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61-575: The city was founded by King Mangrai in 1262 and became the capital of the Mangrai Dynasty. The word 'Chiang' means 'city' in Thai , so Chiang Rai would mean 'the City of (Mang) Rai '. Subsequently, Chiang Rai was conquered by Burma and remained under Burmese rule for several hundred years. It was not until 1786 that Chiang Rai became a Chiang Mai vassal. Siam (Thailand) annexed Chiang Mai in 1899, and Chiang Rai

122-645: A San Miao ( 三苗 , Three Miao) kingdom around Dongting Lake . It was defeated by Yu the Great . Another Miao kingdom may have emerged in Yunnan around 704 BC that was subjugated by the Chinese in the 3rd century BC. In 2002, the Chu language has been identified as perhaps having influence from Tai–Kam and Miao–Yao languages by researchers at University of Massachusetts Amherst . The Miao were not mentioned again in Chinese records until

183-501: A historical tendency by the Hmong, who resisted assimilation and political cooperation, to group all Miao peoples together under the term Hmong because of the potential derogatory use of the term Miao. In modern China, however, the term continues to be used regarding the Miao people there. Though the Miao themselves use various self-designations, the Chinese traditionally classify them according to

244-469: A low income. On the contrary, Miao men take up jobs that require more physical strengths and less visibility in public, such as engineering roads, building hotels, boats and pavilions. These jobs generally provide a more stable and profitable source of income. The above example of unequal division of labor demonstrates, in spite of socioeconomic changes in China, men are still considered the financial backbone of

305-454: A man of her choice. However, like many other cultures in Asia, there are strict cultural practices on marriage, one being clan exogamy . It is a taboo to marry someone within the same family clan name, even when the couple are not blood related or from the same community. In contrast to the common practice of the right of succession belonging to the firstborn son, the Miao's inheritance descends to

366-579: A subgroup of the Yao . The term "Miao" gained official status in 1949 as a minzu (ethnic group) encompassing a group of linguistically related ethnic minorities in Southwest China . This was part of a larger effort to identify and classify minority groups to clarify their role in the national government, including establishing autonomous administrative divisions and allocating the seats for representatives in provincial and national government. Historically,

427-484: A village near Lamphun . King Boek fled by way of the Doi Khun Tan mountain range between Lamphun and Lampang , but he was caught and executed. King Mangrai's troops occupied the city of Lampang, and King Yi Ba was made to flee further south, this time to Phitsanulok. King Mangrai's eldest son grew tired of waiting and tried to seize the throne, but his attempt failed and he was executed. Mangrai's second son, Khun Kham,

488-500: Is 839 kilometers from Bangkok, about 14 hours by car or by bus. According to official bus schedules, the bus ride to Chiang Rai from Chiang Mai takes approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes, All of these times should take into account the rainy season which lasts from about June to late October, this can severely inhibit travel with road sections often completely flooded and even washed out. Several flights are available to and from Bangkok daily. Chiang Rai International Airport flight time

549-548: Is about 1 hour and 30 minutes. There are several major operators including Thai Airways, Air Asia, Nok Air. There is scheduled boat service between Chiang Rai and Thaton in Chiang Mai Province daily. This journey will last about 3–4 hours and is a pleasant alternative to the bus ride through the mountains. There are currently no rail services to Chiang Rai as the railway line from Bangkok ends at Chiang Mai. Nonetheless, new 323 kilometer-long branch line, from Den Chai to

610-418: Is not one final masterpiece exactly the same as another. The Miao embroidery and silver jewelry are highly valued, delicate and beautiful. Silver jewelry is a highly valuable craftwork of the Miao people. Apart from being a cultural tradition, it also symbolises the wealth of Miao women. As a Miao saying goes, "decorated with no silver or embroidery, a girl is not a girl", Miao women are occasionally defined by

671-622: The Battle of Zhuolu ( 涿鹿 ; Zhuōlù , a defunct prefecture on the border of present provinces of Hebei and Liaoning ) by the military coalition of Huang Di ( 黃帝 ; Huángdì ) and Yan Di, leaders of the Huaxia ( 華夏 ; Huáxià ) tribe as the two tribes struggled for supremacy of the Yellow River valley. The San Miao, according to legend, are the descendants of the Jiuli Tribe. Chinese records record

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732-752: The Hmongic languages belong to the Miao. For example, the speakers of the Bunu and Bahengic languages are designated as the Yao , and the speakers of the Sheic languages are designated as the She and the Yao. The Kem Di Mun people in Hainan , despite being officially designated as Miao people, are linguistically and culturally identical to the Kim Mun people in continental China who are classified as

793-575: The Tang dynasty (618–907). In the following period, the Miao migrated throughout southern China and Southeast Asia . They generally inhabited mountainous or marginal lands and took up swidden or slash-and-burn cultivation techniques to farm these lands. During the Miao Rebellions of the Ming dynasty , thousands of Miao were killed by the imperial forces. Mass castrations of Miao boys also took place. During

854-609: The United States , France , and Australia . Miao is a Chinese term, while the component groups of people have their own autonyms, such as (with some variant spellings) Hmong , Hmu , Xong (Qo-Xiong), and A-Hmao . These people (except those in Hainan ) speak Hmongic languages , a subfamily of the Hmong–Mien languages including many mutually unintelligible languages such as the Hmong , Hmub, Xong and A-Hmao . Not all speakers of

915-507: The tripoint of the Thailand, Laos and Myanmar borders, is 55 kilometres (34 mi) north-east of the city. Chiang Rai has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ). Winters are fairly dry and warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at 34.5 °C (94.1 °F). The monsoon season runs from late April through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during

976-448: The 19th century. According to André-Georges Haudricourt and David Strecker's claims based on limited secondary data, the Miao were among the first people to settle in present-day China. They claim that the Han borrowed a lot of words from the Miao in regard to rice farming. This indicated that the Miao were among the first rice farmers in China. In addition, some have connected the Miao to

1037-592: The Chiang Rai Province, home to 1.1 million residents. A significant share—12.5 percent—of the population are of hill tribes descent. "Hill tribes" is a collective term for the minority ethnic groups in north Thailand such as the Karen , Akha , Lisu , Miao , and Hmong . Chiang Rai City is the capital of Chiang Rai Province . The city hall 19°54.805′N 99°49.615′E  /  19.913417°N 99.826917°E  / 19.913417; 99.826917 houses

1098-851: The Chinese-Miao for the Communists. However, after the war the Vietnamese were very aggressive towards the Hmong who suffered many years of reprisals. Most Hmong in Thailand also supported a brief Communist uprising during the war. Some of the origins of the Hmong and Miao clan names are a result of the marriage of Hmong women to Han Chinese men, with distinct Han Chinese-descended clans and lineages practicing Han Chinese burial customs. These clans were called "Han Chinese Hmong" ("Hmong Sua") in Sichuan , and were instructed in military tactics by fugitive Han Chinese rebels. Such Chinese "surname groups" are comparable to

1159-679: The Daxi Culture (5,300 – 6,000 years ago) in the middle Yangtze River region. The Daxi Culture has been credited with being amongst the first cultivators of rice in the Far East by Western scholars. However, in 2006 rice cultivation was found to have existed in the Shandong province even earlier than the Daxi Culture. Though the Yuezhuang culture has cultivated rice, it is more of collected wild rice and not actual cultivated and domesticated rice like that of

1220-612: The Daxi. A western study mention that the Miao (especially the Miao-Hunan) has its origins in southern China but have some DNA from the Northeast people of China. Recent DNA samples of Miao males contradict this theory. The White Hmong have 25% C, 8% D, & 6% N(Tat) yet they have the least contact with the Han population. According to the 2000 census, the number of Miao in China was estimated to be about 9.6 million. Outside of China, members of

1281-564: The Han, Hmong leaders made allies with Han merchants. The imperial government had to rely on political means to bring in Hmong people into the government: they created multiple competing positions of substantial prestige for Miao people to participate and assimilate into the Qing government system. During the Ming and Qing times, the official position of Kiatong was created in Indochina. The Miao would employ

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1342-507: The Kok, flows south of Chiang Rai. There are four bridges spanning the Kok River within the town's boundaries, each running south–north. Most of the terrain surrounding Chiang Rai town is either flat or has moderate hills. The exception is outward in the west and north-west directions, where limestone hills are evident, some of which have vertical exposed cliffs. That is also the direction where most of

1403-539: The Lao border at Chiang Khong and passing through Chiang Rai, is under construction and is expected to open in 2028. Exploring the Majestic Beauty of Chiang Rai , Thailand 19°54′34″N 99°49′39″E  /  19.90944°N 99.82750°E  / 19.90944; 99.82750 Mangrai Mangrai ( Northern Thai : ᨾᩢ᩠ᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ ; Thai : มังราย ; 1238–1311) was the 25th king of Ngoenyang (r. 1261–1292) and

1464-493: The Miao language family. This language family, which consists of 6 languages and around 35 dialects (some of which are mutually intelligible) belongs to the Hmong/Miao branch of the Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) language family . A large population of the Hmong have emigrated to the northern mountainous reaches of Southeast Asia including Thailand, Laos , Vietnam, and Burma . However, many continue to live in far Southwest China mostly in

1525-509: The Miao sub-group or nations of the Hmong live in Thailand , Laos , Vietnam and Burma due to outward migrations starting in the 18th century. As a result of recent migrations in the aftermath of the Indochina and Vietnam Wars from 1949 to 1975, many Hmong people now live in the United States , French Guiana , France and Australia . Altogether, there are approximately 10 million speakers in

1586-637: The Miao. Those became the ancestors of a part of the Miao population in Guizhou. The Hmong Tian clan in Sizhou began in the seventh century as a migrant Han Chinese clan. The origin of the Tunbao people traces back to the Ming dynasty when the Hongwu Emperor sent 300,000 Han Chinese male soldiers in 1381 to conquer Yunnan, with some of the men marrying Yao and Miao women. The presence of women presiding over weddings

1647-553: The Mon kingdom and added Haripunchai to his kingdom. Yi Ba, the last king of Hariphunchai, was forced to flee south to Lampang . After defeating the Hariphunchai kingdom, Mangrai decided to relocate his capital, and in 1294, Wiang Kum Kam was founded on the eastern bank of the Ping River . The site was plagued with floods, and a new site was chosen several kilometres to the northwest at

1708-641: The Qing Dynasty the Miao fought three wars against the empire. The issue was so serious that the Yongzheng emperor sent one of his most important officials, Ortai , to be the Viceroy of the provinces with significant Miao populations in 1726, and through 1731, he spent his time putting down rebellions. In 1735 in the southeastern province of Guizhou, the Miao rose up against the government's forced assimilation. Eight counties involving 1,224 villages fought until 1738 when

1769-454: The amount of silver jewelry she wears or owns. It is especially important to wear heavy and intricate silver headdresses and jewelry during significant occasions and festivals, notably during weddings, funerals and springtime celebration. Silver jewelry is an essential element of Miao marriages, particularly to the bride. Miao families would begin saving silver jewellery for the girls at an early age, wishing their daughters could marry well with

1830-524: The area of Fang in the Upper Kok Valley. In 1287, Mangrai first made peace between King Ngam Muang of Phayao and King Ram Khamhaeng of Sukhothai , who had seduced the former's queen. The three kings then entered into a "Strong pact of friendship". While still living in the area of Fang, he was visited by merchants from the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai (Haripunjaya, now known as Lamphun ). Hearing of

1891-514: The ascension of Mangrai's grandson, Kham Fu, in 1328 did the kingdom achieve the stability it had had during the lifetime of its founder. Miao people The Miao are a group of linguistically related peoples living in Southern China and Mainland Southeast Asia , who are recognized by the government of China as one of the 56 official ethnic groups . The Miao live primarily in the mountains of southern China. Their homeland encompasses

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1952-422: The clunky-looking mud Buddha was found to actually house a magnificent jade statue, perhaps by way of the earthquake mentioned above—which caused a piece of the clay to break off—revealing the jade beneath. In 1992, the city pillar was moved from Wat Klang Wiang to Wat Phra That Doi Chom Thong , where it is known as Sadue Mueang ( Thai : สะดือเมือง ), the "navel" or omphalos of the city. Chiang Rai lies on

2013-576: The connotation of "barbarian". Being a variation of Nanman, it was used to refer to the indigenous people in southern China who had not been assimilated into Han culture. During this time, references to "raw" (生 Sheng) and "cooked" (熟 Shu) Miao appear, referring to the level of assimilation and political cooperation of the two groups, making them easier to classify. Not until the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) do more finely grained distinctions appear in writing. Even then, discerning which ethnic groups are included in various classifications can be complex. There has been

2074-483: The day, although nights remain warm. Snow has been first recorded in 1955. According to the Thai National Statistical Office , as of September 2010, Chiang Rai municipal district had a population of 199,699. With the spread of the city extending into neighboring districts, the metropolitan area is considered somewhat larger by local residents. Chiang Rai city is the capital city and business center of

2135-462: The family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way. Jiangxi Han Chinese are claimed by some as the forefathers of the southeast Guizhou Miao, and Miao children were born to the many Miao women married Han Chinese soldiers in Taijiang in Guizhou before the second half of

2196-605: The family. While the Miao people have had their own unique culture, the Confucian ideology exerted significant influences on this ethnic group. It is expected that men are the dominant figures and breadwinners of the family, while women occupy more domestic roles (like cooking and cleaning). There are strict social standards on women to be "virtuous wives and good mothers", and to abide by "three obediences and four virtues", which include cultural moral specifications of women's behavior. A Miao woman has some cultural freedom in marrying

2257-538: The first independent king of the unified Tai city states in northern Lanna and what is now northern Laos . Seeing the Tai states disunited and in danger, Mangrai quickly expanded his kingdom by conquering Muang Lai, Chiang Kham and Chiang Khong and initiating alliances with other states. In 1262, he founded the city of Chiang Rai as his new capital in the Kok River basin. He also seems to have been operating around this time in

2318-766: The first king of Lanna (r. 1292–1311). He established a new city, Chiang Mai , as the capital of the Lanna Kingdom (1296–1558). King Mangrai was born on 23 October 1238, in Ngoen Yang (present day Chiang Saen ), Thailand, on the Mekong River , a son of the local ruler Lao Meng and his wife Ua Ming Chom Mueang, a princess from the Tai Lue city of Chiang Rung, which is now called Jinghong , in Sipsongpanna ( Xishuangbanna ), China. In 1259, Mangrai succeeded his father to become

2379-625: The flat alluvial plain of the Kok River , a tributary of the Mekong, between the Daen Lao Range in the north and the Phi Pan Nam Range in the south. The Kok River runs along Chiang Rai's north side, flowing eastwards out of Burma at Tha Ton (ท่าตอม) town, bending north-eastwards and joining the Mekong River about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north-east of the city. The Lao River , a tributary of

2440-593: The foot of Doi Suthep , on the site of an older fortified town of the Lua people . Construction of Chiang Mai (lit. "New City") began in 1296. and it has been the capital of the northern provinces more or less ever since. A few years later, Yi Ba's son, King Boek of Lampang , attacked Chiang Mai with a large army. King Mangrai and his second son, Prince Khram, led the defence against the Lampang army. Prince Khram defeated King Boek in personal combat on elephant-back at Khua Mung,

2501-706: The king of the Hmong, aided Ho Chi Minh 's nationalist move against the French, and thus secured the Hmong's position in Vietnam. In Điện Biên Phủ , Hmongs fought on the side of the communist Viet Minh against the pro-French Tai Dam aristocrats. During the Vietnam War , Miao fought on both sides, the Hmong in Laos primarily for the US, across the border in Vietnam for the North-Vietnam coalition,

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2562-468: The large amount of silver jewelry representing the wealth of the family. Although a growing Miao population is moving from rural Miao regions to cities, the new generation respects the families' silver heritage and is willing to pass on the practice as a cultural tradition more than a showcase of family wealth. Although Miao women are not strictly-governed, their social status is often seen as lower than that of men, as in most patriarchal societies. Be it in

2623-983: The most characteristic color of the women's clothes. The list below contains some of these self-designations, the color designations, and the main regions inhabited by the four major groups of Miao in China: Compared to the Confucian principles traditionally exercised over women in some regions of China, the Miao culture is generally less strict in categorization of women's roles in society. Miao women exercise relatively more independence, mobility and social freedom. They are known to be strong willed and politically minded. They actively contribute to their communities in social welfare, education, arts and culture, and agricultural farming. Miao women demonstrate great skill and artistry when making traditional clothing and handicrafts. They excel at embroidering, weaving, paper-cutting, batik, and intricate jewelry casting. From vests, coats, hats, collars and cuffs, to full skirts, and baby carriers,

2684-507: The neighbouring provinces. By the time the war ended Professor Wu said only 30 percent of the Miao were left in their home regions. This defeat led to the Hmong people migrating out of China into Laos and Vietnam. During Qing times, more military garrisons were established in southwest China. Han Chinese soldiers moved into the Taijiang region of Guizhou , married Miao women, and the children were brought up as Miao. In spite of rebellion against

2745-482: The patrilineal Hmong clans and also practice exogamy. Han Chinese male soldiers who fought against the Miao rebellions during the Qing and Ming dynasties were known to have married with non-Han women such as the Miao because Han women were less desirable. The Wang clan, founded among the Hmong in Gongxian county of Sichuan's Yibin district, is one such clan and can trace its origins to several such marriages around

2806-419: The patterns on their clothes are extremely complicated and colorful with clean lines. Girls of around seven will learn embroidering from mothers and sisters, and by the time they are teenagers, they are quite deft. Additionally, Miao silver jewelry is distinctive for its design, style and craftsmanship. Miao silver jewelry is completely handmade, carved with fine decorative patterns. It's not easy to make and there

2867-402: The provinces of Guizhou , Yunnan , Sichuan , Hubei , Hunan , Guangxi , Guangdong , and Hainan . Some sub-groups of the Miao, most notably the Hmong people , have migrated out of China into Southeast Asia ( Myanmar , Northern Vietnam , Laos , and Thailand ). Following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975, a large group of Hmong refugees resettled in several Western nations, mainly in

2928-924: The provinces of Yunnan , Guangxi and to a very limited extent in Guizhou . Most Miao currently live in China. Miao population growth in China: 3,600,000 Miao, about half of the entire Chinese Miao population, were in Guizhou in 1990. The Guizhou Miao and those in the following six provinces make up over 98% of all Chinese Miao: In the above provinces, there are 6 Miao autonomous prefectures (shared officially with one other ethnic minority): There are in addition 23 Miao autonomous counties : Most Miao reside in hills or on mountains, such as Several thousands of Miao left their homeland to move to larger cities like Guangzhou and Beijing . There are 789,000 Hmong spread throughout northern Vietnam , Laos , Burma , and on other continents. 174,000 live in Thailand , where they are one of

2989-502: The provincial offices. The thesaban houses the municipal offices 19°54′34″N 99°49′39″E  /  19.90944°N 99.82750°E  / 19.90944; 99.82750 . In 2018 the survivors of the Tham Luang cave rescue were brought to Chiang Rai, the nearest large city for hospital care. Route 1 runs from Bangkok through Chiang Rai to Mae Sai on the Burma border. Chiang Rai

3050-503: The region's hill tribe people have their villages, further afield. The city is 860 kilometres (530 mi) north of Bangkok , about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north-east of Chiang Mai , 62 kilometres (39 mi) south of Mae Sai and the Burmese border; 60 kilometres (37 mi) south-west of the town of Chiang Saen on the Mekong River across from Laos ; and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Phayao town. The Golden Triangle ,

3111-522: The revolt ended. According to Xiangtan University Professor Wu half the Miao populations were affected by the war. The second war (1795–1806) involved the provinces of Guizhou and Hunan. Shi Sanbao and Shi Liudeng led this second revolt. Again, it ended in failure, but it took 11 years to quell the uprising. The greatest of the three wars occurred from 1854 to 1873 . Zhang Xiu-mei led this revolt in Guizhou until his capture and death in Changsha, Hunan. This revolt affected over one million people and all

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3172-511: The six main hill tribes . The 2000 Chinese census recorded 8,940,116 Miao in mainland China . (Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.25% of mainland China's Miao population.) Miao fish (苗鱼 miáo yǘ) is a dish made by steaming fish with a mixture of fresh herbs, green peppers, ginger slices and garlic. Huang et al. (2022) found that the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Miao and Pa-Hng from Hunan, and Thailand Hmong)

3233-710: The subsistence economy or otherwise, men are the main economic force and provide the stable source of income for the family. Women are primarily involved in social welfare, domestic responsibilities, and additionally earn supplementary income. As tourism became a major economic activity to this ethnic group, Miao women gained more opportunities to join the labor force and earn an income. Women mostly take up jobs that require modern day customer service skills; for example, working as tour guides, selling craftwork and souvenirs, teaching tourists how to make flower wreaths, and even renting ethnic costumes. These jobs require soft skills and hospitality and more visibility in public, but provide

3294-436: The term "Miao" had been applied inconsistently to a variety of non- Han peoples. Early Chinese-based names use various transcriptions: Miao, Miao-tse, Miao-tsze, Meau, Meo, mo, Miao-tseu etc. In Southeast Asian contexts, words derived from the Chinese "Miao" took on a sense which was perceived as derogatory by the subgroups living in that region. The term re-appeared in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), by which time it had taken on

3355-654: The time of the Ming dynasty suppression of the Ah rebels. Nicholas Tapp wrote that, according to The Story of the Ha Kings in the village, one such Han ancestor was Wang Wu. It is also noted that the Wang typically sided with the Chinese, being what Tapp calls "cooked" as opposed to the "raw" peoples who rebelled against the Chinese. Hmong women who married Han Chinese men founded a new Xem clan among Northern Thailand's Hmong. Fifty years later in Chiangmai two of their Hmong boy descendants were Catholics. A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan, , with another Han Chinese man of

3416-423: The use of the Kiatong government structure until the 1900s when they entered into French colonial politics in Indochina . During the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Miao played an important role in its birth when they helped Mao Zedong to escape the Kuomintang in the Long March with supplies and guides through their territory. In Vietnam, a powerful Hmong named Vuong Chinh Duc, dubbed

3477-403: The wealth of that kingdom, he was determined to conquer it, against the advice of his counselors. As it was thought impossible to take the city by force, Mangrai sent a merchant named Ai Fa as a mole to gain the confidence of its King Yi Ba. In time, Ai Fa became the Chief Minister and managed to undermine the King's authority. In 1291, with the people in a state of discontent, Mangrai defeated

3538-458: The youngest son. The older sons leave the family and build their own residences, usually in the same province and close to the family. The youngest son is responsible for living with and caring for the aging parents, even after marriage. He receives a larger share of the family's inheritance and his mother's silver jewelry collection, which is used as bridal wealth or dowry . Some imperially commissioned Han Chinese chieftaincies assimilated with

3599-476: Was a feature noted in "Southeast Asian" marriages, such as in 1667 when a Miao woman in Yunnan married a Chinese official. Some Sinicization occurred, in Yunnan a Miao chief's daughter married a scholar in the 1600s who wrote that she could read, write, and listen in Chinese and read Chinese classics. According to a Tang dynasty Chinese legend, the Miao who descended from the Jiuli tribe led by Chiyou ( Chinese : 蚩尤 ; pinyin : Chīyóu ) were defeated at

3660-490: Was proclaimed a province of Thailand in 1933. In 1432, during the reign of King Sam Fang Kaen of the Mangrai Dynasty (1402–1441), the Phra Kaeo, or Emerald Buddha , the most revered Buddha statue , was discovered in Chiang Rai when an earthquake split the chedi at Wat Phra Kaeo of Chiang Rai city. The jade figure was then seen concealed within. Another telling of the story has the "Emerald Buddha" hastily covered in mud just before marauders entered to pillage. Many years later,

3721-435: Was then named to succeed Mangrai. King Mangrai died in 1311 in Chiang Mai. According to tradition, he was struck by lightning during a thunderstorm when he was in the city's market. Mangrai's death was followed by period of confusion, with six kings ruling in the next eleven years. This could have been disastrous if the northern powers had not had their own troubles. Sukhothai to the south had also been weakened. Not until

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