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37-401: The building was designed in 1973 and inaugurated in 1977 – seventeen years after the inauguration of Brasília. Adalberto Pereira dos Santos, vice president of Ernesto Geisel , was the first resident, followed by Aureliano Chaves (vice president of João Figueiredo ) and Itamar Franco (vice president of Fernando Collor ). Marco Maciel (vice president of Fernando Henrique Cardoso ) occupied

74-469: A State Department publication on U.S. foreign policy. Kissinger's memo shows that it was Nixon who raised the subject of Allende during the meeting, asking for Médici's views on Chile: "Médici said Allende would be overthrown". [Nixon] then asked whether Médici thought that the Chilean armed forces were capable of overthrowing Allende. Médici replied that he felt that they were, and [he] made clear that Brazil

111-514: A gradual relaxation of authoritarian rule. It would be, in his words, "the maximum of development possible with the minimum of indispensable security." . In 1974 elections opposition won more votes than before. However, the torture of regime's left-wing and Communist opponents by DOI-CODI was still ongoing, as demonstrated by the 1975 murder of Vladimir Herzog . In 1977 and 1978, the presidential succession issue caused further political confrontation between Geisel and hard-liners. Noting that Brazil

148-519: A growing distance between Brasília and Washington . Although both countries remained allies, Geisel was keen to seek new alliances and, more importantly, new economic opportunities in other parts of the world, especially Africa and Asia. Brazil shifted its foreign policy to meet its economic needs. "Responsible pragmatism" replaced strict alignment with the United States and a worldview based on ideological frontiers and blocs of nations. Because Brazil

185-469: A margin of 313–0, with 56 abstentions. Médici took the oath on 30 October 1969 and served until the end of his term on 15 March 1974. Médici ruled under a 1967 Constitution which had been amended a few months earlier to be even more authoritarian than its predecessor. This constitution, along with the Institutional Act Number Five (AI-5, which gave the government sweeping powers to censor

222-406: A teacher of that language, did not want his children to speak Portuguese with a foreign accent. As an adult, Geisel reported that he was able to understand German but could not write it and had some difficulty speaking it. Geisel married Lucy Markus, the daughter of an army colonel, in 1940. They had a daughter, Amália Lucy (later a university professor), and a son, Orlando, from whose 1957 death in

259-584: A train accident Geisel never completely recovered. His widow died in an automobile accident in March 2000. Geisel along with his brother Orlando (1905–1979, who would be Minister of Army in Emílio Garrastazu Médici 's government), entered the army in 1921 and in 1925 was the first of his class when he graduated from the Military High School of Porto Alegre . He acquired higher military education at

296-634: Is the fact of it being a construction exclusively destined to housing. Its 4,283 square meters privilege the external area, with generous verandas and common areas. Located along the Presidential Way, between the palaces of Planalto and Alvorada, the Jaburu Palace is in the topographical level of the Paranoá Lake, occupying an area of 190,000 square meters. In its gardens, projected by landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx , species of typical trees join

333-574: The 1964 military coup d'état that overthrew the leftist president João Goulart . Geisel was an important figure during the coup and became Chief of the Military Staff of President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco from 1964 until 1967. In 1964 he was promoted to Lieutenant-General and in 1966 to the highest 4-star General de exército rank. In 1969 he was made president of the state-owned oil company Petrobras . In 1973, President Emílio Garrastazu Médici selected Geisel to be his successor as

370-577: The Brazilian Military Junta of 1969 , succeeding Costa e Silva, who had suffered a stroke. As the President was elected by National Congress, it had to be re-convened for this purpose after being dismissed by Costa e Silva. Médici was the only candidate, though since the legislature was dominated by the pro-military National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA), his election would have been a foregone conclusion in any case. The legislature elected him by

407-712: The Military School of Realengo , and graduated it in 1928 as the first in his class and joined artillery unit as an Aspirante . Promoted to lieutenant in 1930. Geisel witnessed and participated in the most prominent events of Brazilian history in the 20th century, such as the Revolution of 1930, the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship of Estado Novo and its overthrow in 1945. Geisel was military attache in Uruguay (1946–47). Promoted to brigadier-general in 1960, Geisel participated in

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444-511: The summary executions of over 100 "subversives" which were personally authorized by Ernesto Geisel himself. In his 5 years of government, Geisel adopted a more pragmatic foreign policy . Despite being a conservative and deeply anti-communist , Geisel made significant overtures towards the communist bloc. Brazil established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and socialist-led governments of Angola and Mozambique , signaling

481-579: The 1950s he served as a commander of reserve forces before being appointed chief of staff to Artur da Costa e Silva from 1957 to 1960. After the military coup Médici became Brazil's military attache to the USA from 1964–1966. In 1967 Médici was appointed chief of the National Intelligence Service of Brazil . In 1969 he became commander of the Third Army and was chosen to become President of Brazil by

518-496: The Brazilian economy had grown at a rate of more than 10% per year, the fastest in the world. But due to the oil shock crisis in 1974, development fell to 5–6% per year. Because much of the country's oil had to be imported, Brazil's foreign debt began to rise. This strategy was effective in promoting growth, but it also raised Brazil's import requirements markedly, increasing the already large current-account deficit. The current account

555-617: The Ministério do Planejamento and Ministério da Fazenda (planning and finances) Roberto Campos and Delfim Netto , and the country won the 1970 Football World Cup . In 1971 Médici presented the First National Development Plan aimed at increasing the rate of economic growth especially in the remote Northeast and Amazon basin . During the Brazilian Miracle, the economy grew rapidly at a rate of 10% per year and inflation

592-557: The apex of the Brazilian military regime . Médici was born in Bagé , Rio Grande do Sul state. From his father's side, he was the grandson of Italian immigrants who went to Uruguay and then moved to Brazil. On his mother's side he descended from Basques . In the 1920s he entered military school at Porto Alegre and then the Army where he was steadily promoted, becoming general in 1961. Throughout

629-529: The building from 1995 to 2002. To the side of the lagoon that gave the name to it and to the edges of the Paranoá Lake , the Jaburu Palace was projected by architect Oscar Niemeyer to be the official residence of the vice president of Brazil, with the urbanistic concept proposed by Lúcio Costa for Brasília. The main characteristic of the palace and its differential from others, such as the Alvorada Palace,

666-486: The extensive use of torture. In 1971, President Richard Nixon and Médici discussed coordinating their efforts to overthrow Cuba 's Fidel Castro and Chile 's Salvador Allende . National security advisor Henry Kissinger 's account of the 9 December 1971, White House visit by Médici was written "for the president's file" and classified Top Secret . It was declassified on 4 September 2008, and made public in July as part of

703-529: The first labor strikes since 1964 and electoral victories of the opposition MDB. In late December 1978 he announced the end of the authoritarian Institutional Act 5 , allowed exiled citizens to return, restored habeas corpus and full political rights , repealed the extraordinary powers of the president, and planned the indirect election of General João Figueiredo as his successor. In 2018, an unearthed CIA memorandum from 11 April 1974 sent by William Colby to U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger details

740-462: The first time since the early 1950s. Geisel adopted a more moderate stance with regards to political opposition. Together with his Chief of Staff , Minister Golbery do Couto e Silva Geisel devised a plan of gradual, slow democratization that would eventually succeed despite all the threats and opposition from hard-liners. He replaced several regional commanders with trusted officers and labeled his political program abertura and distensão , meaning

777-546: The guerrilla movement led by Carlos Marighela , leader of Ação Libertadora Nacional , and Carlos Lamarca was mostly destroyed and Marighela and Lamarca killed. Revolutionary Movement 8th October was suppressed and Araguaia Guerrilla War won. In the 1980s, the Catholic vicariate of São Paulo and Protestant ministers obtained thousands of classified documents that detailed the use of torture during Médici's term. These revelations shocked average Brazilians who had been unaware of

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814-570: The highhandedness and lack of understanding of the Carter administration , Geisel renounced the military alliance with the United States in April 1977. Em%C3%ADlio Garrastazu M%C3%A9dici Emílio Garrastazu Médici ( Portuguese pronunciation: [eˈmilju ɡɐʁastaˈzu ˈmɛd(ʒi)si] ; 4 December 1905 – 9 October 1985) was a Brazilian military leader and politician who was the 28th president of Brazil from 1969 to 1974. His authoritarian rule marked

851-606: The military command and then approved by the Congress to keep up the appearance of democracy. However, since the pro-military party, the National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA), had an overwhelming majority in Congress, the military's chosen candidate could not possibly be defeated. For the first time during the era of military rule, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) actually put up a candidate in

888-471: The more than one-third of the Brazilian workforce whose wages were tied to it lost about 50% of their purchasing power in relation to 1960 levels at the end of Juscelino Kubitschek 's administration. In November 1970 federal, state, and municipal elections were held. Most of the seats were won by ARENA candidates. In 1974, he was succeeded by his handpicked choice, Ernesto Geisel , despite attempts by some hardliners to derail his candidacy. During his rule,

925-448: The most rigidly authoritarian faction of the military, an element that was willing to stay in power for as long as it deemed necessary to increase Brazil's power. Médici created Indigenous territories . This harsh repression came amid a period of explosive economic growth. Médici's term was met with the largest economic growth of any Brazilian President. The Brazilian Miracle unfolded, authored jointly by his liberal ministers ahead of

962-601: The ornamental plants brought from other regions of the Brazil. The tranquillity of the place helps to transform it into a natural aviary of rheas , that freely circulate in the nearby green areas. 15°47′45.7″S 47°49′58.4″W  /  15.796028°S 47.832889°W  / -15.796028; -47.832889 Ernesto Geisel Ernesto Beckmann Geisel ( Portuguese pronunciation: [eʁˈnɛstu ˈbɛkmɐ̃ ˈɡajzew] , German pronunciation: [ɛʁˈnɛsto ˈbɛkman ˈɡaɪzl̩] ; 3 August 1907 – 12 September 1996)

999-474: The person of longtime deputy Ulysses Guimarães . When Guimarães accepted the nomination, he decided to run an "anticandidacy" for president, knowing that Geisel's victory was a foregone conclusion. As expected, Geisel was elected by a vast majority (400-76, with 21 blank votes and six abstentions) and was inaugurated on March 15, 1974 for a five-year mandate. During the Brazilian Miracle from 1968 to 1973,

1036-455: The president. There had been intense behind-the-scenes maneuvering by the hard-liners against him and by the more moderate supporters of Castelo Branco for him. Fortunately for Geisel, his older brother, Orlando Geisel was the Minister of Army, and his close ally General João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo the chief of Médici's military staff. At that time the president of Brazil was chosen by

1073-610: The press and restrict civil rights), formed the legal basis for some of the most severe human rights abuses of the military's two-decade rule. He made liberal use of torture and strict press censorship. The importation of the men's magazines Playboy , Penthouse and Lui , as well as the West German news magazine Der Spiegel , was banned because they offended "morality and proper behavior". His regime also spied on political opponents, many of whom were tortured and disappeared . He and his predecessor, Costa e Silva, represented

1110-565: The strict and rigorous education that his German parents imposed compared to the freedom and more relaxed way of life of his Italian friends had that he admired. Geisel was raised in a Lutheran family, they belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil , and his grandfather was a priest. He claimed to come from a relatively poor family of lower middle class . At home, Geisel spoke German as well as Portuguese because his father, who spoke Portuguese so well that he became

1147-552: Was "working towards this end." The memo notes that Nixon and Médici also discussed whether Cuba should have readmission to the Organization of American States . For his part, Médici noted that Peru was trying to persuade the OAS to consider readmitting Cuba and asked Nixon how they should cooperate to oppose the move. Nixon said he would study the issue and reply to Médici "privately". The OAS voted to lift sanctions on Cuba in 1974. Médici

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1184-571: Was 80% dependent on imported oil , Geisel shifted the country from a critical support of Israel to a more neutral stance on Middle Eastern affairs. Brazil moved closer to Latin America, Europe and Japan. The 1975 agreement with West Germany to build nuclear reactors produced confrontation with the Carter administration, which also scolded the Geisel government for abusing human rights. Frustrated with what he saw as

1221-512: Was a Brazilian Army officer and politician, who served as the 29th president of Brazil from 1974 to 1979, during the Brazilian military dictatorship . Ernesto Geisel was born in Bento Gonçalves , Rio Grande do Sul province. His father was Guilherme Augusto Geisel (born Wilhelm August Geisel), a German teacher from Herborn who immigrated to the Empire of Brazil in 1883 at age 16. His mother

1258-635: Was financed by running up the foreign debt. The expectation was that the combined effects of import substitution industrialization and export expansion eventually would bring about growing trade surpluses, allowing the service and repayment of the foreign debt. President Geisel sought to maintain high economic growth rates, while dealing with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis . He maintained massive investments in infrastructure – highways, telecommunications, hydroelectric dams, mineral extraction, factories, and atomic energy. Fending off nationalist objections, he opened Brazil to oil prospecting by foreign firms for

1295-539: Was kept relatively low in comparison to the stratospheric levels during the governments before the implementation of the military regime. Large construction projects were undertaken, including the Trans-Amazonian Highway , the Itaipu Dam and Rio–Niterói bridge . On the other side, the economic growth benefited mainly the richer classes — by the end of 1970, the official minimum wage went down to US$ 40/month, and

1332-407: Was only a "relative democracy," Geisel attempted in April 1977 to restrain the growing strength of the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) party by allowing other opposition parties to run, thereby splitting the opposition vote. In October, he dismissed far-right Minister of Army, General Sylvio Couto Coelho da Frota, who had tried to become a candidate. In 1978 Geisel had to deal with

1369-466: Was the homemaker Lydia Beckmann, born in Brazil in Teutônia , to German parents from Osnabrück . In Bento Gonçalves , where Ernesto was raised, there were only two families of German origin (Geisels and Drehers), and most of the population was composed of Italian immigrants . Remembering the contact with the local Italian immigrants during his childhood Geisel described the cultural contrasts between

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