94-447: Uttarāmnāya Śrī Jyotish Pītham or JyotirMath is one amongst the four cardinal pīthams established by the Ādi Śaṅkara 1300 years ago to preserve Hinduism and Advaita Vedānta , the doctrine of non-dualism . Located in the city of Joshimath , Chamoli district , Uttarakhand , India , it is the uttarāmnāya matha or Northern Āmnāya Pītham, amongst the four Chaturamnay Peethams - Kalady Kerala, birthplace of Adi Shankara with
188-577: A prasutishala (maternity house), vaidya (physician), an arogyashala (health house) and a viprasattra (kitchen) with the religious center where people from all social background could be fed and cared for. The historical role of mathas as knowledge and services repository is attested in early Sanskrit texts, as well as many historical inscriptions found along the ruins of Indian temples and monasteries. For example, several stone inscriptions in Sanskrit and Western Chalukya era Kannada have been found near
282-541: A Dandi Sannyasi. Swami Swaroopanand became president of the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad, established by Swami Karpatri. On Swami Krishnabodha Ashrama's demise in 1973 the title of Shankaracharya (disputed) of Jyotir Math, Badrinath passed to Swami Swaroopanand. Later he also became the Shankaracharya of Dwarka peeth in 1982. The title of Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math was disputed by some.[4] He
376-638: A Shaiva matha , for example, dates to around 800 CE, which was attached to a temple. It hosted scholars and students for theosophical studies. Another inscription from about 1100 CE, states Hartmut Scharfe, attests that a matha was the center of medieval medical studies ( Charaka Samhita ) and of Vedic grammar in Tamil Nadu. Madhvacharya , the founder of Dvaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, studied in an Advaita Vedanta monastery, but found Advaita unconvincing, and launched theistic Dvaita school of Vedanta interpretation, establishing Mathas (monasteries) by
470-522: A big attraction for people in Delhi and many other parts of the country. Prasad acted independently of political parties, following the expected role of the president as required by the constitution. Following the tussle over the enactment of the Hindu Code Bill , he took a more active role in state affairs. In 1962, after serving 12 years as president, he announced his decision to retire. After relinquishing
564-566: A half years after independence, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified, and he was elected as the first President of India . On the night of 25 January 1950 (a day before the Republic Day of India ), his sister Bhagwati Devi died. He arranged her cremation but only after his return from the parade ground. As the President of India, Prasad duly acted as required by
658-747: A militant group, trained in arms, rebelled against Islamic rule and at times cooperated with the British colonial officials as mercenaries. Known for his egalitarian views in a time of political uncertainty and Hindu-Islam conflicts, Ramananda and his matha accepted disciples without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion (he accepted Muslims). Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement poet-sants such as Kabir , Ravidas , Bhagat Pipa and others, however some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence. His ideas also influenced
752-610: A now deceased disciple of Brahmananda, was offered the title but refused to accept it. Later, it was claimed that five months before his death, Brahamananda had made a will and registered it with the District Registrar in Allahabad . The will named his disciple, 1) Sri Ramji Tripathi - Swami Shantanand Saraswati as his successor and Dwaraka Prasad Sastry - 2) Swami Dwarakeshananda Saraswati, 3) Swami Vishnudevananda Saraswati and 4) Swami Paramatmananda Saraswati as alternate choices. As
846-525: A number of Gurus made claim to the Shankaracharya title and lawsuits representing the claimants and their representatives date back to the 1900s. For a time, the head priest, Raval of the Badrinath Temple was thought by some to hold the Shankaracharya title there. However, the formal occupation of the Matha only officially began when the leaders of the other three Mathas convinced Brahmananda Saraswati to accept
940-619: A period of two years. He secured first in the entrance examination to the University of Calcutta and was awarded Rs. 30 per month as a scholarship. Prasad joined the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1902, initially as a science student. He passed the F. A. under the University of Calcutta in March 1904 and then graduated with a first division from there in March 1905. Impressed by his intellect, an examiner once commented on his answer sheet that
1034-595: A place for teaching the six systems of philosophy—namely the Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Mīmāṃsā, Sāṃkhya, Buddhist, etc.; a place for teaching the treatises on Yoga— namely the Lākulasiddhānta, the work of Patañjali, and others; a place for various [branches of] learning (vividhavidyāsthāna), such as the 18 Purāṇas, the Dharmaśāstras, all Kāvya compositions, drama, dance, and so on; a place for the provision of food (annadā- nasthāna) to
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#17328584289751128-661: A pontiff, who is considered to be an authority on Saiva Siddhanta. Aadheenams are from the Vellalar community who are devout followers of Shaiva Siddhanta . Vellalars are a traditionally farmers and landowning community found in Tamil Nadu with a strong tradition of education and scholarship. There is also a Hawaii Adheenam , established by Srilankan Tamil immigrants in Hawaii. Nagarathars are also followers of Saiva Siddhanta. The history of Aadheenams in South India can be traced back to
1222-644: A prominent role in the Champaran Movement and Non-cooperation Movement . Prasad served in various educational institutions as a teacher. After completing his M.A in economics, he became a professor of English at the Langat Singh College of Muzaffarpur in Bihar and went on to become the principal. However, later on he left the college to undertake legal studies and entered the Ripon College, Calcutta (now
1316-576: A range of names such as Jogi (Yogis), Natha , Darshani , Kanphata of Gorakshanath sampradaya . Shaiva Siddhanta is a theistic school of Shaivism based on dualism (human soul and God are different), and it established matha at least from the middle of 1st millennium CE. Archeological evidence dated to 724 CE suggests the existence of an influential Saiva Siddhanta matha named after Mattamayura . Other historical evidence suggests that these Shaiva monks were active in Shaiva theosophical scholarship and
1410-555: A result, Swami Shantanand Saraswati assumed the Shankarcharya-ship, but his authority was disputed by other 3 Shankaracharya's Puri, Dwaraka, Sringeri and several of Swami Sri Brahmananda Saraswati Ji Maharaj's disciples and followers who did not feel that Shantanand met the requirements described in the 2500 Yrs Adi Shankarachaya Mathamnaya Mahanushasana texts. the Law of 4 Amnaya Peeths, Meanwhile, others claimed that Brahmananda's death
1504-556: A scholar variously dated to be from 11th to 13th century, proposed a compromise that was inclusive of all Vedanta schools, stating that everyone is right, that truth is simultaneously Advaita, Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita at the same time, calling his philosophy as Dvaitadvaita or Bhedabheda system. He moved to Vrindavan-Mathura, and launched a matha centered around loving devotion to Radha-Krishna (Radheshyam) worship. This group emphasized togetherness of community, public singing and constant bhakti. The Mathas of this group are: Ramananda
1598-541: Is a monastery, often with numerous students, many teachers and an institutionalized structure to help sustain and maintain its daily operations. Their organization is more sophisticated than an Ashrama or Gurukul which is usually boutique and caters to a smaller group of students. A matha , like a college, designates teaching, administrative and community interaction functions, with prefix or suffix to names, with titles such as Guru , Acharya , Swami and others. In Lingayat Shaiva mathas for example, teachers are Gurus ,
1692-548: Is an active Shaivism monastery named after the medieval saint, Gorakhnath of the Nath sampradaya. The matha and town of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The monastery and the temple performs various cultural and social activities and serves as the cultural hub of the city. The monastery also publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath. Rajendra Prasad Rajendra Prasad (3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963)
1786-542: Is available to us today as the eternal reviver and highest authority of Shastras. Matha Traditional A matha ( /mʌt/ ; Sanskrit : मठ , maṭha ), also written as math , muth , mutth , mutt , or mut , is a Sanskrit word that means 'institute or college', and it also refers to a monastery in Hinduism . An alternative term for such a monastery is adheenam . The earliest epigraphical evidence for mathas related to Hindu-temples comes from
1880-537: Is in Kanchi, from the 4th-century CE. The matha tradition of Hinduism attracted royal patronage, attracting endowments to support studies, and these endowments established, states Hartmut Scharfe, what may be "the earliest case on record of a university scholarship". Some of these medieval era mathas of Hinduism in Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu , were for Vedanta studies, but some mathas from
1974-503: Is no system of Will in Adi Shankarachaya Parampara how Swami Sri Brahmananda Saraswati writes a Will in faviour of any person ?, this it self proved that the claimed will is fake and fabricated, forgery, other 3 Shankaracharya's did not recognize alleaged "Will" Relevant organizations involved in reviving Jyotir Math, including a committee of pundits from Varanasi, BDM proposed Swami Krishnabodha Ashrama Ji Maharaj as
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#17328584289752068-688: Is one of the legendary monasteries in the Nath tradition which attracted converts from Buddhism and infusion of Buddhist ideas into Shaivism, and it continues to be a part of the Nath Shaiva tradition, particularly during the Kumbh Mela celebrations in modern times. The Nath Siddha tradition of Shaivism is credited with establishing numerous Shiva Hindu temples and monasteries, particularly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, north Bihar, and Nepal. The Gorakhnath matha
2162-468: Is one's spiritual guide, who helps one to discover the same potentialities that the guru has already realized. The guru concept is traceable to ancient Vedic times, found in traditional schools as well as a matha . The oldest references to the concept of guru are found in the earliest Vedic texts of Hinduism . The guru , and gurukul – a school run by guru , were an established tradition in India by
2256-436: Is someone who is a " teacher , guide or master" of certain knowledge. He or she is someone more than a teacher, traditionally a reverential figure to the student, with the guru serving as a "counselor, who helps mold values, shares experiential knowledge as much as literal knowledge, an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who helps in the spiritual evolution of a student." The term also refers to someone who primarily
2350-465: Is supreme being) and as per the tradition initiated by Adi Shankara it holds authority over Atharva Veda . The head of the matha is called Shankaracharya , the title derives from Adi Shankara . Deities worshipped in JyotirMath are Lord Narayana and Shakti-Purnagiri. Jyotir Math is the uttaramnaya matha or northern monastery, one of four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankara ,
2444-636: The Vishishtadvaita philosophy include Parakala Matha at Mysore , Karnataka; Ahobila Matha at Ahobilam , Andhra Pradesh ; and Srimad Andavan Ashramam at Srirangam , Tamil Nadu. Other major and influential mathas belong to various schools of Hindu philosophy, such as those of Vaishnavism and Shaivism. The monastery host and feed students, sannyasis (monks, renouncers, ascetics), gurus and are led by acharyas . These monasteries are sometimes attached to Hindu temples and have their codes of conduct, initiation and election ceremonies. The mathas in
2538-583: The Indian National Congress in the year 1911, when the annual session was again held in Calcutta. During the Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress held in 1916, he met Mahatma Gandhi . During one of the fact-finding missions at Champaran , Mahatma Gandhi asked him to come with his volunteers. He was so greatly moved by the dedication, courage and conviction of Mahatma Gandhi that as soon as
2632-725: The Ramayana and Mahabharata to her son. He was the youngest child and had one elder brother and three elder sisters. His mother died when he was a child, and his elder sister then took care of him. After the completion of traditional elementary education, he was sent to the Chhapra District School. Meanwhile, in June 1896, at the early age of 12, he was married to Rajavanshi Devi. He, along with his elder brother, Mahendra Prasad Srivastava, then went to study at T.K. Ghosh's Academy in Patna for
2726-567: The Surendranath Law College ). In 1909, while pursuing his law studies in Kolkata he also worked as Professor of Economics at Calcutta City College . In 1915, Prasad appeared in the examination of masters in law from the Department of Law, University of Calcutta , passed the examination and won a gold medal. He completed his Doctorate in Law from Allahabad University . In 1916, he joined
2820-736: The " examinee is better than examiner ". Later he decided to focus on the study of arts and did his M.A. in Economics with a first division from the University of Calcutta in December 1907. There he lived with his brother in the Eden Hindu Hostel . A devoted student as well as a public activist, he was an active member of The Dawn Society . It was due to his sense of duty towards his family and education that he refused to join Servants of India Society , as it
2914-506: The 10th-century attached medical care along with their religious and educational roles. This is evidenced by various inscriptions found in Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and elsewhere. An inscription dated to about 930 CE states the provision of a physician to two matha to care for the sick and destitute. Similarly, a stone inscription in Andhra Pradesh dated to about 1262 CE mentions the provision of
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3008-642: The 13th century, with its matha headquarters in Gorakhpur , Uttar Pradesh. Many of their mathas are found in the northern, central and western states of India particularly in the Himalayas, but archeological inscriptions suggest their mathas existed in south India as well. The early Nath monks received endowments in Karnataka, for example, between the 10th and 13th century, which later became a temple and Shaiva matha hub for them near Mangalore . The Kadri matha, for instance,
3102-629: The 14th century, to propagate Shankara's view of Advaita. According to another tradition in Kerala, after Sankara's samadhi at Vadakkunnathan Temple, his disciples founded four mathas in Thrissur, namely Naduvil Madhom , Thekke Madhom, Idayil Madhom and Vadakke Madhom. Other Advaita Vedanta mathas following Smarta Tradition include: Shaiva mathas were established at least from the 1st millennium onwards, in Kashmir, Himalayan regions such as Nepal and throughout
3196-512: The 18th and 19th centuries. They were instrumental in the revival of Saiva Siddhanta philosophy during the 19th century, and they also played a major role in the Indian independence movement. Aadheenams continue to play an important role in South Indian society today. They are centers of learning and spirituality, and they provide social services to the community. Aadheenams are an important part of
3290-662: The 1st millennium BCE, and these helped compose and transmit the various Vedas , the Upanishads , texts of various schools of Hindu philosophy , and post-Vedic Shastras ranging from spiritual knowledge to various arts. The mathas hosted these teachers and their students as they pursued their studies. By about mid 1st millennium CE, archaeological and epigraphical evidence suggest numerous larger institutions of gurus existed in India, some near Hindu temples, where guru-shishya tradition helped preserve, create and transmit various fields of knowledge. The first epigraphical evidence of
3384-508: The 6th century CE. The first Aadheenam was founded by the Hindu saint Appar , who is considered to be one of the three Nayanars, or great saints, of Saiva Siddhanta. The other two Nayanars were Sundarar and Tirugnanasambandar . Aadheenams flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries, during which time they played a major role in the spread of Saiva Siddhanta philosophy. Aadheenams continued to play an important role in South Indian society during
3478-654: The 700 to 1000 CE period predominantly focussed on Shaivism, Vaishnavism, military, martial arts, music, painting or other fields of knowledge including subjects related to Buddhism and Jainism. There is evidence, states Hartmut Scharfe, of mathas in eastern and northern India from 7th century CE onwards, such as those in Kashmir , Uttar Pradesh particularly in the Hindu holy city of Kashi , Madhya Pradesh , Bihar and Odisha , but these are not from ancient temple inscriptions, but implied from traveller records (Chinese) who visited these regions. Brahmins were likely involved in
3572-763: The 7th to 10th century CE. The most famous Advaita Vedanta mathas or peethams , which came to be affiliated with the Advaita tradition in the 14th century, are Govardhanmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ at Puri , Odisha ; Śārada Pīṭhaṃ at Sringeri , Karnataka ; Kalika Pīṭhaṃ at Dvāraka , Gujarat ; Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ at Badari , Uttarakhand ; and Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham at Kanchi , Tamil Nadu . The most famous and influential Dvaita Vedanta mathas or peethams are Ashta Mathas at Udupi , Karnataka; Uttaradi Matha at Bangalore , Karnataka; Vyasaraja Matha at Sosale , Karnataka; and Raghavendra Matha at Mantralayam , Andhra Pradesh. Famous mathas or peethams professing
3666-722: The Advaita leaning of the Sannyasa Upanishads , the major monastries of the early medieaval period belonged to the Advaita Vedanta tradition, preserving and possibly adapting the Sannyasa Upanishads with their Advaita leaning. Mathas , as simple huts for wandering ascetics, are mentioned in chapter 12.139 of the Mahabharata and section 3.1 of Baudhayana Dharmasutras . Matha-s were regionally known by other terms, such as Ghatika-s and Khandika-s . The oldest verifiable Ghatika for Vedic studies, from inscription evidence
3760-507: The Constituent Assembly. As president, Prasad established a tradition for non-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer and retired from Congress party politics. Although a ceremonial head of state, Prasad encouraged the development of education in India and advised government on several occasions. In 1957, Prasad was re-elected to the presidency , becoming the only president to serve two full terms. Prasad stayed in office for
3854-506: The Constitution and was independent of any political party. He travelled the world extensively as an ambassador of India, building diplomatic rapport with foreign nations. He was re-elected for two consecutive terms in 1952 and 1957 and is the only President of India to achieve this feat. The Mughal Gardens at the Rashtrapati Bhavan were open to public for about a month for the first time during his tenure, and since then it has been
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3948-541: The Dasanami Saṃnyasins, who are considered to have custody of Advaita Vedānta These four principle seats of learning are located in Purī (Odisha), Sringeri (Karnataka) and Dwarka (Gujarat), with the northern (Uttaramnaya) monastery being located in the city of Jyotirmaṭh. Jyotir Math was occupied by Swami Ramakrishna Tirtha in the 18th century, but the monastery was inactive for 165 years following his death. During that time,
4042-950: The Deccan region under Kakatiya dynasty sponsorship, many of which were destroyed in Hindu-Muslim wars that ended the Kakatiya rule. The origins of Golaki matha of central India has been traced to more ancient monasteries in Kashmir. In Karnataka, historical evidence suggests that Queen Alhanadevi established the Shaiva monastery called Kodiya matha which included a temple, monastic lodging and study hall, with scholarship on Vedas, Shastras and Puranas . The Chola dynasty sponsored many influential Shaiva mathas. While many Shaiva monasteries had attached temples, some did not and were entirely dedicated to education and scholarship. Adheenams are ancient Tamil Saiva Siddhantha monasteries and mutts in South India and Srilanka. Aadheenams are typically headed by
4136-543: The Garhwal, Varanasi and Darbhanga, also endorsed Brahmananda, and their recognition helped overcome opposition from previous claimants to the title. Brahmandanda was also perceived by his supporters as the embodiment of the qualifications mentioned in Vedic texts, and this assisted in his unhindered ascension to the position at the age of 70. Brahmananda was charged with reconstructing the temple and institution at Jyotir Math. Through
4230-729: The High Court of Bihar and Odisha. In 1917, he was appointed as one of the first members of the Senate and of the Patna University. He also practised law at Bhagalpur , the famous silk town in Bihar. Prasad had a major role in the Independence Movement. Prasad's first association with Indian National Congress was during 1906 annual session organised in Calcutta, where he participated as a volunteer, while studying in Calcutta. Formally, he joined
4324-573: The Hindu tradition have not been limited to religious studies, and historical evidence suggests that they were centers for diverse studies such as medieval medicine, grammar and music. The term matha is also used for 'monastery' in Jainism , and the earliest monasteries near Jain temples are dated to be from about the 5th-century CE. Matha (Sanskrit: मठ) refers to 'cloister, institute, or college', and in some contexts refers to 'hut of an ascetic, monk or renunciate' or 'temple for studies'. The root of
4418-495: The Jyotir Math ashram built by Swami Sri Brahmananda Saraswati Ji Maharaj, then Swami Sri Swaroopananda Saraswati Ji Maharaj took new land and Built new Ashram in a nearby the 2nd Ashram built by Sri Brahmananda Saraswati ji Maharaj , said to be located near the former cave of Adi Shankara disciple, Totakacharya. Swami Swaroopanand Saraswati (2 September 1924 – 11 September 2022) was an Indian religious leader. In 1982, he became
4512-696: The Shankaracharya of Dwarka Sharada Peetham in Dwaraka, Gujarat and also of Jyotir Math in Badrinath.[1][2] He was the only person till now who have become Shankaracharya of two Peetha (Dwarkamath and Jyotirmath) simultaneously. Swaroopanand Saraswati was born Pothiram Upadhyay on 2 September 1924 at Dighori village of Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh in a Kanyakubja Brahmin family.[3] A direct disciple of Shankaracharya Brahmananda Saraswati of Jyotir Math (1941–1953) and of Shankaracharya (disputed) Krishnabodha Ashrama of Jyotir Math (1953–1973), in 1950 his Guru Brahmananda made him
4606-454: The Shankaracharya, despite Shantanand's claim and occupation of Jyotir Math on (25 June 1953). Ashrama attained Brahmasiddhi in 10 Sept 1973 and nominated Sri Brahmananda Saraswati Ji Maharaj's deekshita Shishya disciple Swami Sri Swaroopananda Saraswati Ji Maharaj, who had taken Swami Krishnabodha Ashrama as his guru after Swami Sri Brahmananda Saraswati Swamiji Maharaj's Siddhi death, as his successor. However, because Shantananda still occupied
4700-600: The Shiva temple and monastery in a village near Dharwad district (northwest Karnataka–Maharashtra border). These slabs have been dated to between 1094 and 1215 CE. One of these includes the role of Kodiya–matha – also referred to as the Dakshina Kedarasvera matha . It states: There is the Kōḍiyamaṭha, the place of Dakṣiṇakēdāra (dakṣiṇakēdārasthāna), location of a beautiful field of crops [which are] like hairs bristling for
4794-474: The administrative functions the responsibilities of Acharyas, and the community relations of Swami . A similar organization is found in Vaishnava mathas . The word Acharya in Hindu monastic tradition refers to either a Guru of high rank, or more often to the leader of a monastery and sampradaya (teaching institution, denomination). This position typically involves a ceremonial initiation called diksha by
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#17328584289754888-518: The assistance of the local Deputy Commissioner and parties responsible for his nomination, Brahmananda reclaimed the surrounding land that had been encroached upon by local farmers. Under his leadership, a two-story, 30-room building was constructed ( New 2nd Math) to serve as the Peeth Bhawan of Jyotir Math. He also supervised the final construction of the Shrine of Purnagiri Devi about 100 yards in front of
4982-406: The colonial era scholars trying to rediscover historic Indian literature. The four major Advaita mathas state in their founding documents that the respective responsibility of the mathas was to preserve one Veda each. Some Hindu monasteries offered hospice care for pilgrims and various forms of assistance to their local communities. Hindu mathas and temples – like Buddhist monasteries – had by
5076-538: The constituent assembly 1946 elections , Prasad served as 1st Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government from 1947 to 1948. Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of the Constituent Assembly of India , which prepared the Constitution of India and which served as its provisional Parliament . When India became a republic in 1950, Prasad was elected as its first president by
5170-619: The early 13th century. There are twenty four Madhva mathas set up all over India , including those in Udupi. The twelve Mathas that are descended through Madhvacharya's direct disciples, Adhokshaja Teertha, Hrishikesha Teertha, Narasimha Teertha, Upendra Teertha, Rama Teertha, Vamana Teertha, Janardhana Teertha and Madhva's brother Vishnu Tirtha in Tulu region are the Pejawara Matha , Palimaru Matha, Adamaru Matha, Puttige Matha, Sodhe Matha, Kaniyooru Matha, Shiroor Matha, Krishnapura Matha , Bhandarakeri Matha, Subramanya Matha, Chitrapura Matha, Bhimanakatte Matha. Out of these twelve Madhva Mathas,
5264-425: The education and oral culture of textual transmission in ancient India through the gurukul tradition, but inscription evidence collected by E. Hultzsch suggests that at least some matha attached to temples were dominated by non-Brahmins by the early 2nd millennium CE. The mathas and attached temples routinely hosted debating, Vedic recital and student competitions, and these were part of community festivals in
5358-545: The fabric of South Indian society, and they continue to play a vital role in the Hindu faith. Some of the most famous Aadheenams includes The Nath tradition is a syncretic Yoga and Vedanta schools of Hindu philosophy based Shaiva tradition, that reveres Shiva and Dattatreya . Its founding is attributed to the ideas of Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath , developed further with an additional seven other Siddha Yoga Gurus called "Naths" (literally, lords). The Nath Yogi sampradaya and monastic organizations grew starting with
5452-809: The first eight are referred to as Ashta Mathas of Udupi . These eight surround the Anantheswara Krishna Hindu temple . These mathas are laid out in a rectangle, the temples on a square grid pattern. The monks in the matha are sannyasis , and the tradition of their studies and succession ( Paryaya system) were established by Madhvacharya. Along with twelve mathas, there are ten mathas that are descended through Madhvacharya 's direct disciples, Padmanabha Tirtha , Narahari Tirtha , Madhava Tirtha , Akshobya Tirtha and Akshobya Tirtha's disciple Jayatirtha . They are Uttaradi Matha , Vyasaraja Matha , Raghavendra Matha , Sripadaraja Matha, Kanva Matha, Baligaru Matha, Kudli Matha, Tambehalli Matha (also known as Majjigehalli Maṭha), Kundapur Matha, Sagarakatte Matha. Out of
5546-444: The founding of Sikhism in 15th century, and his teachings are included in the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib . Shri Ramcharitmanas is a key text of this matha . While Shankara is traditionally regarded as the founder of the most famous monasteries in Hinduism, there are no records of those mathas before the 14th century. In the 14th century, the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire started to patronize Sringeri matha . In
5640-499: The function of mathas to include feeding the poor and devotees who visit, hosting marriages and community festivals, farming temple lands and flower gardens as a source for food and worship ingredients, being open to pilgrims as rest houses, and this philanthropic role of these Hindu monasteries continues. In the 15th-century, these monasteries expanded by establishing Ramanuja-kuta in major South Indian Sri Vaishnavism locations. Some Srivaishnavism monasteries include: Nimbarka ,
5734-532: The headquarters at Kanchi matha . Dwarka in the West, Jagannatha Puri in the East, Sringeri in the South and Badrinath in the North. Each math was headed by one of his disciples, called Shankaracharya, who each independently continued the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya. The ten Shankara-linked Advaita monastic orders are distributed as follows: Bharati, Puri and Saraswati at Sringeri, Aranya and Vana at Puri, Tirtha and Ashrama at Dwarka, and Giri, Parvata and Sagara at Badrinath. According to tradition, each math
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#17328584289755828-463: The history of South Asia. These mathas were also the centers where many new texts were composed, as well as the libraries and repository of ancient and medieval manuscripts, where the old texts were preserved and decaying copies replaced over the centuries. The Thiruvavaduthurai Adhinam – a Shaiva matha about twenty kilometers northeast of Kumbhakonam , for example, was a major source of preserved palm-leaf manuscripts of ancient Tamil literature for
5922-575: The largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times. The monasteries of these ascetics are found particularly in the northern and western states of India, in Nepal, but they are also found as wandering monks. The largest mathas of the Ramanandi tradition are in Ayodhya and Varanasi , and Ramanandi monks are also known as Bairagis or Vairagis (literally, detached ones), their groups called Akharas . The Ramanandi mathas are historically notable for being part of warrior ascetics movement in medieval India, where monks metamorphosed into
6016-441: The late 15th century, the patronage of the Vijayanagara kings shifted to Vaisnavism. Following this loss of patronage, Sringeri matha had to find others means to propagate its former status, and the story of Shankara establishing the four cardinal mathas , as cast in the wholly legendary digvijaya genre, may have originated in the 16th century. These Advaita mathas have hosted the Daśanāmi Sampradāya under five Maṭhas, with
6110-580: The lion's share in the task of developing and propagating the philosophy of Madhva . For this reason they can unhesitatingly be regarded as the intellectual heirs to the legacy of Madhva , Jayatirtha and Vyasatirtha . The main center of Madhva's tradition is in Karnataka . The monastery has a pontiff system, that rotates after a fixed period of time. The pontiff is called Swamiji , and he leads daily Krishna prayers according to Madhva tradition, as well as annual festivals. The process and Vedic mantra rituals for Krishna worship in Dvaita monasteries follow
6204-431: The longest term of around 12 years. Post the completion of his tenure, he quit the Congress and set up new guidelines for parliamentarians which are still followed. Prasad was born on 3 December 1884 in a Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family in Ziradei , Bihar . His father, Mahadev Sahai, was a scholar of both Sanskrit and Persian languages . His mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a devout woman who would tell stories from
6298-591: The monastery he founded. The monastery include kitchens, bhojan-shala , run by monks and volunteers. These serve food daily to nearly 3,000 to 4,000 monks, students and visiting pilgrims without social discrimination. During succession ceremonies, over 10,000 people are served a vegetarian meal by Udupi bhojan-shalas . Other Dvaita Mathas include: Ramanuja , the Sri Vaishnavism philosopher, studied at an Advaita Vedanta monastery with Yadava Prakasha before disagreeing with Advaita idealism, and launching his Vishishtadvaita (qualified Advaita) philosophy. Ramanuja
6392-539: The monastery, where the earlier leader anoints the successor as Acharya . In large denominations that ran a collection of historical monasteries, an Acharya may refer to the leader of a regional monastery school operated in that denomination. Alternate titles of the heads of Hindu monasteries are Jeer , Jiyar or Ciyar . The chief of a collection of large Hindu monasteries in a sampradaya has been sometimes referred to as Jagad guru . The matha host not only students but many Guru . A Guru , in Hindu tradition,
6486-441: The motion of Non-Cooperation was passed by Indian National Congress in 1920, he retired from his lucrative career of lawyer as well as his duties in the university to aid the movement. He also responded to the call by Gandhi to boycott Western educational establishments by asking his son, Mrityunjaya Prasad, to drop out of his studies and enrol himself in Bihar Vidyapeeth , an institution he along with his colleagues founded on
6580-479: The new monastery, which "the Darbhanga ruler" had begun, but not completed, just prior to his brahmaleena 20 May 1953 . Brahmananda's leadership was instrumental in re-establishing the Jyotir Math as "an important centre of traditional advaita teaching in northern India", and the monastery was visited by the president of India, Rajendra Prasad in December 1952. After the Brahmaleena of Swami Sri Brahmananda Saraswati Ji Maharaj in 1953, Swami Hariharananda Saraswati ,
6674-417: The office of the President of India in May 1962, he returned to Patna on 14 May 1962 and stayed on the campus of Bihar Vidyapeeth. His wife died on 9 September 1962, a month before Indo-China War . He was subsequently honoured with Bharat Ratna , the nation's highest civilian award. He died on 28 February 1963, aged 78. Rajendra Smriti Sangrahalaya in Patna is dedicated to him. Babu Rajendra Prasad
6768-627: The others being the Sringeri Śārada Pīṭhaṃ (Karnataka) in the South, Dvārakā Śāradā Pītham (Gujarat , Dwarka ) in the West and Purī Govardhanmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ (Odisha, Puri ) in the east . Its appointees bear the title of Shankaracharya. It is the headquarters of Giri, Parvata & Sagara sects of the Dasnami Sampradaya (monistic order ). Their Vedantic mantra or Mahavakya is Ayamātmānam brahma (This Atman
6862-594: The poor, the helpless, the crippled, the blind, the deaf, story-tellers, singers, musicians, flute-players, dancers, Vaitāḻikas, the naked, the injured, the mendicants coming from various regions, like Jain mendicants, those bearing a single or triple staff, the haṃsa and paramahaṃsa mendicants; a place for the medical treatment (bhaiṣajyasthāna) of the diseases of the many helpless and sick; a place for offering protection (abhāyapra- dānasthāna) to all living beings.– Stone inscription (1162 CE), Shiva temple and monastery, Sanskrit-Kannada hybrid (Tr: Florinda De Simini) The matha
6956-406: The position. The appointment of Swami Sri Brahmananda Saraswati Ji on 11 May 1941 was made by a group of monks and pandits BDM Bharat Dharma Mahamandal based in the city of Varanasi with the endorsement of Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha, the Shankaracharya of Puri and Swami Chandrashekhara Bharati the Shankaracharya of Sringeri. Respected supporters of religious institutions, such as the rulers of
7050-549: The procedure written by Madhvacharya in Tantrasara . The succession ceremony in Dvaita school involves the outgoing Swamiji welcoming the incoming one, then walking together to the icon of Madhvacharya at the entrance of Krishna temple in Udupi, offering water to him, expressing reverence then handing over the same vessel with water that Madhvacharya used when he handed over the leadership of
7144-558: The relief work to his close colleague Anugrah Narayan Sinha . He was released two days later and set up Bihar Central Relief Committee on 17 January 1934 and took on the task of raising funds to help the affected people. After the 31 May 1935 Quetta earthquake , when he was forbidden to leave the country due to government's order, he set up the Quetta Central Relief Committee in Sindh and Punjab under his own presidency. He
7238-411: The reviver of Vedic Sanatana Dharma . Shankara's four principal disciples, Padma-Pada , Hasta-Malaka , Suresvaracharya and Totakacharya were assigned to these four learning centers in the north, south, east and west of India. The subsequent leaders of each of these four monasteries have come to be known as Shankaracharyas, in honor of the math's founder, Adi Shankara. As such, they are the leaders of
7332-457: The revolutionary publications Searchlight and the Desh and collected funds for these papers. He toured widely, explaining, lecturing, and exhorting the principles of the independence movement. He took an active role in helping people affected by the 1914 floods that struck Bihar and Bengal . When an earthquake affected Bihar on 15 January 1934, Prasad was in jail. During that period, he passed on
7426-621: The spread of Shaiva ideas in north and west India till about the 12th century. Other major monasteries include the Golaki matha that existed by the 10th century, famed for its round temple shape, probably near modern Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh. This monastery featured a cluster of Shiva temples, a hospital, college and lodging for students. The Golaki matha was a center for Vedic studies with parallel studies of Buddhist literature. Inscription evidence suggests set up numerous Shaiva monasteries in
7520-605: The subcontinent such as in Tamil Nadu . Many of the monasteries and attached temples, particularly in the northwest Indian subcontinent, were destroyed by Islamic armies after the 12th-century, and Shaiva monastic network severely disrupted from the consequent violence. In some cases, the Hindu monasteries were converted into Islamic ribats or madrasa (soldier barracks , schools) during the medieval period. The Shaiva monasteries have been from diverse schools of Shaivism, ranging from nondualist to theistic schools, and regionally went by
7614-509: The ten, the first three, the Uttaradi Matha , Vyasaraja Matha and Raghavendra Matha , are considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of Dvaita Vedanta and are jointly referred as Mathatraya . It is the pontiffs and pandits of the Mathatraya that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries. As a matter of fact, these have taken
7708-402: The traditional Indian model. During the course of the independence movement, he interacted with Rahul Sankrityayan , a writer, and polymath. Rahul Sankrityayan was greatly influenced by Prasad's intellectual powers, finding him to be a guide and guru. In many of his articles he mentioned about his meeting with Sankrityayan and narrated about his meetings with Sankrityayan. He wrote articles for
7802-484: The word is math , which means 'inhabit' or 'to grind'. The oldest meaning of matha is "hut" or "hovel," "the hut of a nomadic arya." In time, it came to mean "the residence of various ascetics or religious scholars, sometimes attached to a grand temple." Patrick Olivelle mentions the absence of organized ascetic or monastic institutions within Brahmanism until the early medieval period. According to Olivelle, noticing
7896-409: The worship of the Śivaliṅga; the established place (niṣṭhitasthāna) for the ritual practice of the Śaiva ascetics who are perpetual chaste students; a place for the self-recitation (svādhyāyasthāna) of the four Vedas —the Ṛg, Yajus, Sāma, and Ātharva— along with their ancillary treatises; a place for teaching (byākhyānasthāna) grammar, like the systems of Kumāra, Pāṇini, Śākaṭāyana, and the Śabdānuśasana;
7990-561: Was a 14th-century Vaishnava devotional poet sant of Bhakti movement , in the Ganges river region of Northern India . He studied in an Advaita Vedanta monastery, joined the Ramanuja's Sri Vaishnavism tradition, then proceeded to start god Rama -based Vaishnavism movement from Hindu holy city of Varanasi. The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder of the Ramanandi Sampradaya ,
8084-576: Was an Indian politician, lawyer, journalist and scholar who served as the first president of India from 1952 to 1962. He joined the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement and became a major leader from the region of Bihar . A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi , Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and the Quit India movement of 1942. After
8178-452: Was at the forefront of the anti-Congress movement in 1950s. He served as the president of Ram Rajya Parishad. He was jailed three times between 1954 and 1970 in relation to the movement to ban cow slaughter.[5] He ran ashrams in various parts of India.[6] His ashram in Singhbhum district of Bihar engaged in re-conversion of Christians to Hinduism.[5] A lifelong supporter of Ram Janmbhoomi, he
8272-486: Was due to poisoning, and later it was found that the so-called "Will" ( 18th Dec 1952 ) was not authentic and fake, forgery, causing civil lawsuits to be filed by concerned parties. successor to the office of Shankaracharya had to be chosen by a body "Maneeshas according to "Mathamnaya Mahanushasanam " not through a "Will" in "Mathamnaya Mahanushasan no where it is mentioned the concept of will, there should be some principals to be followed according to tradition, when there
8366-483: Was during that time when his mother had died as well as his sister became a widow at the age of nineteen and had to return to her parents' home. Prasad was instrumental in the formation of the Bihari Students Conference in 1906 in the hall of Patna College. It was the first organisation of its kind in India and produced important leaders from Bihar like Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Krishna Singh who played
8460-661: Was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Bombay session in October 1934. He again became the president when Subhash Chandra Bose resigned in 1939. On 8 August 1942, Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay which led to the arrest of many Indian leaders. Prasad was arrested in Sadaqat Ashram , Patna and sent to Bankipur Central Jail . After remaining incarcerated for nearly three years, he
8554-434: Was first headed by one of his four main disciples, and the tradition continues since then. Yet, according to Paul Hacker, no mention of the mathas can be found before the 14th century CE. Until the 15th century, the timespan of the directors of Sringeri Math are unrealistically long, spanning 60+ and even 105 years. After 1386, the timespans become much shorter. According to Hacker, these mathas may have originated as late as
8648-519: Was jailed in 1990 when he attempted Shilanysa ceremony on 7 May, 1990.[7][8] At 19 years old he became a freedom fighter in the Quit India movement in 1942, and was known as "Revolutionary Sadhu". He was jailed for this, serving a prison sentence of nine months and another of six months.[14] The present Jagadguru Shankaracharya Paramaradhya Paramadharmadhis Uttaramnaya Jyotishpeethadhishwar Jagadguru Shankaracharya Swamishri Avimukeshwarananda Saraswati'1008'
8742-915: Was nominated as the leader of the Srirangam matha, after the death of Yamunacharya, though they never met. Along with his philosophy, Ramanuja is famous for his organizational skills and the lasting institutional reforms he introduced at Srirangam paralleling those at Advaita monasteries of his time. He also travelled and founded many Sri Vaishnavism mathas across India. The Sri Vaishnavism tradition believes that Ramanuja started 700 mathas, but historical evidence suggests several of these were started later. The Sri Vaishnavism mathas over time, subdivided into two, those with Tenkalai (southern) tradition and Vadakalai (northern) tradition of Sri Vaishnavism. The Tenkalai-associated mathas are headquartered at Srirangam, while Vadakalai mathas are associated with Kanchipuram. Both these traditions have from 10th-century onwards considered
8836-476: Was released on 15 June 1945. After the formation of Interim Government of 12 nominated ministers under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946, he was allocated the Food and Agriculture department. He was elected as the President of Constituent Assembly on 11 December 1946. On 17 November 1947 he became Congress President for a third time after J. B. Kripalani submitted his resignation. Two and
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