Misplaced Pages

#383616

43-660: Chiang Mai province is about 685 km (426 mi) from Bangkok in the Mae Ping River basin and is on average at 300 m (1,000 ft) elevation. Surrounded by the mountain ranges of the Thai highlands , it covers an area of approximately 22,135 km (9,000 sq mi). The mountains of the Daen Lao Range ( ทิวเขาแดนลาว ) at the north end of the province, the Thanon Thong Chai Range ( เทือกเขาถนนธงชัย ) with

86-692: A "province" of Siam and has remained so until the present day. Of the population, 13.4 percent in the province are members of hill tribes : Religion in Chiang Mai The seal of the province shows a white elephant in a glass pavilion. The white elephant is a royal symbol in Thailand, and it is depicted to remember the offering of a white elephant by Thammalangka , a ruler of Chiang Mai, to his overlord, King Rama II of Bangkok. The pavilion symbolizes that Buddhism prospered in Chiang Mai, especially when in 1477

129-479: A chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull . The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves . Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ , three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of

172-533: A decade of floods, finally moving kilometres north to establish Chiang Mai as the capital of the Kingdom of Lanna in 1296. In the 20th century, the Ping River became a part of Siam . Chinese and foreign investors flooded the area, all in search of lucrative teak and business transactions. Missionaries came and built Chiang Mai’s first church along the eastern bank of the river, an area set aside for foreign residents by

215-548: A management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance. Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia . In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often

258-500: A radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The tench ( Tinca tinca ), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron   1 supports

301-457: A tributary state of Siam , which later installed a Lanna chieftain ally, Kawila , to independently rule over Lampang and Chiang Mai region as a monarch. In the reign of King Rama V of Siam, under his administrative centralization policy and due to the ineptitude of Chiang Mai's ruling family, Chiang Mai eventually lost its independence, was annexed and became a second level subdivision of Siam. From 1933 on, Chiang Mai received its status as

344-408: Is Paedocypris progenetica , reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs , where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain

387-448: Is 15,404 km (5,948 sq mi) or 69.6 percent of provincial area. There are fifteen national parks, making up region 16 of Thailand's protected areas. There are four wildlife sanctuaries, make up region 16 of Thailand's protected areas. Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen Aw ), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during

430-604: Is a handicrafts centre, with a variety of antiques, silver jewellery, and embroidery, Thai silks and cottons, basketry, celadon, silverware, furniture, lacquerware, woodcarvings, and parasols. The north of Thailand's culture is Lanna in origin and the people are proud of their northern roots. The region is home to distinctive foods, music, arts, way of life, and even language. Chiang Mai is home to various hill tribes and their own distinctive cultures. There are two main sport stadia in Chiang Mai and its environs: 700th Anniversary Stadium and Province Stadium. 700th Anniversary Stadium

473-559: Is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin , they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$ 15.2 million to fund

SECTION 10

#1732851839384

516-645: Is considered one of the most scenic provinces in the country due to its mountain ranges, valleys, flora, and fauna. For example, the Hang Dong Canyon is coveted as a great tourist attraction. Furthermore, unlike most of Thailand, in some months, the climate in the north and Chiang Mai is cool, fresh, and misty. Each amphoe of Chiang Mai has its own hospital, but among the largest are located in Mueang Chiang Mai District and include Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital and Nakornping Hospital . Chiang Mai

559-440: Is on Klongchonpratan Road, 7 km (4.3 mi) from Chiang Mai University. There are swimming pools, diving pool, basketball arena, and 11 tennis courts. The province is twinned with eight provinces/states. Ping River The Ping River ( Thai : แม่น้ำปิง , RTGS :  Maenam Ping , pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm pīŋ] ; Northern Thai : น้ำแม่ปิง , pronounced [nâːm mɛ̂ː.pīŋ] ) along with

602-671: Is subdivided into 25 districts ( amphoe ). The districts are further divided into 204 subdistricts ( tambon ) and 2,066 villages ( muban ). As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Chiang Mai Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 121 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in the province. Chiang Mai has city ( thesaban nakhon ) status. Mae Jo, Mae Hia, Mueang Kaen Phatthana and Ton Pao have town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 116 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 89 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Since 2003,

645-579: Is the giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are the golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) and mangar ( Luciobarbus esocinus ). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish

688-546: The Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae  – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis , too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of

731-519: The Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae ) with Xenocypris , though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of

774-754: The Nan River , is one of the two main tributaries of the Chao Phraya River . It originates at Doi Thuai in the Daen Lao Range , in Chiang Dao district , Chiang Mai province . After passing Chiang Mai , it flows through the provinces of Lamphun , Tak and Kamphaeng Phet . At the confluence with the Nan at Nakhon Sawan (also named Paknam Pho in Thai), it forms the Chao Phraya River. Evidence shows that habitation along

817-847: The aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish , which was bred in China from the Prussian carp ( Carassius (auratus) gibelio ). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150   AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan . In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 ) , as koi ( 鯉 ) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from

860-466: The carps , the true minnows , and their relatives the barbs and barbels , among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species ; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera . Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ). By genus and species count,

903-550: The gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Cyprinids are native to North America , Africa , and Eurasia . The largest known cyprinid

SECTION 20

#1732851839384

946-436: The moderlieschen , are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp , are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase , eat algae and biofilms , while others, such as the black carp , specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp , are specialized filter feeders . For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as

989-510: The 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins , rasborines and true barbs . Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia , and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria . Some of

1032-691: The Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African " barbs " do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps ( Cyprinus ) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such

1075-658: The Lanna Kingdom, but also the centre of Buddhism in northern Thailand. King Meng Rai built many temples in the region. In 1558, Chiang Mai became a colony of the First Toungoo Empire . Chiang Mai remained its colony for more than 200 years, until the Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776) . In 1774 the Burmese colonial regime were finally driven out of Chiang Mai by a coalition of Lanna and Siamese forces and it then became

1118-585: The McKean Rehabilitation Centre today. The Ping Basin is one of the largest drainage basins of the Chao Phraya Watershed , draining 33,896 square kilometres (13,087 sq mi) of land. The greater Ping Basin, i.e. the basin of the entire Ping river system including its tributary the Wang River , drains a total of 44,688 square kilometres (17,254 sq mi). The main dams in

1161-475: The National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish. Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within

1204-463: The Ping River dates back to 1500 BCE. At that time it controlled trading routes between Yunnan and the Chao Phraya basin. Mengrai , a ruler and conqueror from Xishuangbanna , turned south to create an alternative "silk road" along the Ping River itself and captured Haripunchai in 1281. Following his successful conquest, he created Wiang Kum Kam as his capital before abandoning it following nearly

1247-561: The Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae , Gobioninae , and Leuciscinae are monophyletic. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies: With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information

1290-569: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. The National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) took over this task in 2017. Chiang Mai province is the tourist hub of the north and one of Thailand's most important tourist destinations. It

1333-583: The basin are the Bhumibol Dam and the Doi Tao Dam . The Ping itself originates in Huai Nam Dang National Park and flows through Mae Ping National Park . 19°30′N 98°58′E  /  19.500°N 98.967°E  / 19.500; 98.967 Cyprinid and see text Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family , including

Chiang Mai province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-591: The dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded is 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in May 2005. The city of Chiang Mai , the capital of Chiang Mai province, was also capital of the Lanna Kingdom after its founding in 1296, during the same period of time as the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom . From then, Chiang Mai not only became the capital and cultural core of

1419-459: The family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes . The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος 'carp'). Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric , fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against

1462-504: The first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation , probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp , are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd , prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as

1505-568: The grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are the most important of these, for example in Florida . Carp in particular can stir up sediment , reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin , they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Cyprinus carpio

1548-593: The highest mountain in Thailand, Doi Inthanon at 2,565 metres (8,415 ft), stretching in a north–south direction, and the Khun Tan Range in the east of the province are covered by rain forest . The Mae Ping, one of the major tributaries of the Chao Phraya River , originates in the Daen Lao mountains. Several national parks are in the province: Doi Inthanon , Doi Suthep-Pui , Ob Luang , Sri Lanna , Huai Nam Dang , Mae Wang , and Pha Daeng . The total forest area

1591-910: The major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing , for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason. Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength. Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and

1634-547: The most popular cyprinids among aquarists , other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb , Harlequin rasbora , pearl danios , rainbow sharks , tiger barbs , and the White Cloud Mountain minnow . One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates , in particular fish. Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced

1677-421: The ruling government who occupied the safe, flood-free western banks. Land along the banks, including its islands, were repurposed, such as a small island in the river that was donated to an American missionary Dr. James McKean by Chao Inthawarorot Suriyawong in 1907 to become a leper colony. With no cure for leprosy until the 1980s, lepers found relief in their sanctuary from social criticism, many of whom remain at

1720-413: The solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche , or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like

1763-473: The teachings of Buddha, the Tripitaka , were reviewed. The provincial flower and tree is the "flame of the forest" ( Butea monosperma ). The edible cyprinid fish " black sharkminnow " ( Labeo chrysophekadion ) is the provincial aquatic life. The provincial slogan is In the shadow of Mount Doi Suthep, blessed with rice customs and traditions, beautiful wild flowers, magnificent Nakhon Phing . Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-538: The view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris , Hemigrammocypris , and Yaoshanicus . They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene , when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places

1849-670: The wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct . In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example,

#383616