41-558: Langat Singh College , commonly known as L. S. College , is a college in Muzaffarpur , in the Indian state of Bihar . It was established on 3 July 1899, and is one of the city's oldest colleges. It is named after its founder Langat Singh. It is affiliated to Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University , and offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in science and arts. On 10 December 2014, NAAC accredited college by A grade. The college has
82-638: A 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, raw lychee fruit supplies 66 calories of food energy. The raw pulp is rich in vitamin C , having 72 mg per 100 grams – an amount representing 79% of the Daily Value – but contains no other micronutrients in significant content (table). Lychees have moderate amounts of polyphenols , including flavan-3-ol monomers and dimers as major compounds representing about 87% of total polyphenols, which declined in content during storage or browning . Cyanidin-3-glucoside represented 92% of total anthocyanins . In 1962, it
123-622: A Government College in 1915 and subsequently affiliated to Patna University in 1917. In 1952, Bihar University was bifurcated from Patna University and L.S. College was affiliated to it. Subsequently, in 1960, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University was established with headquarters at Muzaffarpur, and the college was then affiliated to it. The post-graduate Departments of Bihar University split from this institution in 1979. In 1984 post-graduate studies of various streams were restored. Notable faculty members include Rajendra Prasad , J.B. Kripalani and Ramdhari Singh Dinkar . The observatory ,
164-498: A climate with high summer heat, rainfall, and humidity, growing optimally on well-drained, slightly acidic soils rich in organic matter and mulch. Some 200 cultivars exist, with early and late maturing forms suited to warmer and cooler climates, respectively, although mainly eight cultivars are used for commerce in China. They are also grown as an ornamental tree , as well as for their fruit. The most common way of propagating lychee
205-524: A great number of them. Later the lychee was described and introduced to the West in 1656 by Michal Boym , a Polish Jesuit missionary (at that time Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ). Lychee trees were introduced to Jamaica by Chinese immigrants in the 18th century, where the fruit is associated with the Chinese Jamaican community. The fruit is featured in a popular Jamaican cake, called lychee cake , which
246-400: A highly active seismic zone of India. In the disastrous earthquake on 15 January 1934 , much of the town suffered severe damage and many people died. It has an average elevation of 47 meters (154 feet). This saucer shaped, low-centered town lies on the great Indo-Gangetic plains of Bihar , over Himalayan silt and sand brought by the glacier-fed and rain-fed meandering rivers of
287-406: A huge and magnificent building incorporating the feature of Indo-Sarcenic architectural style. It was modelled after Balliol College of Oxford. The College was founded in 1899 in the backdrop of emerging Indian nationalism by broader community support. Babu Langat Singh played the most prominent part in its establishment. In 1900, the college was affiliated to Calcutta University . It was declared
328-529: A number of stamens . Litchi chinensis is an evergreen tree that is frequently less than 15 m (49 ft) tall, sometimes reaching 28 m (92 ft). Its evergreen leaves, 12.5 to 20 cm (4.9 to 7.9 in) long, are pinnate, having 4 to 8 alternate, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, abruptly pointed, leaflets, The bark is grey-black, the branches a brownish-red. Its evergreen leaves are 12.5 to 20 cm (4.9 to 7.9 in) long, with leaflets in two to four pairs. Lychee are similar in foliage to
369-399: Is 1 to 3.3 cm long and 0.6 to 1.2 cm wide (0.39–1.30 by 0.24–0.47 in). Some cultivars produce a high percentage of fruits with shriveled aborted seeds known as 'chicken tongues'. These fruits typically have a higher price, due to having more edible flesh. Since the floral flavor is lost in the process of canning, the fruit is usually eaten fresh. Cultivation of lychee began in
410-851: Is a monotypic taxon and the sole member in the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae . There are three distinct subspecies of lychee. The most common is the Indochinese lychee found in South China , Malaysia , and northern Vietnam . The other two are the Philippine lychee (locally called alupag or matamata ) found only in the Philippines and the Javanese lychee cultivated in Indonesia and Malaysia . The tree has been introduced throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia . Cultivation in China
451-637: Is a main A1 Category railway junction in Sonpur Division of East Central Railway , having total 8 platforms, with three suburban stations, Ram Dayalu Nagar, Narayanpur Anant (Sherpur), Kaparpura and Jubba Sahni. More than 200 trains regularly visits this 136+ year old railway junction. National Highway 57 (India) comes via Gorakhpur , Motihari , Mehsi and crosses Muzaffarpur and National Highway 57 (India) goes to Darbhanga , Purnia . The East–West Corridor crosses Muzaffarpur thus connecting it to all
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#1732868840125492-678: Is documented from the 11th century. China is the main producer of lychees, followed by India , Vietnam, other countries in Southeast Asia, other countries in South Asia , Madagascar , and South Africa . A tall evergreen tree, it bears small fleshy sweet fruits . The outside of the fruit is a pink-red, rough-textured soft shell. Lychee seeds contain methylene cyclopropyl glycine which has caused hypoglycemia associated with outbreaks of encephalopathy in undernourished Indian and Vietnamese children who consumed lychee fruit. Litchi chinensis
533-417: Is green when immature, ripening to red or pink-red, and is smooth or covered with small sharp protuberances roughly textured. The rind is inedible but easily removed to expose a layer of translucent white flesh with a floral smell and a sweet flavor. The skin turns brown and dry when left out after harvesting. The fleshy, edible portion of the fruit is an aril , surrounding one dark brown inedible seed that
574-603: Is made of a light sponge cake , cream, and fruit, which has been one of the most popular cakes in Jamaica since its creation by baker Selena Wong in 1988. Lychee was introduced in the north-western parts of Indian Subcontinent (then British Raj ) in 1932 and remained an exotic plant until the 1960s when commercial production began. The crop's production expanded from Begum Kot ( Lahore District ) in Punjab to Hazara , Haripur , Sialkot and Mirpur Khas . Genomic studies indicate that
615-486: Is not producing much fruit can be girdled , leading to more fruit production. When the central opening of trees is carried out as part of training and pruning, stereo fruiting can be achieved for higher orchard productivity. Lychees are commonly sold fresh in Asian markets. The red rind turns dark brown when the fruit is refrigerated, but the taste isn't affected. It is also sold canned year-round. The fruit can be dried with
656-544: Is setting up a production unit to make litchi-flavoured wine, in Muzaffarpur in 2012. The company has leased litchi gardens. Muzaffarpur based Prabhat Zarda Factory is one of the leading tobacco manufacturers of India. The production and sales of Lahti bangles is also very prominent in city. Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai also wore the Lahti bangles of the city at her marriage. Muzaffarpur Junction railway station ( MFP )
697-633: Is situated on the banks of the perennial Budhi Gandak River , which flows from the Someshwar Hills of the Himalayas . The current city was established in 1875 during the British Raj for administrative convenience, by dividing the Tirhut district and was named after an aumil , Muzaffar Khan; thus the city came to be known as Muzaffarpur . The city was founded in 18th century during British Raj period and
738-500: Is the sole member of the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae . It was described and named by French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat in his account " Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine, fait depuis 1774 jusqu'à 1781 " (translation: "Voyage to the East Indies and China, made between 1774 and 1781"), which was published in 1782. There are three subspecies, determined by flower arrangement, twig thickness, fruit, and
779-414: Is through a method called air layering or marcotting. Air-layers, or marcotts, are made by cutting a branch of a mature tree, covering the cut with a rooting medium, such as peat or sphagnum moss , then wrapping the medium with polyethylene film and allowing the cut to root. Once significant rooting has occurred, the marcott is cut from the branch and potted. According to folklore , a lychee tree that
820-796: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Muzaffarpur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ). It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). The lychee crop, which is available from May to June, is mainly cultivated in the districts of Muzaffarpur and surrounding districts. Cultivation of litchi covers approximately an area of about 25,800 hectares producing about 300,000 tonnes every year. Litchi are exported to big cities of India like Mumbai, Kolkata, and even to other countries. India's share in
861-834: The undernourished children on admission was common, and associated with a poorer outcome (44% of all cases were fatal) the CDC identified the illness as a hypoglycemic encephalopathy. The investigation linked the illness to hypoglycin A and MCPG toxicity, and to malnourished children eating lychees (particularly unripe ones) on an empty stomach. The CDC report recommended that parents ensure their children limit lychee consumption and have an evening meal, elevating blood glucose levels that may be sufficient to deter illness. Earlier studies had incorrectly concluded that transmission may occur from direct contact with lychees contaminated by bat saliva , urine, or guano or with other vectors , such as insects found in lychee trees or sand flies , as in
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#1732868840125902-432: The 2011 India census, Muzaffarpur had a population of 393,724. Males constituted 52.96% (208,509) of the population and females 47.04% (185,215). Muzaffarpur had a literacy rate of 85.16%. Male literacy was 88.83%, and female literacy was 81.05%. As per 2011 census data, there are total 275,233 Hindus whereas 74,680 Muslims and 1,352 Christians along with other small minorities. Religion in Muzaffarpur (2011) In 2006
943-672: The Himalayas. Muzaffarpur has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) under the Köppen climate classification . The summer, between April and June, is extremely hot and humid (28–40 °C, 90% max). and winter is pleasantly cool, around 6-20 °C. Rainfall in Muzaffarpur City is comparatively less compared to other parts of Bihar. Muzaffarpur has been ranked 32nd best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India. As of
984-530: The Imperial Court that a special courier service with fast horses would bring the fresh fruit from Guangdong. There was great demand for lychee in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), according to Cai Xiang , in his Li chi pu (Treatise on Lychees). It was also the favorite fruit of Emperor Li Longji (Xuanzong) 's favored concubine Yang Yuhuan (Yang Guifei) . The emperor had the fruit delivered at great expense to
1025-477: The Vietnamese word for nightmare ) during the lychee harvest season from May to June. A 2013 investigation by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in India, showed that cases were linked to the consumption of lychee fruit, causing a noninflammatory encephalopathy that mimicked symptoms of Jamaican vomiting sickness . Because low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ) of less than 70 mg/dL in
1066-560: The capital. The lychee attracted the attention of European travelers, such as the Spanish bishop, explorer, and sinologist Juan González de Mendoza in his History of the great and mighty kingdom of China (1585; English translation 1588), based on the reports of Spanish friars who had visited China in the 1570s gave the fruit high praise: [T]hey haue a kinde of plummes, that they doo call lechias , that are of an exceeding gallant tast, and neuer hurteth any body, although they shoulde eate
1107-489: The college has not been inscribed on its list of endangered heritage. although it is listed as a heritage observatory on portal to the heritage of astronomy managed by UNESCO in partnership with World Heritage Centre and International Astronomical Union . Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur ( pronunciation ) is a city located in Muzaffarpur district in the Tirhut region of the Indian state of Bihar . It serves as
1148-596: The early 1970s but started declining gradually over time. The observatory interacted with the Astronomical Observatory of the Presidency University, Kolkata . In August 2022, several Indian media house reported that the astronomical observatory of Langat Singh College was included on the UNESCO list of endangered heritage observatories of the world. UNESCO later clarified that the astronomical observatory at
1189-753: The family Lauraceae , likely due to convergent evolution . They are adapted by developing leaves that repel water, and are called laurophyll or lauroid leaves. Flowers grow on a terminal inflorescence with many panicles on the current season's growth. The panicles grow in clusters of ten or more, reaching 10 to 40 cm (3.9 to 15.7 in) or longer, holding hundreds of small white, yellow, or green flowers that are distinctively fragrant. The lychee bears fleshy fruits that mature in 80–112 days depending on climate, location, and cultivar. Fruits vary in shape from round to ovoid to heart-shaped, up to 5 cm long and 4 cm wide (2.0 in × 1.6 in), weighing approximately 20 g. The thin, tough skin
1230-493: The first of its kind in eastern India, was established in the Langat Singh College in 1916 to impart astronomical knowledge to the students in detail. The initiative for the establishment of this observatory was taken by Romesh Chandra Sen of the college. Later, a planetarium , probably the first in India, was also set up in the college in 1946. Both the observatory as well as the planetarium functioned satisfactorily up to
1271-593: The headquarters of the Tirhut division , the Muzaffarpur district and the Muzaffarpur Railway District.It is the fourth most populous city in Bihar. Muzaffarpur is famous for Shahi litchis and is known as the Lychee Kingdom. Shahi lychee is the fourth product from Bihar, after jardalu mango, katarni rice and Magahi paan (betel leaf) to get the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. The city
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1312-503: The lychee resulted from double domestication by independent cultivation in two different regions of ancient China. Lychees are extensively grown in southern China, Taiwan , Vietnam and the rest of tropical Southeast Asia , the Indian Subcontinent , and in tropical regions of many other countries. They require a tropical climate that is frost-free and is not below the temperature of −4 °C (25 °F). Lychees require
1353-587: The main cultivars. India grows more than a dozen different cultivars. South Africa grows mainly the "Mauritius" cultivar. Most cultivars grown in the United States were imported from China, except for the "Groff", which was developed in the state of Hawaii. Different cultivars of lychee are popular in various growing regions and countries. In China, popular cultivars include Sanyuehong, Baitangying, Baila, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Shuidong, Feizixiao, Dazou, Heiye, Nuomici, Guiwei, Huaizhi, Lanzhu, and Chenzi. In Vietnam,
1394-481: The major towns and cities in India. National Highway 22 (India) starting from Hajipur passes through Muzaffarpur and connects Muzaffarpur to Sitamarhi . National Highway 28 (India) connects Mehsi and Muzaffarpur to Barauni , all 6 National Highways having junction there. Muzaffarpur Airport ( IATA: MZU, ICAO: VEMZ ) is located in Patahi of Muzaffarpur city (besides NH 722 Muzaffarpur - Chhapra (Rewa Ghat)) in
1435-445: The most popular cultivar is Vai Thieu Hai Duong. In the US, production is based on several cultivars, including Mauritius, Brewster, and Hak Ip. India grows more than a dozen named cultivars, including Shahi (Highest Pulp %), Dehradun, Early Large Red, Kalkattia and Rose Scented. Raw lychee fruit is 82% water, 17% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contains negligible fat (table). In
1476-571: The region of southern China , going back to 1059 AD, Malaysia , and northern Vietnam . Unofficial records in China refer to lychee as far back as 2000 BC. Wild trees still grow in parts of southern China and on Hainan Island . The fruit was used as a delicacy in the Chinese Imperial Court. In the 1st century during the Han dynasty , fresh lychees were a popular tribute item, and in such demand at
1517-413: The rind intact, at which point the flesh shrinks and darkens. There are numerous lychee cultivars , with considerable confusion regarding their naming and identification. The same cultivar grown in different climates can produce very different fruit. Cultivars can also have different synonyms in various parts of the world. Southeast Asian countries, along with Australia, use the original Chinese names for
1558-569: The state of Bihar, India. It was operable from 1967 to 1982, on a regular basis. Currently it is not in operations, commercially. Darbhanga Airport is the nearest domestic airport roughly 64 km away by road. Patna Airport is the nearest customs airport roughly 70 km from the city. Lychee Lychee ( US : / ˈ l iː tʃ iː / LEE -chee , UK : / ˈ l aɪ tʃ iː / LIE -chee ; Litchi chinensis ; Chinese : 荔枝 ; pinyin : lìzhī ; Jyutping : lai6 zi1 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : nāi-chi )
1599-446: The world litchi market amounts to less than 1%. The names of the litchi produced in Muzaffarpur are Shahi and China . The fruits are known for excellent aroma and quality. Bihar's contribution in the production of lychee in about 40 percent of lychee produced in India. Bihar has emerged as a brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in the state. Vijay Mallya 's group, United Breweries Group ,
1640-549: Was constituted a municipality in 1864. A major road and rail hub, it is a trade centre on the route between Patna (south) and Nepal (north). Lychee , sweet corn , mango , vegetables , rice and sugar milling alongside cutlery manufacturing are the chief industries. In 1972, the Sitamarhi and Vaishali districts were split off from Muzaffarpur. Muzaffarpur is located at 26°07′N 85°24′E / 26.12°N 85.4°E / 26.12; 85.4 . The city lies in
1681-400: Was found that lychee seeds contained methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG), a homologue of hypoglycin A , which caused hypoglycemia in human and animal studies. Since the end of the 1990s, unexplained outbreaks of encephalopathy occurred, appearing to affect only children in India (where it is called chamki bukhar ), and northern Vietnam (where it was called Ac Mong encephalitis after