80-482: KDCA may refer to: Kadazandusun Cultural Association , an association of the indigenous ethnic groups of Sabah, Malaysia Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (ICAO: KDCA), an airport in Virginia, United States Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
160-610: A descendant of the Bunun tribe in Taiwan . Such speculations were made from observed similarities of physical features, and cultures between the Kadazandusun and the Bunun people. However, these rumours were proven irrelevant through both mtDNA and Y-DNA studies. Maternal or Matrilineal Studies Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) , is a test used to explore genetic ancestry from the mother using mtDNA that
240-690: A group of Central Dusunic sub-tribes that mainly resides in the Ulu Sugut river delta around the borders of Kota Marudu, Beluran, Telupid and also Ranau in the tripoint area of the West Coast, Sandakan and also Kudat divisions, but are also found in Keningau as well as Tambunan districts of the Interior division. United Sabah Party [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The United Sabah Party ( Malay : Parti Bersatu Sabah ; abbrev : PBS )
320-459: A hat that is called Siga (made out of weaved dastar fabric). The decorations and designs of the koubasanan costume are usually varied by region. For example, the koubasanan dress design for Kadazandusun women of Penampang usually comes in a set of sleeveless blouse combined with long skirts and no hats, while the koubasanan dress design for Kadazandusun women of Papar comes in a set of long sleeves blouse combined with knee-length skirts and wore with
400-426: A housekeeper amulet or talisman. The ancient Kadazandusun people believed that every house should have its guardians. Thus, they will use the "tandahau" spirit from the beheaded head for the purpose of protecting the house and its inhabitants from the attacks of enemies and wild animals. It is also important to place beheaded heads under the newly constructed bridge. The ancient Kadazandusuns believed that every river had
480-494: A siung hat. There are over 40 different designs of the Koubasanan costume across Sabah that belongs to different tribes of the Kadazandusun community. Sumazau dance is the traditional dance of Kadazandusun. Usually, the sumazau dance is performed by a pair of men and women dancers wearing traditional costumes. Sumazau dance is usually accompanied by the beats and rhythms of seven to eight gongs. The opening movement for sumazau dance
560-477: A spirit of water that is called tambaig . The beheaded heads will be placed or hung below the bridge as a peace offering for the tambaig so that the tambaig will not demolish the bridge. Beheaded heads are also used by bobohizan or bobolian for medical purposes, as well as the worship of the ancestors' spirits. The most common weapons used by the ancient headhunters of the Kadazandusun are Ilang , sakuit/mandau machetes, gayang swords, tandus/adus spears, and
640-431: A taming wood as a shield. This gruesome practice has been banned and no longer practice today. However, there is a rumour saying that primitive Kadazandusun clans living in isolation in the deep jungles are still actively practising the headhunting culture today. Yet, there has been no evidence to support this claim. The Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah (KDCA), previously known as Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA),
720-478: A youth and students' wing, Kadazandusun Youth Development Movement (KDYDM). The movement's main aims are to encourage more participation of the young generation in the activities of the association and be empowered in various fields so that they would be able to help develop the Kadazandusun community in general. Kadazandusun is the unification term and collective name for more than 70 sub-tribes or payat in Kadazandusun who call themselves as Dusun or Kadazan. Before
800-545: Is Joseph Pairin Kitingan who had broken away from the ruling Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah (BERJAYA) because of his differences with the Chief Minister of Sabah and party president, Harris Salleh in whose state cabinet Pairin served before the break-up. BERJAYA itself had ousted the previous state government of United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) to govern Sabah for 8 years from 1976 to 1985. PBS later formed
880-412: Is a political party of Sabah . The PBS was founded by Joseph Pairin Kitingan in 1985 and it is Sabah's oldest local party. In August 2020, PBS confirmed that they would be using their own logo and flag until Sabah's local coalition is established under Registrar of Societies (RoS). In 2022, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) is the only Sabah's local coalition that has been successfully registered under
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#1732847532477960-556: Is a non-political association of 40 indigenous ethnic communities of Sabah, registered under the Malaysian Societies Act 1966, on 29 April 1966 by the then Deputy Registrar of Societies Malaysia, J. P. Rutherford. It is headed by Huguan Siou Honorable Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Joseph Pairin Kitingan . The title "Huguan Siou" Office is an institutionalized Paramount Leadership of the Koisaan. The power and responsibility to bestow
1040-579: Is enough to refute the theory of Kadazandusun ethnic origin from Taiwan. Kee Boon Pin studies also mentioned that the mtDNA of the Kadazandusun ethnic are more diverse with plenty of variability that is missing which might have depleted (through mutations) in the mtDNA of the Bunun ethnic. Genetic depletion indicates newer mutation from the maternal DNA group. Professor Hirofumi Matsumura, who studies in Genetics and Anthropology , stated that mtDNA sub-haplogroup M7b1'2'4'5'6'7'8 founded in majority of Kadazandusun DNA
1120-496: Is evidence that the term has been used long before the 1950s. According to Owen Rutter (The Pagans of North Borneo, 1929, p31), "The Dusun usually describes himself generically as a tulun Tindal (landsman), or on the West Coast, particularly at Papar, as a Kadazan". Rutter started working in Sabah from 1910, and left Sabah in 1914. During this time interval, both Penampang and Papar district was yet to be developed as towns, therefore rejects
1200-610: Is insufficient to represent the whole Kadazandusun ethnicity. S.G. Tan did state that the Kadazandusun ethnic have close genome relation to the other ethnics currently present in Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines, including the Ibans , Visayan , Ifugao , Jakun Aboriginal Malays , Dayak Kalimantan , and Tagalog . According to Ken-ichi Shinoda in his study published in November 2014,
1280-1576: Is obtained from outside of a nucleus cell that isn't contaminated by the presence of Y-chromosome. According to a study published in 2014, by Kee Boon Pin on 150 volunteers from the Kadazandusun people all over the Sabah region, the Kadazandusun people belongs to 9 mtDNA Haplogroups (subjected to the numbers and types of samples involved in the study) , with Haplogroup M being the highest frequency, where it represents (60/150 40%) of all maternal lineages. Followed by Haplogroup R (26/150 17.33%), Haplogroup E (22/150 14.67%), Haplogroup B (20/150 13.33%), Haplogroup D (9/150 6%), Haplogroup JT (6/150 4%), Haplogroup N (4/150 2.67%), Haplogroup F (2/150 1.33) and Haplogroup HV (1/150 0.67%). These mtDNA Haplogroups have multiple subgroup distribution into several subclades due to genome mutations for thousands of years. The Haplogroup M subclades founded were: M 7b1'2'4'5'6'7'8 (22%), M 7c3c (12.67%), M 31a2 (0.67%), and M 80 (3.33%) . The Haplogroup E subclades founded were: E 1a1a (8%), E 1b+16261 (4.67%), and E 2 (2%) . The Haplogroup B subclades founded were: B 4a1a (3.33%), B 4b1 (1.33%), B 4b1a+207 (3.33%), B 4c2 (0.67%), B 4j (0.67%), B 5a (2%), and B 5a1d (1.33%) . The Haplogroup D subclades founded were: D 4s (1.33%), and D 5b1c1 (4.67%) . For Haplogroup F , H , JT , R and N , there were only 1 subclade founded for each haplogroup: F 1a4a1 (1.33%), H V2 (0.67%), JT (4%), R 9c1a (17.33%), N 5 (2.67%) . Kee Boon Pin studies confirmed
1360-473: Is one of the oldest mutations from M7 series from haplogroup M that was founded in ancient graveyards in the jungles of Borneo , with estimated age around 12,700 years. It is even older than most discovered ancient M7 series, and spread throughout the Southeast Asia continent creating more M7 mutation series. The mutation series products from M7b1'2'4'5'6'7'8 are present today in several ethnics including Jakun
1440-523: Is plausible to conclude that Kadazandusun people are indeed the aboriginals of Sabah, and Borneo, as well as one of the leading genetic contributors to Southeast Asian societies. The majority of the Kadazandusuns are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics and some Protestants . Islam is also practised by a growing minority, but it is the majority religion amongst the native Dusuns in Ranau. The influence of
1520-485: Is the parallel swing of the arms back and forth at the sides of the body, while the feet springs and move the body from left to right. Once the opening dance moves are integrated with the gong beats and rhythms, the male dancer will chant "heeeeee!" ( mamangkis ) indicating that it is time to change the dance moves. Upon hearing this chant, dancers will raise their hands to the sides of their body and in line with their chest, and move their wrists and arms up and down resembling
1600-535: Is yet to be verified to this day due to a lack of pure evidences that is free from contamination. The results obtained from genetic studies so far can only prove the human global travelling activities, but not as evidence to determine the place of origin of migrating humans. For example, the discovery of the Tianyuan man that has no conclusive answer to his place of origin. Based on the mtDNA and Y-DNA studies, as well as philosophies from genetic and anthropology experts, it
1680-465: The 1994 state elections by a narrow margin. However, numerous defections occurred as many PBS representatives switched allegiance to the then opposition BN coalition before PBS was even able to form a new state government. PBS subsequently rejoined the BN coalition in 2002, ending any form of opposition as BN fully occupied the state legislature and returning Sabah to the rule of the BN coalition that also holds
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#17328475324771760-652: The Lundayeh subgroup) ethnic descent, though the second and third largest ethnic membership are mostly Muslim Bumiputeras, mostly ethnic local Sabahan based ethnic Malay race ( Bruneian Malays and Cocos Malays ), and also from the Bajau community of peoples (the second-largest ethnic Bumiputera in the state including the Iranun subgroup and some Suluk together with the Chinese , alongside those of mixed-race or Sino-Native subgroup of
1840-629: The Registrar of Societies (RoS) making PBS interested in using the coalition's logo and becoming part of the coalition's component. Since 2022, the PBS acts as an allied partner, providing confidence and supply to the ruling federal Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. It is a major component of the Sabah-based Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) state governing alliance. PBS was registered as a political party on 5 March 1985. Its founding President
1920-565: The Rungus tribe refused to be called neither as Kadazan, Dusun or any combination of the two. They prefer to be called "Momogun," which means "indigenous people" in Kadazan, Dusun, and Rungus because the three groups belong to the same language family that is Dusunic. Meanwhile, the Muruts and Lundayeh also refused the term, but remain their warm relationship with KDCA and responded positively in ways to unite
2000-615: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) since 2004. Kadazandusuns are part of the bumiputera in Malaysia having been endowed with rights concerning land, rivers, education and maintaining their own customary laws. The "Kadazan" term is used among the Tangara/Tangaa' tribe on the west coast of Sabah to refer to themselves. Non-Tangara tribes within the same dialectal and cultural continuum in
2080-449: The sogindai rock indicates that ten heads had been hanged on that tree. The three main ethnic groups in Sabah that are known for headhunting practices history are the Kadazandusun, Rungus and the Murut . There are five objectives for the headhunting practices. The beheaded heads will be kept and maintained using ancient practices and rituals. One of the uses of the beheaded heads is as
2160-431: The "Kadazan versus Dusun" conflicts that had impeded the growth and development of the Kadazandusun since "Kadazan versus Dusun" sentiments were politicised in the early 1960s. It was the best alternative generic identity as well as the most appropriate approach in resolving the "Kadazan versus Dusun" conflicts. Although this action is seen as the best alternative to resolving the ongoing "Kadazan versus Dusun" conflicts since
2240-478: The 1960s, its positive effect is only seen by the year 2000 to the present day when the new generation is no longer in the "Kadazan versus Dusun" feudalism mentality. The unification has since strengthened the ties and brought the Kadazandusun community together as an ethnic group towards more positive and prosperous growth in terms of urbanisation, sociocultural, economic and political development. The Orang Sungai or Paitanic group welcomed this resolution, however,
2320-432: The Bunun ethnic have the mtDNA of haplogroup B (41.5%), followed by F (30.3%), E (23.6%), M (3.4%) and N (1.1%). Although the Kadazandusun ethnic group shared some of maternal mtDNA haplogroups with the Bunun and Paiwan ethnic groups of Taiwan, the high frequency results of haplogroup M and low frequencies of haplogroups B, E, F and N (insignificant to represent the entire said nation) in the genetics of Kadazandusun ethnicity
2400-606: The Chinese minority). Its declared political mission is to strive to safeguard Sabah's autonomy and state rights, promoting democratic principles, economic advancement, human rights and a fair justice system. It also seeks preserving the traditional culture of each race in Sabah and freedom of religion in Malaysia . Among the most vocal issues voiced by the party were the issue of illegal immigrants along with ' ghost voters' in Sabah ,
2480-879: The English-speaking missionaries in British North Borneo during the late 19th century, particularly the Catholic Mill Hill mission , resulted in Christianity , in its Roman Catholic form, rising to prominence amongst Kadazans in Penampang as well as Papar in Sabah's West Coast division as well as a large majority of Dusuns in Tambunan district. A minority are from other Christian denominations, such as Anglicanism and Borneo Evangelical Church (SIB), Lutheranism , True Jesus Church and Seventh-day Adventism . Before
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2560-546: The KDCA's concern and responsibility. The KDCA fosters unity, friendship, and co-operation among the multi-racial population of Sabah through its participatory cultural programs and celebrations such as the Village, District and State levels Annual "Kaamatan Festival". It has sent Cultural Performance Troupes on goodwill tours to the other Malaysian States, to neighbouring Asian Countries, to Europe, America, Canada and New Zealand. KDCA has
2640-516: The Kadazan has always been used to describe the real people of the land. That substantiated Rutter's remark on Kadazan people in his book. One interesting fact about the Dusuns is that they do not have the word 'Dusun' in their vocabulary, and the term Dusun is an exonym. Unlike the term " Kadazan ," which means "people of the land", "Dusun" means "farm/orchard" in the Malay language. It has been suggested that
2720-559: The Kadazandusun Paramount Leadership Title "Huguan Siou" rests with the KDCA, which, upon the vacancy of the Huguan Siou's Office, may hold an Extraordinary Delegate's Conference to specifically resolve the installation of their Huguan Siou. However, if no leader is considered worthy of the Huguan Siou's title, the office would rather be left vacant (out of respect for the highly dignified and nearly sacred office of
2800-499: The Kadazandusun culture: language and literary works; Bobolians & Rinaits; traditional medicine, traditional food, and beverages; music, songs, dances, and dramas; traditional arts, crafts, and designs; traditional sports; traditional wears and costumes. Lately, along with the growing international cooperation of the world's indigenous peoples, indigenous knowledge, intellectual property, and traditional resource rights conservation, enhancement and protection have also become new areas of
2880-446: The Kadazandusun people is the Koubasanan costume from the Penampang district. The koubasanan costume from the Penampang district consists of Sinuangga worn by women and Gaung for men. Sinuangga comes with a waistband called Himpogot (made out of connected silver coins, also known as the money belt), Tangkong (made out of copper loops or rings fastened by strings or threads), Gaung (decorated with gold lace and silver buttons) and
2960-542: The Kadazandusun's Huguan Siou), until such time as a deserving Kadazandusun leader is undoubtedly established. The birth of the Society of Kadazan Penampang in 1953 paved the way for the formation of the Kadazan Cultural Association Sabah (KCA) in 1963, which in turn was transformed into the present KDCA on 25 September 1991. From its inception in the early 1950s, the KDCA has focused much of its efforts on
3040-569: The Kadazans and Dusun classified as a single ethnic group by the government while Rungus and Orang Sungai grouped as "Bumiputera Lain" along with Bisaya, Tidong, Sino-natives and other Sabahan natives ethnic group. List of Kadazandusun tribes and sub-tribes: Central Dusun or Bunduliwan are the largest group of Dusun and concentrated in West Coast, Interior as well as a part of the Kudat division (Kota Marudu district). Ulu Sugut Dusun or Talantangic are
3120-489: The Northern Borneon Dusun (Sonsogon, Rungus, Lingkabau and Murut) are closely related to Taiwan natives (Ami, Atayal) and non–Austro-Melanesian Filipinos (Visayan, Tagalog, Ilocano, Minanubu), rather than populations from other parts of Borneo Island. Since the 90s, it has been said that the Kadazandusun people are descendants from China . Most recently, rumour has it that Kadazandusun is closely related, or might be
3200-515: The PN and GRS pacts separately. However, PBS expressed that they will stick to their own logo and flag until the actual local coalition is established under the RoS in the next and subsequent elections. In 2022, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) is the only coalition that has been successfully registered under the Registrar of Societies (RoS) making PBS interested in using the coalition's logo and becoming part of
3280-666: The aboriginal of peninsular Malaysia , Dusun in Brunei , Tagalog and Visayas in the Philippines , and Dayak in Kalimantan and Riau Islands of Indonesia . Y chromosome DNA test (Y-DNA test) is a genealogical DNA test that is used to explore a man's patrilineal or direct father's-line ancestry. According to a study by Prof. Dr. Zafarina Zainuddin from Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kadazandusun ethnic belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup of O2-P31 (O-268), which she believes plays an important role in
KDCA - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-492: The bamboo flute, sompoton, togunggak, gong, and kulintangan. Musical instruments in Sabah are classified into Cordophones ( tongkungon , gambus, sundatang or gagayan ), Erophon ( suling , turali or tuahi , bungkau , sompoton ), and Idofon ( togunggak , gong or tagung , kulintangan ) and membranophones (kompang, gendang or tontog). The most common musical instruments in Kadazandusun ceremonies are gong and kulintangan. The gong beats usually varies by regions and districts, and
3440-463: The beheaded enemies were collected not only as triumph trophies but also for spiritual and traditional medicinal practices. The beheading tradition was not intended for the purpose of war alone, but rather to meet the society's cultural demands and expectations, and to fulfill the sacrificial requirements of the ancient rituals. In the olden times, a Kadazandusun man's pride and power were measured by his courage and physical strength in combat, as well as
3520-419: The body. In other words, a dead heart means dead (useless) head. Shall any beheader go against this rule, the beheader will be condemned by a curse that will bring unfortunate fate upon him. The Kadazandusuns keep their enemy's skulls in a house called bangkawan . The bobolian will perform a ritual to speak with the spirits in the skulls, now as servants, to ask them to protect their community as they believed
3600-407: The climax dates for the state-level celebration that happens at the place of the yearly Kaamatan Festival host. Today's Kaamatan celebration is very synonymous with beauty pageant competition known as Unduk Ngadau , a singing competition known as Sugandoi , Tamu , non-halal food and beverages stalls, and handicraft arts and cultural performances in traditional houses. During the old days, Kaamatan
3680-488: The coalition's component. Since 2023, PBS officially become the major component of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) and one of the founding parties of the coalition. Although it is mainly seen as an ethnically-based Kadazan-Dusun political party, PBS calls itself a "Malaysian multi-racial political party". Members are mostly of Kadazan-Dusun (from both the Dusunic plus Paitanic ethnolinguistic groups) and Murut (including
3760-536: The customs and traditions of the ancestors. Today, Kaamatan is more symbolic as a reunion time with family and loved ones. Domestically, modern Kaamatan is celebrated as per individual personal aspiration with the option of whether or not to serve the Kadazandusun traditional food and drinks which are mostly non-halal. A few of the most well known traditional food of the Kadazandusun people are hinava , noonsom , pinaasakan , bosou , tuhau , kinoring , sinalau , pork soup and lihing (rice wine) chicken soup. Some of
3840-405: The deceased spirits will still remain inside the skulls. Before being placed in the bangkawan , the heads are hung under a huge tree until only the skull remained. A huge rock will be placed under the tree. This rock is called sogindai . The sogindai is then used to keep count of how many heads had been hanged on the tree by making totok (marks) on its surface. For example, 10 totok (marks) on
3920-512: The derivation theory altogether. To seek better information of the true meaning of the term "Kadazan", two high priestesses of Borneo or locally referred to as Bobohizan (Kadazan) or Bobolian (Dusun) was interviewed. When the Bobolian of Dusun Lotud descent was asked on the meaning and definition of "Kadazan", her answer was, "people of the land". This definition was endorsed when Bobohizan Dousia Moujing of Kadazan Penampang descent confirmed that
4000-655: The establishment of the British North Borneo Company, the British administration categorised the linguistically similar, 12 main and 33 sub-tribes collectively as 'Dusun' though among themselves they are simply known in their own dialect as just "human" or in their Bobolian term "kadayan" or "kadazan" (in Tangaa version). The Tambanuo and Bagahak, who had converted to Islam for religious reasons, had preferred to be called "Sungei" and "Idaan" respectively although they come from
4080-456: The ethnicity term to be officialised and administrated separately. In 1985 through the KCA, the term Dusun was reintroduced after much pressure from various parties desiring a division between the Kadazan and the Dusuns once again. This action only worsened the conflict by developing the "Kadazan or Dusun identity crisis" into "Kadazan versus Dusun feud". It was also a largely successful and a precursor to
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#17328475324774160-434: The fall of the ruling political state party Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS). In November 1989, through the KCA, PBS coined the new term 'Kadazandusun' to represent both the 'Orang Dusun' and 'Kadazan'. This unified term "Kadazandusun" was unanimously passed as a resolution during the 5th Kadazan Cultural Association's Delegates Conference. During the conference, it was decided that this was the best alternative approach to resolve
4240-535: The federal parliament. Following the fall of both federal and state BN governments in the 2018 general election (GE14), PBS left the coalition and formed a new Sabah-based informal coalition of parties known as the United Alliance (Sabah) or Gabungan Bersatu (Sabah) and also the succeeding United Sabah Alliance or Gabungan Sabah Bersatu . During the 2020–21 Malaysian political crisis later, PBS has become allied partner providing confidence and supply to
4320-642: The following mutation sequences: M214> M175> MSY2.2> M119> M50> O1a2, and M214> M175> P31> M95> M88> M111 / M88> PK4> O2a1a. Mutation sequences for O1a2-M50 and O2a1a-M88 shown in the Phylogenetic tree below. The age of Y-DNA haplogroup O2-P31 (O-M268) is estimated to be at around 34,100 years through conducted DNA ageing tests on the ancient human bones discovered in Niah Cave, Sarawak. The mean ages of Y-DNA haplogroups of O1a2-M50 and O2a1a-M88 are 33,103 and 28,500, respectively. From
4400-457: The gong beats that is often played at the official Kaamatan celebration in KDCA is the gong beats from the Penampang district. Kadazandusun people use natural materials as resources in producing handicrafts, including the bamboo, rattan, lias, calabash, and woods. Few of the many handicrafts that are synonym to the Kadazandusun people are wakid , barait , sompoton , pinakol , siung hat, parang, paddy cutter linggaman , and gayang . Before
4480-558: The interior and eastern part of the state prefer the term "Dusun". Administratively, the Kadazans were called 'Orang Dusun' by the Bruneian Sultanate (or more specifically the tax-collectors). An account of this fact was written by the first census made by the North Borneo Company in Sabah, 1881. Administratively, all Kadazans were categorised as Dusuns. Through the establishment of the KCA – Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA
4560-770: The issue of the IC Project in East Malaysia , unbalanced development and the 20 points of the Malaysian Agreement 1963 for Sabah 's entry into Malaysia . Since 1994 major defections from PBS, several political parties with similar ideologies have emerged. The closest one is the STAR Party , founded by Datuk Dr. Jeffrey G. Kitingan , the younger brother of the former president of PBS, Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Joseph Pairin Kitingan . Other similar parties include Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah . PBS has currently only 1 MP in
4640-465: The largest ethnic group in Sabah , Malaysia , an amalgamation of the closely related indigenous Kadazan and Dusun peoples. "Kadazandusun" is an umbrella term that encompasses both the Kadazan and Dusun peoples. They are also known as Mamasok Sabah , meaning "indigenous people of Sabah". Kadazandusun tradition holds that they are the descendants of Nunuk Ragang . Kadazandusun is recognised as an indigenous nation of Borneo with documented heritage by
4720-549: The mentioned handicrafts were promoted and commercialised to represent the Kadazandusun cultures, they were once tools that were used in daily lives. In fact, some of these handicrafts are still used for its original purpose to this day. Wakid and barait are used to carry harvested crops from farms. Sompoton is a musical instrument. Pinakol is an accessory used in ceremonials and rituals. Parang/machetes, gayang /swords and tandus (a kind of spear) are used as farming and hunting tools, as well as weapons in series of civil wars of
4800-414: The missionaries came, animism was widely practiced. The religion is Momolianism i.e. the two-way communication between the unseen spirit world and the seen material world facilitated by the services of a category of Kadazandusun people called Bobohizans/Bobolians . The Kadazandusun belief system centers around the spirit or entity called Bambarayon . It revolved around the belief that spirits ruled over
4880-526: The modern Malay genome sequence. O2-P31 is a mutation product of M214 as a maternal haplogroup with the following mutation sequences: M214> M175> P31> O2. This study was also validated by a genetic study group from National Geographic that revealed STR test results through samples taken from Kadazandusun residents of Belud City in 2011. The STR results were: DYS393: 15 DYS439: 12 DYS388: 12 DYS385a: 16 DYS19: 15 DYS389-1: 13 DYS390: 25 DYS385b: 20 DYS391: 11 DYS389-2: NaN DYS426: 11 DYS392: 13, which explains
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#17328475324774960-411: The movement of a flying bird. There is plenty of choreography of sumazau dance, but the signature dance move of the sumazau will always be the flying bird arms movement, parallel arms swinging back and forth at the sides of the body, and the springing feet. The Kadazandusun traditional music is usually orchestrated in the form of a band consist of musicians using traditional musical instruments, such as
5040-534: The mtDNA studies conducted by S. G. Tan, on his claim of genetic relation between Kadazandusun to another Taiwan aboriginal, the Paiwan people through the sharing of Haplogroup N as the fundamental DNA. However, in his studies published in 1979, S.G. Tan did not emphasise the significant of this finding to the Out Of Taiwan theory due to the very small percentage of Haplogroup N found in the Kadazandusun test subjects that
5120-622: The new ruling federal government Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition set-up by prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin . On 12 September 2020, PBS joined the Hajiji Noor re-formed Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) or Sabah People's Alliance just before the 2020 Sabah state election which was won eventually by the GRS to form the state government. As a result, PBS has signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) of both
5200-415: The number of heads of fallen enemies that were brought home. The "rule of thumb" for headhunting practice was that the defeated enemy had to be alive during the time of the beheading, as it would be meaningless to behead the deceased. This is due to the traditional Kadazandusun belief that man's intelligence, spirit and courage are in his head (called tandahau ), while the heart functions as the life source to
5280-478: The origins of the term or its originator. Between the late 1950s and early 1960s, the term "Kadazan" has always been theorised by local folks as derivatives from the word "kakadazan" which means towns, or "kadai" which means shops, the term itself is of a Tangaa' dialect (see Tangga language ). The derived term was speculated as a reference to townies, or communities living near shops. This has also been explained in an article by Richard Francis Tunggolou. However, there
5360-496: The past, which indirectly made the Kadazandusun known as headhunters in the past. The practice of headhunting is one of the ancient traditions practiced by the Kadazandusun community during the times of the civil wars. The Kadazandusun refer to this practice as mangayau and the beheader as pangayou or pangait and tonggorib . In the past, Kadazandusun people often go to sangod (war) and behead their enemy's and keep their skull as trophy and for spiritual reason. The heads of
5440-430: The planting and harvesting of rice, a profession that had been practised for generations. Special rituals would be performed before and after each harvest by a tribal priestess known as a Bobohizan . Harvest Festival or Pesta Kaamatan is an annual celebration by the people of Kadazandusun in Sabah. It is a one-month celebration starting from 1 to 31 May. In modern-day of Kaamatan Festival celebration, 30 and 31 May are
5520-492: The preservation, development, enrichment, and promotion of the Kadazandusun multi-ethnic cultures. The KDCA's Triennial Delegates Conference provides a forum where the various Kadazandusun multi-ethnic representatives discuss major issues affecting them and their future and take up both individual and collective stands and actions to resolve common challenges. The KDCA is involved in various activities related to research and documentation, preservation, development, and promotions of
5600-517: The same sub-tribes. It was also suggested that "Orang Dusun" or "Dusun People" also being used as a term to refer to the forest-dwellers, and farming primitive tribes in the interior of northern Borneo. The usage of this term was then continued by the North Borneo Chartered Company and British colonial governments. According to a Genome-wide SNP genotypic data studies by human genetics research team from University Malaysia Sabah (2018),
5680-549: The specific composition of the Y chromosome according to the Y-DNA haplogroup of O2-P31 (O-M268). Mutation sequences for O2-P31 are shown in the Phylogenetic tree below. According to the Y-DNA study by Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, and Ju-Chen Yen, the Bunun ethnic in Taiwan belongs to Y-DNA haplogroups of O1a2-M50 and O2a1a-M88. Both of these Y-DNA haplogroups are also the result of mutations of M214 as their maternal Y-DNA haplogroups with
5760-622: The state government after winning the May 1985 state elections . Following the 1986 Sabah riots after winning the 1986 state election, PBS joined the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition and governed Sabah from 1985 to 1994. However, on the eve of the July 1990 state elections , PBS pulled out of the BN to join the Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition and won the state election for a third time. It also won
5840-466: The study's result, the claims related to Kadazandusun being ancient migrants from Taiwan are completely irrelevant. This is because the age of the Y-DNA haplogroup O2-P31 belong to the Kadazandusun ethnic group is older compared to the Bunun Y-DNA haplogroups in Taiwan. Initially, the purpose of starting the genetic haplogroup lineage was to determine the origin of the human lineage. However, the objective
5920-545: The term 'Orang Dusun' was a term used by the Sultan of Brunei , who was a Malay to refer to the ethnic groups of inland farmers in present-day Sabah. Since most of the west coast of North Borneo was under the influence of the Sultan of Indonesia, taxes called 'Duis' (also referred to as the 'River Tax' on the area of southeast of North Borneo) were collected by the sultanate from the 'Orang Dusun', or 'Dusun people'. Hence, since 1881, after
6000-954: The terms "Kadazan" and exonym "Dusun" coined, there is no name for the nation and every tribes and sub-tribes named after their place of origins or the name of their ancestor or their past leader. "Ethnicity" or "nation" and "people" or "man" in Dusunic languages is known as tinaru/tinau and tulun/tuhun respectively. In Paitanic languages, the word "people" is known as lobu . So Kadazandusun people in their native languages called as Tinaru Kadazandusun . Linguistically, all Kadazandusun tribes (including Rungus) belong to Dusunic languages family except Dusun Bonggi (variety of Molbog language) and Lahad Datu Dusuns who spoke Idaanic languages, while all Orang Sungai tribes spoke Paitanic languages. Paitanic and Dusunic languages families are closely related, together they formed Greater Dusunic languages family. General classification of Kadazandusun nation: However, only
6080-561: The title KDCA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KDCA&oldid=977887227 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Airport disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kadazandusun Cultural Association Kadazandusun (also written as Kadazan-Dusun or Mamasok ) are
6160-498: The two largest Sabahan native groups. Nowadays, the umbrella term "KDMR" (an acronym for Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, and Rungus) is very popular among the younger generations of the three native groups in Sabah to differ themselves from the Malay or Muslim Bumiputra in the state. Another modification of this term is "Momogun KDMR" in Kadazandusun and Rungus or "Mamagun KDMR" in Murut. There is no proper historical record that exists pertaining to
6240-470: The well known traditional drinks of Kadazandusun are tapai , tumpung , lihing and bahar . The traditional costume of the Kadazandusun is generally called the Koubasanan costume, made out of black velvet fabric with various decorations using beads, flowers, coloured buttons, golden laces, linen, and unique embroidery designs. The traditional costume that is commonly commercialised as the cultural icon of
6320-504: Was celebrated to give thanks to ancient God and rice spirits for the bountiful harvesting to ensure continuous paddy yield for the next paddy plantation season. Nowadays, the majority of the Kadazandusun people have embraced Christianity and Islam. Although the Kaamatan is still celebrated as an annual tradition, it is no longer celebrated for the purpose to meet the demands of the ancestral spiritual traditions and customs, but rather in honouring
6400-526: Was later renamed to KDCA – Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association ) in 1960, this terminology was corrected and replaced by 'Kadazan', which was also used as the official designation of the non-Muslim natives by the first Chief Minister of North Borneo , Tun Fuad Stephens @ Donald Stephens . When the Federation of Malaysia was formed in 1963, administratively all Dusuns were referred to as Kadazans which sparked opposition from both Kadazan and Dusun sides who wanted
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