The title Kamma . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamma&oldid=1168832636 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Pali words and phrases Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kamma (caste) Kamma
2850-450: The two rivers that formed the boundaries of the region, or to the Buddhist monastic institutions called sanghakammas believed to have been once prevalent in the region. As the people of the region migrated to other parts, they were often referred to as the Kamma community ( kamma-kula ). Terms such as kamma-brahmana , kamma-komati , kamma-sreshti and kamma-kapu are attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people. The migration
2907-408: The year 1903. Krishna River is the second largest east flowing river of the peninsula. The flood waters of Krishna and Godavari rivers can be fully utilized by exporting water to other east flowing peninsular rivers up to Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu by constructing a coastal reservoir on the Bay of Bengal sea area. There are many dams constructed across the Krishna River. The Krishna River
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#17328512467362964-418: The year 2015 to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage in Andhra Pradesh. The irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of National Waterway 4 . The Krishna-Godavari delta known as "Rice Granary of India . " Krishna River basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil and gas, coal, iron, limestone , dolomite , gold, granite, laterite , uranium, diamonds, etc. The following are
3021-427: Was a great boon to the Kamma farmers. Availability of water and the natural propensity for hard work made the Kammas wealthy and prosperous. The money was put to good use by establishing numerous schools and libraries and encouraging their children to take up modern education. In 1921, Kammas had the highest literacy rate among other dominant castes, such as Reddis and Kapus, though it was lower than Brahmins. The money
3078-425: Was also invested into various companies, industries, such as food processing and transportation, and moneylending. The Kammas of Tamil Nadu, who speak Telugu at home, have also excelled in the cultivation of black cotton soils and later diversified into various industrial enterprises, particularly in Coimbatore and Kovilpatti . Coimbatore was known as the ‘Manchester of South India’ and its textile industry, which
3135-405: Was apparently quite extensive, and was made by possible by the Kammanadu's strategic location with access to the Deccan plateau as well as to the regions in the south and southwest. By 1872, only one-fourth of their total population was living in the original region. But the migrants retained links to the homeland and returned to it whenever the situation was favourable. The tradition holds that
3192-481: Was consolidated by Vengala Nayudu and Venkatadri Nayudu, who are Shayappa Nayudu's descendants, and their rule is presented as a peaceful epoch. Although modest actors in the Deccan, their main strength lay in their ability to shift allegiances, facilitated by Niyogi Brahmins , as seen with their initial allegiance to the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams after Vijayanagara's demise. The Ravella Nayaks were another prominent clan that served
3249-431: Was first apparent in 1323 AD at the downfall of Andhra's Kakatiya dynasty. Reciting voluminous records to prove that Kammas dominated the Kakatiya court, Chaudary suggests that the Reddis, also influential militarists at the time, struck a deal at Kamma expense with the Moslem conquerors of the Kakatiya regime. The Kammas lost their noble rank and were forced into farming. Prior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, creating
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