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27-692: The town was founded as Chiang Hung (Cheli), by Tai king Phanya Coeng in 1180. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China, the Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna began a close and long-lasting relationship to Lanna , another historic Tai kingdom that lay south. In 1296, Lanna's capital Chiang Mai was founded by Mangrai , whose maternal grandfather was King Rung Kaen Chai ( Thai : รุ่งแก่นชาย ) of Jinghong (i.e.: Sipsongpanna). The kingdoms of Sipsongpanna and Lanna maintained ties through migration and intermarriage. In 1401,

54-632: A branch of the Shans or Tai, hence its other name Meung Lu. Its capital was the city of Chiang Hung, modern Jinghong . The kingdom, in its most powerful state in the 13th century, covered a large area before being subjugated by neighboring powers such as the Yuan dynasty , the Lan Na kingdom, and the Konbaung dynasty . Chinese dynasties recognized the local leaders as tusi of Cheli ( Chinese : 車里宣慰使 ). The history of

81-461: A brief period of autonomy until Lanna was conquered by Burmese Toungoo dynasty in 1558. The Burmese under Bayinnaung had already put the area under its control and Chiang Hung became a Burmese tributary. The Burmese divided Heokam into twelve pan s (administration units), translated by the Tai Lü people Sipsong Panna (i.e. Twelve districts). Sipsong Panna served as the battlegrounds between Burma and

108-620: A cautious response of diplomacy and Tau Se Da Xam withdrew his troops. About this period Sipsongpanna began to pay tribute to the Ming. In 1405 the Sipsongpanna Tai attacked Chiang Mai, in conjunction with Ming Chinese troops. In 1421 the Chinese attempted to cause a split in Sipsongpanna by backing multiple administrations during a period of civil strife, but their plan failed to succeed. 1448 saw

135-422: A generally humid climate with strong monsoonal influences. Summer is long and there is virtually no "winter" as such; instead, there is a dry season (December thru April) and wet season (May thru October). Annual sunshine hours amount to between 1800 and 2300 and annual rainfall ranging from 1,100 to 1,700 millimetres (43 to 67 in). The coolest month is December, averaging 18.4 °C (65.1 °F), while

162-424: A large Tai Lue emigration into Lanna . Prince Nokam was then crowned but was later killed by his own nobles. Ava then re-installed Sarawan as the king. Sarawan's brother, Oalnawudh, fled to Luang Prabang and proceeded to Bangkok in 1852. The Siamese nobles then saw this as an opportunity to gain control over Shan States and Chiang Hung and planned to take Kengtung on the way to Chiang Hung. The Siamese invaded

189-490: Is a city in and the seat of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture , in the far south of China 's Yunnan province, and the historic capital of the former Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna . The town was founded as Chiang Hung (Cheli), by Tai king Phanya Coeng in 1180. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China, the Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna began a close and long-lasting relationship to Lanna , another historic Tai kingdom that lay south. In 1296, Lanna's capital Chiang Mai

216-478: Is limited to the south by Hengduan Mountains , and the Lancang River (Mekong) passes through Jinghong. Two bridges near the city span this river, which flows south-east towards Laos . Climatically, Jinghong has a humid subtropical climate , bordering on a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen Cwa bordering Aw , respectively). The city has a generally humid climate with strong monsoonal influences. Summer

243-406: Is long and there is virtually no "winter" as such; instead, there is a dry season (December thru April) and wet season (May thru October). Annual sunshine hours amount to between 1800 and 2300 and annual rainfall ranging from 1,100 to 1,700 millimetres (43 to 67 in). The coolest month is December, averaging 18.4 °C (65.1 °F), while the warmest is June, at 27.1 °C (80.8 °F);

270-507: The Qing dynasty . Heokam faced three centuries of Burmese rule . In efforts to recover the manpower taken by Burma , Buddha Yodfa Chulalok ordered Prince Adthavorapaño of Nan to invade Kengtung and Chiang Hung to gather the Tai peoples there into Nan and other Lanna cities. Today, Nan hosts the largest Tai Lue community in Thailand. Also King Kawila of Chiang Mai invaded Chiang Hung to get

297-401: The 1530s to crush Chiang Mai, and its influence also extended to Kengtung and Sipsongpanna, which like other Tai kingdoms soon began to pay tribute. Jinghong has a latitude range of 21°27'–22°36' N and a longitude range of 100°25'–101°31' E. It borders Pu'er City to the north, Mengla County to the east and Menghai County to the west, as well as Burma 's Shan State to the south. The city

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324-446: The Chinese attempted to cause a split in Sipsongpanna by backing multiple administrations during a period of civil strife, but their plan failed to succeed. 1448 saw the defeat of Mong Mao , a Tai state in eastern Burma, by a combination of Chinese, Sipsongpanna and allied forces united under the Ming. In the 1450s another struggle for succession arose in Sipsongpanna, with one faction backed by Kengtung and one by Chiang Mai. Despite

351-476: The Kengtung faction's victory, conflict started with that state shortly afterwards. The Burmese Toungoo state arose in the 1530s to crush Chiang Mai, and its influence also extended to Kengtung and Sipsongpanna, which like other Tai kingdoms soon began to pay tribute. Jinghong has a latitude range of 21°27'–22°36' N and a longitude range of 100°25'–101°31' E. It borders Pu'er City to the north, Mengla County to

378-449: The Sipsongpanna Tai ruler Tau Se Da Xam (pinyin: Dao Xianda) attacked a smaller Tai area to the north unknown as Weiyuan equivalent to modern Jinggu). The Ming administration sought to retaliate but adopted a cautious response of diplomacy and Tau Se Da Xam withdrew his troops. About this period Sipsongpanna began to pay tribute to the Ming. In 1405 the Sipsongpanna Tai attacked Chiang Mai, in conjunction with Ming Chinese troops. In 1421

405-538: The annual mean is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). However, high temperatures reach their peak in April before the onset of the monsoon from the Indian Ocean. Jinghong City has 1 subdistrict, 5 towns, 3 townships and 2 ethnic townships. The Dai Water Splashing Festival and nearby villages of that and other ethnic groups are the main attractions. Additionally, at least three botanical parks and gardens are located in or near

432-519: The capital of Tai Dam people ), and Xieng Thong ( Luang Prabang ), making Heokam the sole leader of Tai kingdoms in the north. The Tai Lü people then began scattering throughout Heokam’s area of influence. However, Heokam then fell to the Mongol invasions in 1290 and became a tributary of Yuan dynasty . After a rebellion and subsequent capture of the city by King Mangrai , the Mongols made a peace agreement and

459-508: The city remained under Mangrai's rule. The Mongols granted the title Chao Saenwi Fa ( Thai : เจ้าแสนหวีฟ้า ) and the surname of Dao to the Kings of Chiang Hung. The power vacuum in the area was filled by newly formed Lanna kingdom evolving from Ngoenyang state. Mangrai the Great of Lanna put Chiang Hung under Lanna tributary. However, Lanna authority weakened in the early 16th century and Heokam enjoyed

486-408: The city, of which Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is the largest and most famous one. . Chiang Hung Chiang Hung , Sipsongpanna or Keng Hung ( Tai Lü : ᦵᦋᧂᦣᦳᧂᧈ ; Thai : เมืองหอคำเชียงรุ่ง; Mueang Ho Kham Chiang Rung , Chinese : 車里 or 江洪 ) was one of the states of Shans under the suzerainty of Burma and China. Chiang Hung was inhabited mainly by Tai Lü people ,

513-401: The defeat of Mong Mao , a Tai state in eastern Burma, by a combination of Chinese, Sipsongpanna and allied forces united under the Ming. In the 1450s another struggle for succession arose in Sipsongpanna, with one faction backed by Kengtung and one by Chiang Mai. Despite the Kengtung faction's victory, conflict started with that state shortly afterwards. The Burmese Toungoo state arose in

540-454: The east and Menghai County to the west, as well as Burma 's Shan State to the south. The city is limited to the south by Hengduan Mountains , and the Lancang River (Mekong) passes through Jinghong. Two bridges near the city span this river, which flows south-east towards Laos . Climatically, Jinghong has a humid subtropical climate , bordering on a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen Cwa bordering Aw , respectively). The city has

567-605: The foundation ceremony of the People's Republic of China in 1949, and later became president of the Yunnan Minzu Institute. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Region was established in 1953 and became an autonomous prefecture in 1955. A former tusi of Mengpeng, Shao Cunxin , was the head of Xishuangbanna government from 1953 to 1992. Following constant warfare in the late 18th century, a large number of Tai Lue people were displaced. Nowadays some Tai Lue settlements can be found in

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594-508: The north but were unable to penetrate the mountainous highlands. In 1855, another attempt was made to march to Chiang Hung but yet failed. Chiang Hung then came under the suzerainty of Qing dynasty for about a century. After the Chinese Empire was overthrown , the kingdom status of Chiang Hung technically ended. However, Republic of China continued to recognize local leaders as tusi . The last chieftain of Jinghong, Dao Shixun , attended

621-742: The northern provinces of Thailand and Laos . Some members of the ruling family, such as Dao Shixun 's brother, fled to Mae Sai district in Chiang Rai , Thailand in 1949. Dao Shixun visited them in 1986. Jinghong Jinghong ( Chinese : 景 洪 ; pinyin : Jǐnghóng ; Tai Lü : ᦵᦋᧂ ᦣᦳᧂᧈ ᦉᦹᧈ ; Thai : เชียงรุ่ง , RTGS :  Chiang Rung , pronounced [tɕʰīaŋ rûŋ] ; Northern Thai : เจียงฮุ่ง , pronounced [tɕīaŋ hûŋ] ; Lao : ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ , pronounced [síaŋ hūŋ] ; also formerly romanised as Chiang Hung , Chengrung , Cheng Hung , Jeng Hung, Jinghung , Keng Hung , Kiang Hung and Muangjinghung )

648-575: The people. The Tai Lue people and culture therefore surged into Lanna. A dynastic struggle in 1847 brought chaos to Chiang Hung. According to Siamese chronicles King Mahawan of Chiang Hung died in 1847, to be succeeded by his son Prince Sarawan . However, Mahawan's uncle Prince Mahakhanan took the throne. Prince Sarawan fled to Dali in dismay and sought supports from Qing dynasty . Sarawan returned and killed Mahakhanan, Mahakhanan's son, Prince Nokam , went to Ava to gain supports from Pagan Min . The Burmese invaded and took Chiang Hung - culminating

675-589: The state can be divided in two periods: Phanya Coeng , Paya Jueang ( Thai : พญาเจื่อง ) or Chao Jueang Han ( Thai : เจ้าเจื่องหาญ ) was said to wage wars with the native Akha and other Tai peoples in the area and established the kingdom in favor of Tai Lü people at Chiang Hung or Heo Kam on the Mekong in 1180. In the early 13th century, King Inmueng greatly expanded Heokam territories. The tributaries of Heokam kingdom includes Kengtung (Meuang Khün), Chiang Saen ( Ngoenyang ), Meuang Thaeng (modern Dien Bien Phu –

702-487: The warmest is June, at 27.1 °C (80.8 °F); the annual mean is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). However, high temperatures reach their peak in April before the onset of the monsoon from the Indian Ocean. Jinghong City has 1 subdistrict, 5 towns, 3 townships and 2 ethnic townships. The Dai Water Splashing Festival and nearby villages of that and other ethnic groups are the main attractions. Additionally, at least three botanical parks and gardens are located in or near

729-449: Was founded by Mangrai , whose maternal grandfather was King Rung Kaen Chai ( Thai : รุ่งแก่นชาย ) of Jinghong (i.e.: Sipsongpanna). The kingdoms of Sipsongpanna and Lanna maintained ties through migration and intermarriage. In 1401, the Sipsongpanna Tai ruler Tau Se Da Xam (pinyin: Dao Xianda) attacked a smaller Tai area to the north unknown as Weiyuan equivalent to modern Jinggu). The Ming administration sought to retaliate but adopted

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