36-562: Coastal Andhra , also known as Kosta Andhra ( IAST : Kōstā Āndhra), is a geographic region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh , comprising the coastal districts of the state between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal , from the northern border with Orissa to Rayalaseema in the south. It includes major cities such as Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada as well as the state capital Amaravati and
72-676: A flourishing region under the Satavahanas before the Common Era . The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan Plateau from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE. It had trade relations with the Roman Empire. The Satavahanas made Dhanyakataka - Amaravathi their capital. According to historian Stanley Wolpert , it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. Coastal Andhra
108-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
144-707: A modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
180-605: A significant natural freshwater lake situated in West Godavari district, functions as a flood-balancing reservoir for the Godavari and Krishna rivers and supports up to 50,000 resident and migratory birds. Recognized as a wildlife sanctuary in 1999 under India's Wildlife Protection Act, Kolleru Lake was designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance in 2002. Additionally, the Godavari River splits into distributaries such as
216-435: Is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto ,
252-665: Is also home to major ports in Visakhapatnam and Kakinada , enhancing its status as a critical industrial and trading hub. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal, however, makes the region susceptible to tropical cyclones and coastal erosion, prompting investments in disaster preparedness and coastal management initiatives. The region of Andhra emerged as a prominent political power during the Maurya Empire . Historical accounts by Greek ambassador Megasthenes ( c. 310 BCE ) reference Andhra as
288-548: Is an administrative division in the Prakasam district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is one of the 3 revenue divisions in the district which consists of 12 mandals under its administration. Ongole is the administrative headquarters of the division. The 12 mandals in the revenue division are: 15°54′N 80°40′E / 15.900°N 80.667°E / 15.900; 80.667 This article about
324-654: Is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to
360-560: Is currently under construction to enhance air travel access to the region. Coastal Andhra is also home to several major ports, vital for the region's trade and commerce. Kakinada Port is a significant seaport, while Visakhapatnam Port is one of the busiest cargo-handling ports in India. Krishnapatnam Port at Nellore is a major private port in the region, and smaller ports such as Machilipatnam Port and Nizampatnam Port in Bapatla district further contribute to maritime trade. Andhra Pradesh
396-521: Is recognized for its fertile lands, rich cultural heritage, and economic importance. Coastal Andhra plays a significant role in the state's agricultural output, particularly in rice and tobacco production, supported by abundant water resources from the Godavari , Krishna , and Penna rivers. While Coastal Andhra generally includes the districts along the Bay of Bengal, the Uttarandhra (Northern Andhra) area
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#1732851917822432-527: Is situated in the eastern region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh , along the Circar Coast. It covers an area of 91,915 square kilometres (35,489 sq mi). It comprises 18 districts: Srikakulam , Vizianagaram , Parvathipuram Manyam , Alluri Sitarama Raju , Visakhapatnam , Anakapalli , Kakinada , Konaseema , East Godavari , West Godavari , Eluru , Krishna , NTR , Guntur , Palnadu , Bapatla , Prakasam , and Nellore . The region borders
468-485: Is sometimes regarded as distinct due to its unique cultural and historical background. Coastal Andhra shares borders with the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and the state of Telangana . Covering an area of 91,915 square kilometres (35,489 sq mi), Coastal Andhra accounts for 58% of Andhra Pradesh's total area and, as per the 2011 Census of India , hosts a population of over 3.4 crore , constituting 69.20% of
504-718: Is the classical dance form of the state, which was originated in the Kuchipudi village of Krishna district . Rice is the staple food in the coastal cuisine and is usually consumed with a variety of curries and lentil soups or broths. The cuisine of Coastal Andhra is influenced by various seafood varieties. The Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh comprises 18 districts: Srikakulam , Vizianagaram , Parvathipuram Manyam , Alluri Sitharama Raju , Visakhapatnam , Anakapalli , Kakinada , Konaseema , East Godavari , West Godavari , Eluru , Krishna , NTR , Guntur , Palnadu , Bapatla , Prakasam and Nellore . Many Chief Ministers from
540-548: Is the most populous city in the region, while Amaravati , serving as the state capital, is also situated within Coastal Andhra. Coastal Andhra is a prominent hub for Buddhist heritage in India, second only to the Gangetic plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh . The region holds numerous ancient Buddhist sites, featuring remnants of large monasteries , stupas , and other significant artifacts that span from Srikakulam district in
576-441: Is the second-busiest maritime state in India in terms of cargo handled, following Gujarat. National flag design Singers Telugu literature, arts and cinema International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It
612-406: The 2011 Census of India , Coastal Andhra has a total population of 34,195,655 constituting 69.20% of the state’s population. The majority of the population in Coastal Andhra practices Hinduism , accounting for approximately 93% of the residents. The Christian community represents around 1.51% of the region's population. The primary language spoken across Coastal Andhra is Telugu . Kuchipudi
648-753: The ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H
684-492: The Rayalaseema region within Andhra Pradesh and shares boundaries with the state of Telangana . Fertile lands in Coastal Andhra are supported by the presence of three major rivers: the Godavari , Krishna , and Penna , which enhance agricultural productivity through extensive irrigation systems. The coastal length of this region spans approximately 974 km, making it the second-longest coastline in India. According to
720-738: The Srisailam Temple in Nandyal district . In the mid-18th century, the Gajapati and Ganjam districts, which were part of Coastal Andhra, were granted to the French East India Company in 1752 but were later transferred to British control. Nellore, including areas reaching up to Ongole Taluk , came under British administration after being acquired from the Nawab of Arcot . Additionally, certain parts of present-day Nellore and Chittoor were managed by
756-746: The Venkatagiri Rajas until 1802, when the British entered into an arrangement with the Raja of Venkatagiri, consolidating their control over these territories. The Andhra districts, historically known as the Northern Circars , along with the Rayalaseema region, were ceded by the Nizam of Hyderabad to the British colonial administration, becoming part of the Madras Presidency under British rule. Coastal Andhra
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#1732851917822792-497: The Gouthami, Vasishta, Vainatheya, and Vruddha Gouthami before reaching the Bay of Bengal, creating an intricate riverine landscape across Coastal Andhra. Coastal Andhra is well-connected by various modes of transportation, including air, rail, and road networks, playing a crucial role in the region's connectivity and economy. The region's railway infrastructure includes several major stations such as Vijayawada railway station , one of
828-579: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Ongole revenue division Ongole revenue division (or Ongole division)
864-509: The busiest railway junctions in India, along with other key stations in Rajahmundry , Kakinada Town , Narsapuram , Machilipatnam , Guntur , Tenali , Nellore , and Repalle . Vijayawada serves as a central hub for numerous trains originating from and passing through the region. In terms of road transport, Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in
900-526: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
936-421: The country, handling a high volume of passengers. Buses operate from various towns and cities in the region, further connecting the area with major destinations across Andhra Pradesh and beyond. Air connectivity is provided by Visakhapatnam International Airport , Vijayawada International Airport and Rajahmundry Airport , which serve both domestic and limited international flights. Additionally, Nellore Airport
972-525: The diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and
1008-646: The north to Nellore district in the south. Key sites include Amaravathi , Salihundam , Ramatheertham , Thotlakonda , Bavikonda , Bojjannakonda , Kummarilova, Kodavali, and Bhattiprolu . Excavations at Gudiwada village in Vizianagaram district for instance, uncovered an ancient stupa mound, reflecting the depth of Buddhist influence across the region. Coastal Andhra is also noted for its diverse landscapes of rivers, lakes, and wetlands. The region contains 259 coastal wetlands, covering approximately 18,552 square kilometers, including 88 man-made wetlands. Kolleru Lake ,
1044-716: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
1080-507: The original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast,
1116-503: The region have held office in Andhra Pradesh and Andhra State . They are: Visakhapatnam , Vijayawada , Guntur , Nellore , Kakinada , Rajahmundry and Eluru are prominent cities in the Coastal Andhra region. Other major urban centers include Gudivada , Tenali , Narasaraopeta , Bhimavaram , Machilipatnam , Ongole , and Tadepalligudem . Important towns in the area include Chirala , Amalapuram , Palakollu , Narasapuram , Kavali , Chilakaluripet , and Kandukur . Visakhapatnam
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1152-464: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
1188-400: The short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold
1224-533: The state’s population. Coastal Andhra was formerly part of the Madras State until 1953 and then became part of Andhra State from 1953 to 1956. Historically, Coastal Andhra has been a centre of trade and culture, featuring strong traditions in literature, music, and dance. The region contributed actively to the Indian independence movement and continues to impact the state’s economy through industries such as information technology, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals. It
1260-483: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
1296-699: Was subsequently governed by the Eastern Chalukya dynasty between the 7th and 12th centuries CE, followed by successive rule under the Chola , Kakatiya , and Vijayanagara empires . According to 11th-century inscriptions, the geographical boundaries of Coastal Andhra extended from the Mahendragiri mountains in the northeastern border near Orissa ’s Gajapati district , to the Kalahasti Temple in Tirupati district , and
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