Defunct
64-407: Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuseˈlinu kubiˈʃɛk(i) dʒi oliˈve(j)ɾɐ] ; 12 September 1902 – 22 August 1976), also known by his initials JK , was a prominent Brazilian politician who served as the 21st president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. Kubitschek's government plan, dubbed "50 years in 5", was centered on economic and social development. During his term
128-594: A candidate for the next presidency, Jânio Quadros , from stating during his presidential campaign that he would "sweep the corruption out of the country". Later, during the military regime, Juscelino would be questioned about the corruption allegations and about his supposed ties with communist groups. Kubitschek was succeeded by Jânio Quadros in 1961. After the military took power in 1964, Kubitschek's political rights were suspended for 10 years. He went into self-imposed exile and stayed in numerous U.S. and European cities. Kubitschek returned to Brazil in 1967, but died in
192-535: A car crash in 1976, near the city of Resende in the state of Rio de Janeiro . 350,000 mourners were present at his burial in Brasília. He is now buried in the JK Memorial in Brasília, which was opened in 1981. On 26 April 2000, the former governor of Rio de Janeiro, Leonel Brizola , alleged that the former presidents of Brazil, João Goulart and Kubitschek, who died a few months apart in 1976, were murdered as part of
256-428: A coalition of high ranking military officers staged a countercoup to ensure that Juscelino Kubitschek was inaugurated. Juscelino Kubitschek would be inaugurated as the 21st President of Brazil on 31 January 1956. His economic plan had 31 goals distributed in six large categories: energy, transport, food, base industries, education, and the main goal, the construction of Brasília . This plan sought to diversify and expand
320-558: A daughter, Márcia , in 1943. The couple also adopted Maria Estela in 1947. In 1931, Kubitschek joined the Public Force of Minas Gerais as a doctor. During this period, he served on the Constitutionalist Revolution and became friends with politician Benedito Valadares who, upon being appointed federal intervenor in 1933, appointed Kubitschek as his chief of staff. In 1934, Kubitschek was elected federal deputy , but his term
384-582: A doctor in the military police and saw patients at a military hospital in Minas Gerais. Kubitschek befriended the Governor of Minas Gerais, Benedito Valadares, who named Kubitschek his Chief of Staff in 1932. Two years later in 1934 Kubitschek ran for office for the first time, becoming a member of the Federal Chamber of Deputies of Brazil with the support of Partido Progressista (Progressive Party). In 1940, he
448-485: A president be a native-born citizen of Brazil, at least 35 years of age, a resident of Brazil, in full exercise of their electoral rights, a registered voter, and a member of a political party ( write-in or independent candidates are prohibited). The president of Brazil serves for a term of four years, and may be re-elected for a single consecutive term. This two-term limit, however, is not for life—a former president who has served for two consecutive terms may run for
512-456: A presidential term, given that, according to the Constitution , the vice-president becomes acting president during the president's travels abroad. A sitting president (or governor or mayor) who wishes to run for a different office, regardless of the intended jurisdiction or branch of government, must resign from office at least six months before election day . The possibility of reelection
576-402: A result. In fact, the economy continued to suffer well into the 1980s as Brazil's industries became less and less competitive in the global market. By the end of his term, the foreign debt had grown from 87 million dollars to 297 million dollars. Inflation and wealth inequality had grown larger, with rural-zone strikes that spread to the urban areas. However, the minimum wage from that time
640-563: A seat at the Brazilian Academy of Letters . He occupied chair number 34 at the Minas Gerais Academy of Letters. Kubitschek died in a car accident on 22 August 1976. According to the forensic examination and official report at the time, the accident occurred as a result of a normal traffic fatality. The conclusion was contested by his family, who asked for the remains to be exhumed twenty years later, suspecting that Kubitschek had been
704-572: A trial then takes place at the Supreme Federal Court . In the case of "crimes of malversation", which must fall into one of seven broad areas and which is defined in more detail in law, a trial takes place at the Federal Senate . During the trial, the vice president exercises executive power. If the trial does not result in a conviction within 180 days, the president resumes office; a conviction results in removal from office and succession by
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#1732854738904768-465: A very progressive agenda proposed for Education; however, that was never carried out. Kubitschek cared a great deal about the construction of transregional roads. He was criticised for focusing only in road construction and putting aside the railways, a decision still controversial today. The construction of the roads helped the integration of the Amazon region, together with the construction of Brasília. In
832-616: Is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro in Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely. The official residence of the vice president is the Jaburu Palace in Brasília . In the 2000s, the federal government decided to establish Regional Offices of the Presidency of
896-589: Is also a luxury hotel named Kubitschek Plaza located in that city. Many cities have things named after him, such as Juscelino Kubitschek, Santa Maria . "JK" is a ubiquitous acronym honouring the ex-president, who is often seen by Brazilians as the "father of modern Brazil". In 2006, Globo created a miniseries based on Kubitschek's life called JK , featuring Wagner Moura (portraying Kubitschek ages 18–43) and José Wilker (ages 44–75). In 1980, his daughter Márcia Kubitschek (1943–2000) married Cuban-American ballet star Fernando Bujones . Márcia Kubitschek
960-456: Is known as the thirteenth salary ), the president receives 13 payments per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 402,151.10. The Palácio do Planalto in Brasília is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada their official residence. The president is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto , popularly known as Granja do Torto ,
1024-495: Is still considered the highest at any moment in Brazilian history . He also initially sought a loan from International Monetary Fund , but backed out of the negotiations. Kubitschek ended his time in office with a growth of 80% in industrial production but with an inflation rate of 43%. The idea of building a new capital in the center of the country was already idealised in the Brazilian constitutions of 1891, 1934 and 1946, but it
1088-411: Is widely believed by historians to have been made by men acting under the orders of Gregório Fortunato , O Anjo Negro ( Portuguese for "The Black Angel"), a black man, who was the head of Vargas' personal bodyguards . Brazilian Air Force Major Rubens Vaz was killed in the attempt, and Lacerda was slightly injured. That sparked a political crisis that culminated with the suicide of Vargas. Lacerda
1152-443: The Brazilian economy , based on industrial expansion and integration of the national territory. As a practicing doctor, Juscelino was passionate about reforming healthcare. Kubitschek campaigned on establishing a central health bureaucracy that previously did not exist to address rural health issues more adequately. The most notable is DNERU which was an agency created to address tuberculosis and malaria, and issue vaccines in areas of
1216-707: The Paulista Avenue ; the building also houses Banco do Brasil's regional headquarters in São Paulo. The presidency of the republic also maintains regional offices in Porto Alegre and in Belo Horizonte . For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored version of the 2024 Chery Tiggo 8 Max Drive . A 1952 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and
1280-958: The cabinet and, with the approval of the Senate , the judges for the Supreme Federal Court . The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces . Presidents in Brazil have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress or by using Medidas Provisórias ( provisional measures ), an instrument with the force of law that the president can enact in cases of urgency and necessity except to make changes to some areas of law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law or electoral law). A provisional measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. The 60-day period can be extended once, up to 120 days. If Congress, on
1344-526: The inauguration of the president-elect. The presidential aircraft is a military version of an Airbus A330-200 , called KC-30. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, air force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign " Brazilian Air Force One ". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma , air force designation VH-34 , are currently used as
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#17328547389041408-490: The Federal Chamber of Deputies in 1945, and in 1950 ran for Governor of the state of Minas Gerais. As Governor he was noted with focusing on addressing transportation and energy establishing a government energy corporation that built five new power plants, and he promoted improving roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals. After President Getúlio Vargas committed suicide in 1954, his Vice-President João Café Filho fulfilled
1472-520: The Republic in certain key Brazilian cities. Those regional offices are not presidential residences, but they are fully staffed offices ready to receive the president and his ministers at any time, and they function as a presidential workplace when the president is in those cities. The first regional office of the presidency was established in the city of São Paulo, and is located at the Banco do Brasil building at
1536-609: The Republic , is the head of state and head of government of Brazil . The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces . The presidential system was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état against Emperor Pedro II . Since then, Brazil has had six constitutions , three dictatorships, and three democratic periods. The Constitution of Brazil , along with several constitutional amendments , establishes
1600-586: The Republic of the United States of Brazil . On 15 March 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil . On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President succeeding Castello Branco. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all presidents of Brazil have borne the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil . Carlos Lacerda Carlos Frederico Werneck de Lacerda (30 April 1914 – 21 May 1977)
1664-690: The US-backed Operation Condor , and requested the investigation of their deaths as part of the National Truth Commission investigations. They were originally reported to have died respectively of a heart attack and a car accident. On 27 March 2014, the commission concluded that Kubitschek was not assassinated. The Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport of Brasília , the Juscelino Kubitschek bridge and Juscelino Kubitschek Power Plant are named after him. There
1728-523: The United States and Europe, in voluntary exile. In March 1967, he returned to Brazil and joined Carlos Lacerda and Goulart in organizing the Frente Ampla , in opposition to the military dictatorship . The Frente Ampla was extinguished by the military a year later, and Kubitschek went to prison for a short period. He intended to return to political life ten years after the suspension of his political rights. In October 1975, Kubitschek unsuccessfully ran for
1792-463: The baron of Santa Fé and great-nephew of the 1st baron of Santa Justa. When he was a law student, Lacerda became sympathetic to left-wing ideas, but by the 1940s, he had transformed into a staunch anticommunist and conservative . He started his journalism career at Diário de Notícias (English: Daily News ) in 1929. In 1949 he founded the newspaper Tribuna da Imprensa (English: Press Tribune ). Starting his political career in 1947, Lacerda
1856-459: The city - often areas targeted by developers - to be cleared of the inhabitants. Over this period, up to 140,000 people were evicted, mostly from the three favelas on the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon, located near the beaches of the city's south zone. An opinionated and controversial politician, Lacerda was involved in the crisis of the resignation of President Jânio Quadros in 1961 and conspired against
1920-405: The construction. Also, the airline Pan-Air Brazil held a monopoly on the transport of people and goods during this period, yet another source of controversy. During his time in office, Time magazine wrote that he had the seventh greatest fortune in the world, a claim that was never proven. In fact, upon his death many years later, it was shown he had earned very modest means. This did not stop
1984-466: The country experienced a period of notable economic growth and relative political stability. However, there was also a significant increase in external debt, inflation, income concentration and wage erosion. At the time, there was no re-election and, on 31 January 1961, he was succeeded by Jânio Quadros , supported by the UDN . Kubitschek is best known for the construction of Brazil's new capital: Brasília , which
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2048-515: The country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil , and from 1937 to 1967 the country was styled simply The United States of Brazil , and thus the full title of the presidents of the Republic from 1891 until 1967—that is, from Deodoro da Fonseca 's inauguration as President (between 1889 and 1891 he served as Head of the Provisional Government) until the end of Humberto Castello Branco 's term in 1967—was President of
2112-412: The country where access to healthcare was scarce. Although his main project was to develop national industry, it was with the "Goals plan", launched in 1956, that there was a greater opening of the national economy for foreign investment. He made all imported machines and industrial equipment exempt from taxes, as well as to assist foreign capital. However, the exemption only applied if the foreign capital
2176-486: The country, though most from the northeast . The construction went on day and night to meet the objective of finishing Brasília by 21 April 1960, in a homage to the Inconfidência Mineira and Rome 's founding. A completely new capital city, its streets, government palaces, infrastructure, living facilities, etc., suddenly emerged in the middle of a savanna in just 41 months, and before the target date. As soon as it
2240-454: The development of Brazil's interior and the country's integration. In 1961, Kubitschek was elected senator for Goiás and tried to make his candidacy for the 1965 presidential election viable. However, with the 1964 military coup , Kubitschek was accused by the military of corruption and being supported by the communists. As a result, his term was revoked and his political rights were suspended. From then on, Kubitschek began touring cities in
2304-538: The economy of the Central-west and North . During the construction of Brasília, in the haste to finish the job, accidents were frequent, something Kubitschek's government did its utmost to cover up. Kubitschek's government was often accused of corruption. The accusations began at the time he was governor and intensified during his presidency, when the construction of Brasília began. There were serious reasons to believe that people connected to Juscelino had been favored in
2368-627: The election, he defeated his brother-in-law Gabriel Passos and was sworn in as governor on 31 January 1951. As governor, he created the Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais , and also prioritized road building and industrialization. In October 1954, Kubitschek launched his candidacy for the 1955 presidential election , which was made official in February 1955. He presented a developmentalist speech and used "50 years in 5" as his campaign slogan. In an alliance formed by six parties, his running mate
2432-435: The government of Prudente de Morais . For his maternal family, he was great-grandson of botanist Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá, great-grandson of the baron of Ribeirão, a direct descendant of Inácio de Sousa Vernek, whose family had important political and economic influence in the region; great-nephew of the baron of Maçambara, of the viscount of Cananeia, of the baron of Avelar e Almeida, of the baroness of Werneck, great-nephew of
2496-501: The main presidential helicopters. The president may be removed from office using one of two procedures. In either case, two-thirds of the Chamber of Deputies must accept charges against the officeholder ( impeachment ); and if the Senate accepts the investigation, the president is suspended from exercising the functions of office for up to 180 days. In the case of "common criminal offenses",
2560-488: The other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the legislative branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60-day period (or the 120-day, in the case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress. Article 84 of the current Federal Constitution, determines that the president has the power to The Constitution of Brazil requires that
2624-433: The presidency again after at least one term has elapsed. A vice president or other officer who succeeds to the presidency or who serves, albeit briefly, as acting president during a certain presidential term may subsequently be elected or reelected to the presidency only once, as the consecutive term limit already applies. In practice, Brazilian vice-presidents almost always serve as acting president at some point during
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2688-502: The presidency of João Goulart . Hoping to be elected president in the 1965 elections, Lacerda initially supported the military coup d'état of 1964 and was nominated the UDN candidate. Since the military was not willing to give up power, the 1965 elections were cancelled, and Lacerda definitely fell from the military's favor. In 1968, his efforts to restore democracy in Brazil made him ally with his old enemies, Kubitschek and Goulart, and Lacerda
2752-403: The requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, their term of office and the method of election. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the 39th and current president. He was sworn in on 1 January 2023. As a republic with a presidential executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the president, who effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints
2816-469: The rest of his term until the elections of 1955 which were held in October. Juscelino Kubitschek decided to run for president in a race with two other candidates. He ran with the slogan of “fifty years progress in five” and developed a platform that highlighted energy, agriculture, industry, education, and transportation. He also stressed a wish to diversify Brazil’s economy and open it up to foreign investment. He
2880-409: The short term the economy boomed, with a stronger industry under his leadership. More dependent on energy resources, Brazil became one of the countries most affected by the oil crises of 1973 and 1979. Having to import over 80% of its consumption, the quadrupling of oil prices greatly contributed to Brazil's debts and spiralling inflation, for which his administration was directly blamed by the critics as
2944-460: The vice president. The seven areas are: The following privileges are guaranteed to former presidents by law: All presidents of Brazil have borne the title President of the Republic . That title has been used by all the constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch. However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1937
3008-464: The victim of a murder. The results of the examination confirmed the previous reports. Kubitschek was born into a poor family in Diamantina , Minas Gerais . His father, João César de Oliveira (1872–1905), who died when Juscelino was two years old, was a traveling salesman. He was raised by his mother, a schoolteacher named Júlia Kubitschek (1873–1973). His mother was of part Czech and Roma descent. He
3072-468: Was João Goulart . On 3 October, he was elected president of Brazil with 35.6% of the votes. The opposition tried to annul the election on the grounds that Kubitschek had not obtained an absolute majority of votes. However, general Henrique Teixeira Lott triggered a military movement to ensure Kubitschek's inauguration. As president, Kubitschek was responsible for the construction of a new federal capital, Brasília, thus carrying out an old project to promote
3136-513: Was a Brazilian journalist and politician . Born in Rio de Janeiro , Lacerda was the son of a family of politicians from Vassouras , Rio de Janeiro state . He was the son of the politician, tribune and writer Maurício de Lacerda (1888–1959) and Olga Caminhoá Werneck (1892–1979), being the paternal grandson of Sebastião Lacerda, Minister of the Supreme Federal Court and Minister of Transport in
3200-477: Was also a vocal supporter of moving the government capital out of Rio de Janeiro, to a more central location in the country, to promote regional development. Before Kubitschek was even inaugurated, however, rumors of a military coup were brewing and the opposition party União Democrática Nacional (National Democratic Union or UDN) became vocal over his close ties to Vargas and his alleged sympathy towards communists. Henrique Teixeira Lott , then Minister of War, and
3264-709: Was appointed Mayor of Belo Horizonte; in 1945, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with the support of Partido Social Democrático (Social Democratic Party) and was noted to be ambitious in his push to expand public works and improve infrastructure. It was in his term as Mayor of Belo Horizonte that he would establish a strong, professional relationship with the renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer , who would later become instrumental in designing Brasília. Kubitschek at this time commissioned Oscar Niemeyer to design several municipal buildings in Belo Horizonte. He would run again for
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#17328547389043328-479: Was arrested for a brief period and stripped of his right to run for political office for ten years. Then, he retired from politics and resumed his journalism and publishing career. In 1977, he died suddenly in Rio de Janeiro from a heart attack., his wife Leticia died in 1990. Lacerda was portrayed by Alexandre Borges in the 2014 biographical drama film Getúlio . His friendship with the architect Lota de Macedo Soares
3392-412: Was associated with the national capital ("associated capital"). To amplify the internal market, he developed a generous credit policy. He promoted the development of the automobile industry, naval industry, heavy industry and the construction of hydroelectric power stations. With the exception of the hydroelectric industry, Juscelino practically created an economy without state-owned companies. He also had
3456-622: Was educated at a seminary school in Diamantina, where he was an average student. Kubitschek attended the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte when he turned twenty. He became a licensed medical doctor after seven years of schooling. He then went to live in Europe for a few months after graduating eventually returning to Brazil after the revolution of 1930 that marked the ascension of President Getúlio Vargas . Kubitschek served as
3520-524: Was elected to the National Congress of Brazil in 1987 and served as lieutenant governor of the Federal District from 1991 to 1994. President of Brazil Recent elections The president of Brazil ( Portuguese : presidente do Brasil ), officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : presidente da República Federativa do Brasil ) or simply the President of
3584-546: Was elected to the legislative chamber ( city council ) of the city of Rio de Janeiro. In 1950, he was elected a National Democratic Union representative for the state of Rio in the Chamber of Deputies . He became well known for his uncompromising opposition of the government of President Getúlio Vargas and even demanded the overthrow of Vargas. He survived an assassination attempt in the Rua Tonelero shooting in August 1954. It
3648-520: Was established by the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, in 1997. Before that, presidents had been barred from immediate reelection for all of Brazil's republican history, with the single exception of the latter half of the Vargas Era , from 1937 to 1945. The office was limited to men until the 1937 Constitution . Under the original text of the 1988 Constitution the presidential term lasted 5 years, but it
3712-607: Was inaugurated on 21 April 1960, replacing Rio de Janeiro . Kubitschek was born in Diamantina , Minas Gerais , in 1902. His father, João César de Oliveira, died when he was only two years old. JK completed the humanities course at the Diamantina Seminary and moved to Belo Horizonte in 1920. In 1927, he graduated in medicine from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), and in 1930 he specialized in urology in Paris . In December 1931, he married Sarah Lemos , with whom he had
3776-401: Was inaugurated, Brasília was considered a masterpiece of urbanism and modern architecture . Brasília plays a strategic role in integrating Brazil's farthest regions, bringing development to unpopulated areas and guaranteeing Brazil's cultural and territorial unity. The construction of Brasília fostered the development of many roads, linking Brazil's vast territories. One important example
3840-751: Was only in 1956 that planning began to take form in response to Kubitschek's campaign promise to develop the interior. Initially the move of the capital from Rio de Janeiro was controversial and had division and opposition from people within Rio and throughout Brazil. Debates that included statesmen, residents and professionals were televised on the TV show "Que será do Rio" and letters to the editor in Correio da Manhã . The work, led by urban planner Lúcio Costa , architect Oscar Niemeyer and landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx , started in February 1957. More than 200 machines were put to work and 30,000 workers came from every part of
3904-564: Was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies later in 1954, with more votes than any other candidate. He also opposed the government of President Juscelino Kubitschek . Lacerda was elected governor of Guanabara State , comprising Rio, in 1960. His administration was praised by the US government and the IMF for his efforts to solve some chronic problems of Rio such as water services, public transportation and housing . As part of this drive, Lacerda ordered areas of
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#17328547389043968-417: Was reduced to 4 years in 1994 by a constitutional amendment. As of 2015, the president receives a monthly salary of R$ 30,934.70, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services while in office. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an additional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation
4032-626: Was revoked during the Estado Novo coup . With the loss of his term, Kubitschek returned to medicine. In 1940, he was appointed mayor of Belo Horizonte by Valadares, remaining in this position until October 1945. At the end of the same year he was elected constituent deputy for the Social Democratic Party (PSD). In 1950, he defeated Bias Fortes in the PSD caucuses to choose the party's candidate for that year's gubernatorial election in Minas Gerais. In
4096-725: Was the construction of the Belém–Brasília Highway . Previously, the only way to go from Rio or São Paulo to Belém was via ship on the Atlantic Ocean . During the Second World War , this weak link had been blocked by German U-boats , virtually disrupting all commerce. The new capital was soon to help integrate all the Brazilian regions, create jobs and absorb a workforce from the Brazilian Northeast , and to stimulate
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