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64-398: Alpinia purpurata , commonly referred to as red ginger , ostrich plume and pink cone ginger , is a ginger native to Maluku and the southwest Pacific islands . In typical ginger fashion, A. purpurata is a rhizomatous plant, spreading underground in a horizontal growth habit, sending feeder roots downwards into the substrate and sprouting leafy vertical stems from nodes located along

128-408: A carcinogenic compound. The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract." Raw ginger

192-452: A carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake. In Western cuisine , ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as ginger ale , gingerbread , ginger snaps , parkin , and speculaas . A ginger-flavored liqueur called Canton is produced in Jarnac , France. Ginger wine

256-566: A folk medicine. Ginger can be used for a variety of food items such as vegetables, candy, soda, pickles, and alcoholic beverages. Ginger is a fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger herb tea , to which honey may be added. Ginger can be made into candy or ginger wine . Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots

320-639: A portion of their produce to village traders who collect produce right at the farm gate. Once the produce is collected, it is transported to the closest assembly market where it is then taken to main regional or district level marketing centres. Farmers with a large yield of produce will directly take their produce to local or regional markets. Once the produce has "reached [the] regional level markets, they are cleaned, graded, and packed in sacks of about 60 kg". They are then moved to terminal markets such as in New Delhi, Kochi, and Bombay. States from which ginger

384-420: A variety of nuts and seeds. In Thailand' where it is called ขิง khing , it is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking. In Indonesia , a beverage called wedang jahe is made from ginger and palm sugar . Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called jahe , as a common ingredient in local recipes. In Malaysia , ginger is called halia and used in many kinds of dishes, especially soups. Called luya in

448-506: A while thanks to their vigor & long shelf-life as a cut flower. Ginger Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) is a flowering plant whose rhizome , ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine . It is an herbaceous perennial that grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall, bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from

512-405: A woody stem, allowing plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients over longer distances within the plant body. Since most woody plants are perennials with a longer life cycle because it takes more time and more resources (nutrients and water) to produce persistently living lignified woody stems, they are not as able to colonize open and dry ground as rapidly as herbs. The surface of herbs

576-475: Is ephemeral and often seasonal in duration. By contrast, non-herbaceous vascular plants are woody plants that have stems above ground that remain alive, even during any dormant season, and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts – these include trees , shrubs , vines and woody bamboos . Banana plants are also regarded as herbaceous plants because the stem does not contain true woody tissue. Some herbaceous plants can grow rather large, such as

640-647: Is 79% water, 18% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw ginger supplies 333 kilojoules (80 kilocalories) of food energy and moderate amounts of potassium (14% of the Daily Value , DV), magnesium (10% DV) and manganese (10% DV), but otherwise is low in micronutrient content (table). If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative side effects , although large amounts may cause adverse events , such as gastrointestinal discomfort, and undesirable interactions with prescription drugs . It

704-412: Is a cysteine protease and has similar properties to rennet . Evidence that ginger use is associated with reduced nausea during pregnancy is of low quality. There is no good evidence ginger helps alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. There is no clear evidence that taking ginger to treat nausea during pregnancy is safe. Ginger is not effective for treating dysmenorrhea . There

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768-475: Is a perennial reed -like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers ; it is immediately scalded , or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent sprouting . The fragrant perisperm of the Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu , and also as a condiment and sialagogue . Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of

832-400: Is a catalyst for dew, which in arid climates and seasons is the main type of precipitation and is necessary for the survival of vegetation, i.e. in arid areas, herbaceous plants are a generator of precipitation and the basis of an ecosystem. Most of the water vapor that turns into dew comes from the air, not the soil or clouds. The taller the herb ( surface area is the main factor though),

896-630: Is a ginger-flavoured wine produced in the United Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea. On the island of Corfu , Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα ( tsitsibira ), a type of ginger beer , is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the United States of

960-470: Is a summer yogurt drink made with ginger as a key ingredient, along with green chillies, salt and curry leaves. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being katlu , which is a mixture of gum resin, ghee , nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form. In Japan, ginger is pickled to make beni shōga and gari or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles . It

1024-603: Is among the Austronesian peoples where it was among several species of ginger cultivated and exploited since ancient times. They cultivated other gingers including turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), white turmeric ( Curcuma zedoaria ), and bitter ginger ( Zingiber zerumbet ). The rhizomes and the leaves were used to flavour food or eaten directly. The leaves were also used to weave mats. Aside from these uses, ginger had religious significance among Austronesians, being used in rituals for healing and for asking protection from spirits. It

1088-433: Is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced masala chai . Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form ginger garlic masala . Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. In south India, "sambharam"

1152-525: Is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a herbal tea can be prepared from ginger. Raw ginger juice can be used to set milk and make a dessert , ginger milk curd . In the Caribbean , ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as sorrel , a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as

1216-471: Is exported follow the marketing channels of vegetable marketing in India, and the steps are similar to those when transported domestically. However, instead of reaching a terminal market after the regional forwarding centres, the produce will reach an export market and then be sent off by vehicle, plane or boat to reach its final international destination, where it will arrive at a local retail market and finally reach

1280-485: Is made into a candy called shoga no sato zuke . In the traditional Korean kimchi , ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process. In Myanmar , ginger is called gyin . It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in traditional medicines . It is consumed as a salad dish called gyin-thot , which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with

1344-478: Is no good evidence that ginger helps alleviate nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy or chemotherapy , and its safety has not been demonstrated. It remains uncertain whether ginger is effective for treating any disease, and use of ginger as a drug has not been approved by the FDA . In 2020, world production of ginger was 4.3 million tonnes , led by India with 43% of the world total. The English origin of

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1408-481: Is often used as a seasoning in Indian recipes and is a common ingredient of Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Vietnamese , and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood , meat , and vegetarian dishes . In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger has a role in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It

1472-533: Is on the FDA 's " generally recognized as safe " list, though it does interact with some medications, including the anticoagulant drug warfarin and the cardiovascular drug nifedipine . The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from volatile oils that compose 1–3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of sesquiterpenes , such as beta-bisabolene and zingiberene , zingerone , shogaols , and gingerols with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as

1536-495: Is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade , and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans . The distantly related dicots in the genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste. Ginger has been used in traditional medicine in China, India and Japan for centuries, and as a dietary supplement . There

1600-590: Is provided that the leaves do not sunburn, the red ginger can tolerate a few hours of full sun, earlier in the day. Extra light may help to stimulate more vivid foliage and vibrant blooms. In addition to planting in outdoor landscapes, red ginger may also be grown as an indoor houseplant (if provided with adequate light exposure). It can be successfully conditioned to grow in LECA or PON (in full, passive or semi- hydroponic setups). Its cut flowers and leaves are often used in floral arrangements and tropical bouquets. In Hawaii,

1664-560: Is some evidence for it having an anti-inflammatory effect, and improving digestive function, but insufficient evidence for it affecting pain in osteoarthritis . The evidence that ginger retards blood clotting is mixed. A 2018 review found evidence that ginger could decrease body weight in obese subjects and increase HDL-cholesterol . Although generally recognized as safe , ginger can cause heartburn and other side effects, particularly if taken in powdered form. It may adversely affect individuals with gallstones , and may interfere with

1728-609: Is that the Sanskrit word comes from srngam , meaning "horn", and vera , meaning "body" (describing the shape of its root), but that may be folk etymology . The word probably was readopted in Middle English from the Old French gingibre (modern French gingembre ). Ginger originated from Maritime Southeast Asia . It is a true cultigen and does not exist in its wild state. The most ancient evidence of its domestication

1792-577: Is the "largest producer of ginger in the world". Regions in southwest and Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space. Ginger has the ability to grow in a wide variety of land types and areas, however is best produced when grown in a warm, humid environment, at an elevation between 300 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft), and in well-drained soils at least 30 cm deep. A period of low rainfall prior to growing and well-distributed rainfall during growing are also essential for

1856-492: Is the harvesting stage. When the rhizome is planted for products such as vegetable, soda, and candy, harvesting should be done between four and five months of planting, whereas when the rhizome is planted for products such as dried ginger or ginger oil, harvesting must be done eight to ten months after planting. Dry ginger is one of the most popular forms of ginger in commerce. Ginger rhizomes for dry ginger are harvested at full maturity (8–10 months). After soaking them in water,

1920-509: Is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery . Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen. Ginger is used in Iranian cuisine . Ginger bread is a kind of cookie traditionally prepared in the city of Gorgan on the holiday of Nowruz (New Year's Day). Other members of the family Zingiberaceae are used in similar ways. They include

1984-400: The myoga ( Zingiber mioga ), the several types of galangal , the fingerroot ( Boesenbergia rotunda ), and the bitter ginger ( Zingiber zerumbet ). A dicotyledonous native species of eastern North America, Asarum canadense , is also known as " wild ginger ", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid ,

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2048-511: The Middle Ages after European tastes shifted favorably towards its culinary properties; during this time, ginger was described in the official pharmacopeias of several countries. In 14th century England, a pound of ginger cost as much as a sheep. Archaeological evidence of ginger in northwest Europe comes from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship, Gribshunden . The ship sank off

2112-462: The Philippines , ginger is a common ingredient in local dishes and is brewed as a tea called salabat . In Vietnam , the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup ( canh khoai mỡ ) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root. In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root

2176-611: The United States , in places such as South Florida and coastal Southern California , as these regions' winter low temperatures do not typically reach freezing, usually dropping no lower than 45°-50 °F (about 7°-10 °C) at the coldest points of the year. Additionally, the plant may require extra overhead sun protection, as well as irrigation, in drier, hotter or sunnier climes outside its native range; as with many ginger species, red ginger prefers partial shade, indirect light and consistently moist—but not saturated—soil conditions, with preferably high levels of ambient humidity. If care

2240-502: The Ionian Islands . Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavours of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavouring for recipes such as gingerbread , cookies , crackers and cakes, ginger ale , and ginger beer . Candied or crystallized ginger , known in the UK as " stem ginger ",

2304-518: The United Arab Emirates, Morocco, the United States, Yemen Republic, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands". Though India is the largest ginger producer in the world, it fails to play the role of a large exporter and only accounts for about 1.17% of total ginger exports. Ginger farming in India is a costly and risky business, as farmers do not gain much money from exports and "more than 65% of

2368-509: The United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) In 2020, global production of ginger was 4.3 million tonnes , led by India with 43% of the world total. Nigeria , China , and Nepal also had substantial production. Though it is grown in many areas across the globe, ginger is "among the earliest recorded spices to be cultivated and exported from southwest India". India holds the seventh position in ginger export worldwide, however

2432-404: The analysis of annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem . Herbaceous plants do not produce perennializing above-ground structures using lignin , which is a complex phenolic polymer deposited in the secondary cell wall of all vascular plants. The development of lignin during vascular plant evolution provided mechanical strength, rigidity, and hydrophobicity to secondary cell walls creating

2496-482: The consumer once purchased. Dry ginger is most popularly traded between Asian countries through a unique distribution system involving a network of small retail outlets. Fresh and preserved ginger are often sold directly to supermarket chains, and in some countries fresh ginger is seen exclusively in small shops unique to certain ethnic communities. India frequently exports its ginger and other vegetable produce to nearby Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as "Saudi Arabia,

2560-514: The countries and territories of Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Hawaii , Jamaica , Martinique , Puerto Rico , St. Lucia , St. Vincent , Suriname (where its Dutch name is bokkepoot , or "billy-goat's foot") and Trinidad and Tobago , in addition to several Central American nations, including Belize and Panama . It is also found in Samoa , where it is the national flower, locally called teuila . Red ginger can also be grown successfully in

2624-591: The effects of anticoagulants , such as warfarin or aspirin , and other prescription drugs . Herbaceous The fourth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines "herb" as: The same dictionary defines "herbaceous" as: Botanical sources differ from each other on the definition of "herb". For instance, the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation includes the condition "when persisting over more than one growing season,

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2688-399: The farmer to break up the soil. After the soil is sufficiently ploughed (at least 3–5 times), water channels are made 60–80 feet (18–24 m) apart to irrigate the crop. The next step is planting the rhizome seed. In India, planting the irrigated ginger crop is usually done in the months between March and June as those months account for the beginning of the monsoon, or rainy season. Once

2752-408: The firmness of the soil from rain, and conserve soil moisture. Farmers must ensure that their ginger crops are receiving supplemental irrigation if rainfall is low in their region. In India, farmers must irrigate their ginger crops every two weeks at the least between September and November (when the monsoon is over) to ensure maximum yield and high quality product. The final farming stage for ginger

2816-472: The flowers of red ginger are grown commercially for sale, and have been associated with the Hamakua area for a long time. Once a very common flower regionally, the gardening community there has experienced a slight decline in recent years, though is starting to make a comeback. Red ginger blooms are also, sometimes, called "graveyard flowers" as they are customarily placed at loved ones' headstones, lasting for quite

2880-609: The genus Musa , to which the banana belongs. Some relatively fast-growing herbaceous plants (especially annuals) are pioneers , or early-successional species. Others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests , or in naturally open habitats such as meadow , salt marsh or desert . Some habitats, like grasslands and prairies and savannas , are dominated by herbaceous plants along with aquatic environments like ponds , streams and lakes . The age of some herbaceous perennial plants can be determined by herbchronology ,

2944-405: The ginger to thrive well in the soil. Ginger produced in India is most often farmed through homestead farming, with work adaptively shared by available family and community members. The size of the ginger rhizome is essential to the production of ginger. The larger the rhizome piece, the faster ginger will be produced and therefore the faster it will be sold onto the market. Prior to planting

3008-440: The leading export crop on both Hispaniola and Puerto Rico by the end of the century, until the introduction of slave labour from Africa made sugar more economical to produce in the 17th century. Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, it is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. It

3072-477: The major pungent compound. Some 400 chemical compounds exist in raw ginger. Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma. Shogaols are more pungent, and are formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity. Numerous monoterpenes , amino acids , dietary fiber , protein, phytosterols , vitamins , and dietary minerals are other constituents. Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme zingibain which

3136-517: The more dew it produces, so a short cut of the herbs necessitates watering. For example, if you frequently and shortly cut the grass without watering in an arid zone, then desertification occurs. Most herbaceous plants have a perennial (85%) life cycle but some are annual (15%) or biennial (<1%). Annual plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and then new plants grow from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at

3200-453: The outer skin is scraped off with a bamboo splinter or wooden knife by hand as it is too delicate a process to be done by machinery. The whole dried rhizomes are ground in the consuming centres. Fresh ginger does not need further processing after harvest, and it is harvested much younger. Ginger is sent through various stages to be transported to its final destination either domestically or internationally. The journey begins when farmers sell

3264-577: The parts of the shoot dying back seasonally". Some orchids, such as species of Phalaenopsis , are described in some sources (including the authoritative Plants of the World Online ) as "herbs" but with "leaves persistent or sometimes deciduous". In the glossary of Flora of the Sydney Region , Roger Charles Carolin defines "herb" as a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" as meaning "herb-like, referring to parts of

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3328-477: The plant that are green and soft in texture". Herbaceous plants include graminoids , forbs , and ferns . Forbs are generally defined as herbaceous broad-leafed plants, while graminoids are plants with grass-like appearance including true grasses , sedges, and rushes. Herbaceous plants most often are low-growing plants, different from woody plants like trees and shrubs , tending to have soft green stems that lack lignification and their above-ground growth

3392-402: The planting stage is done, farmers go on to mulch the crop to conserve moisture and check weed growth, as well as check surface run-off to conserve soil. Mulching is done by applying mulch (green leaves for example) to the plant beds directly after planting and again 45 and 90 days into growth. After mulching comes hilling, which is the stirring and breaking up of soil to check weed growth, break

3456-572: The rhizome on separate shoots. Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae , which also includes turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum ), and galangal . Ginger originated in Maritime Southeast Asia and was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples . It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion ( c.  5,000 BP ), reaching as far as Hawaii . Ginger

3520-813: The rhizome. As its common name implies, red ginger blooms with showy inflorescences on long, bright magenta- to red-hued bracts ; while they appear to be a blossom, bracts are in fact modified leaves that contain the plant's actual flowers . Bracts are a common feature of many botanical genera (such as Euphorbia sp. or the Araceae family), having evolved to protect and resemble the flowers and appeal to pollinators. The actual flower "parts" ( pollen , pistil , stamen , etc.) are located inside, often accessed by crawling insects like ants or beetles . Red ginger has several cultivars , such as A. purpurata 'Jungle King' and 'Jungle Queen'. The plant grows in many regions outside of its native southwest Pacific islands , including

3584-402: The seed rhizomes, farmers are required to treat the seeds to prevent pests, and rhizome rot and other seed-borne diseases . Various ways Indian farmers do seed treatment include dipping the seeds in cow dung emulsion, smoking the seeds before storage, and hot water treatment. Once the seeds are properly treated, the farmland in which they are to be planted must be thoroughly dug or ploughed by

3648-625: The southern coast of Sweden in the summer of 1495 while conveying King Hans to a summit with the Swedish Council. Among the luxuries carried on the ship were ginger, cloves, saffron, and pepper. The ginger plant was smuggled onto the Caribbean islands from Asia sometime in the 16th century, along with black pepper , cloves , and cinnamon , at the encouragement of the Spanish Crown, though only ginger thrived. It eventually displaced sugar to become

3712-411: The total cost incurred is toward labor and seed material purchase". The farm owner may benefit given that there is no losses in production or price decreases, which is not easily avoidable. Production of dry ginger proves to have a higher benefit-cost ratio, as well as ginger cultivated in intercropping systems rather than as a pure crop. Ginger is a common spice used worldwide, whether for meals or as

3776-518: The way to Hawaii . They also presumably introduced it to India along with other Southeast Asian food plants and Austronesian sailing technologies , during early contact by Austronesian sailors with the Dravidian -speaking peoples of Sri Lanka and South India at around 3,500 BP . It was also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros in the 1st millennium CE. From India, it

3840-750: The word "ginger" is from the mid-14th century, from Old English gingifer , which derives in turn from the Medieval Latin gingiber , gingiber from the Greek ζιγγίβερις zingiberis from the Prakrit (Middle Indic) siṅgabera , and siṅgabera from the Sanskrit śṛṅgavera . The Sanskrit word is thought to come from an ancient Dravidian word that also produced the Tamil and Malayalam term iñci-vēr (from vēr , "root"); an alternative explanation

3904-585: Was also used in the blessing of Austronesian ships . Ginger was carried with them in their voyages as canoe plants during the Austronesian expansion , starting from around 5,000 BP . They introduced it to the Pacific Islands in prehistory, long before any contact with other civilizations. Reflexes of the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word * laqia are found in Austronesian languages all

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3968-773: Was carried by traders into the Middle East and the Mediterranean by around the 1st century CE. It was primarily grown in southern India and the Greater Sunda Islands during the spice trade , along with peppers , cloves , and numerous other spices. The first written record of ginger comes from the Analects , written by the Disciples of Confucius in China during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). In it, Confucius

4032-505: Was produced in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Ginger—along with its relative, galangal —was imported into the Roman Empire as part of very expensive herbal remedies that only the wealthy could afford, e.g. for the kidneys. Aëtius of Amida describes both ginger and galangal as ingredients in his complex herbal prescriptions. Raw and preserved ginger was imported into Europe in increased quantity during

4096-637: Was said to eat ginger with every meal. In 406, the monk Faxian wrote that ginger was grown in pots and carried on Chinese ships to prevent scurvy . During the Song dynasty (960–1279), ginger was being imported into China from southern countries. Ginger spice was introduced to the Mediterranean by the Arabs, and described by writers like Dioscorides (40–90) and Pliny the Elder (24–79). In 150, Ptolemy noted that ginger

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